2022年考研考博-考博英语-湘潭大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号15

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-湘潭大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题

JustimaginetheshockofthePrimeMinisterwhenthreeofhisseniorcabinetcolleagues（

）andresignedinprotestonFridaynight.

问题1选项

A.revolved

B.resolved

C.revived

D.revolted

【答案】D

【解析】动词词义辨析题。根据句意‘试想一下，当他的三个高级内阁同僚都在周五晚上向他递交了辞呈并进行抗议，这对这位首相的打击有多大。’可知这里应选与resignedinprotest“辞职抗议”为并列关系的动词。A选项revolve“旋转”;B选项resolve“解决”；C选项revive“使复活，使恢复”;D选项revolt“反叛，起义”。D选项的revolted与protest相对应，D选项正确。

2.单选题

Aftersuchaconfrontationbetweenthetwoparties,anyreconciliationwouldbe（

）.

问题1选项

A.outofthequestion

B.withinquestion

C.withoutquestion

D.outofquestion

【答案】A

【解析】介词短语辨析题。A选项outofthequestion“不可能的”B选项;withinquestion“在….的问题”；C选项withoutquestion“毫无疑问，确凿无疑”，用作副词；D选项outofquestion“毫无疑问”，用作副词。根据句意‘在两个党派之间如此的对抗之后，任何和解都将是不可能的。’只有A选项可以用作形容词作be的表语，正确。

3.单选题

Oneofthemostalarmingthingsaboutthecrisisintheglobalfinancialsystemisthatthewarningsignshavebeenoutthereforsometime,yetnooneheededthem.Exactly10yearsago,ahedgefundcalledLong-TermCapitalManagement(LTCM)failedtoconvinceinvestorsthatitcouldrepayitsdebts,therebybringingtheworldtothebrinkofasimilar“liquiditycrisis”totheonewenowsee.Disasterwasavertedthenonlybecauseregulatorsmanagedtoputtogetheramulti-billion-dollarbailoutpackage.

LTCM’scollapsewasparticularlynotablebecauseitsfoundershadsetgreatstorebytheiruseofstatisticalmodelsdesignedtokeeptabsontherisksinherentintheirinvestments.Itsfallshouldhavebeenawake-upcalltobanksandtheirregulatorysupervisorsthatthemodelswerenotworkingaswellashoped-inparticularthattheywereignoringtherisksofextremeeventsandtheconnectionsthatsendsucheventsreverberatingaroundthefinancialsystem.Instead,theycarriedonusingthem?

Nowthatdisasterhasstruckagain,somefinancialriskmodelers-the"quant’s"whohavewieldedsomuchinfluenceovermodembanking-aresayingtheyknowwherethegapsintheirknowledgeareandarepromisingtofillthem.Shouldwetrustthem?

Theirtrackrecorddoesnotinspireconfidence.Statisticalmodelshaveprovedalmostuselessatpredictingthekillerrisksforindividualbanks,andworsethanuselesswhenitcomestoriskstothefinancialsystemasawhole.Themodelsencouragedbankerstothinktheywereplayingahigh-stakescardgame,whenwhattheywereactuallydoingwasmoreakintolininguparowofdominoes.

Howcouldsomanysmartpeoplehavegottenitsowrong?Onereasonisthattheirfaithintheirmodel’spredictivepowerledthemtoignorewhatwashappeningintherealworld.Financeoffersenormousscopefordissembling:almostanyfailurecanbeexplainedawaybyajudiciouschoiceoflanguageanddata.Wheninvestorsdonotbehaveliketheself-interestedhomoeconomicsthateconomistssupposethemtobe,theyaredescribedasbeing"irrationallyexuberant"orblindedbypanic.Analternativeview-thatinvestorsarereactinglogicallyinthefaceofuncertainty-israrelyconsidered.Similarly,extremeeventsaredescribedashappeningonly"onceinacentury"-eventhoughthereisinsufficientdataonwhichtobasesuchanassessment.

Thequant’s'modelsmightsuccessfullypredictthemovementofmarketsmostofthetime,butthebankerswhorelyonthemhavefailedtorealizethattheoccasionsonwhichthemarketsdeviatefromnormalityaremuchmoreimportantthanthosewhentheycomply.Theeventsofthepastyearhavedriventhishomeinaspectacularfashion:bysomeestimates,thebankingindustryhaslostmoremoneyinthecurrentcrisisthanithasmadeinitsentirehistory.

1.Whathappenedadecadeagointhefinancialworld（

）.

2.ThestatisticalmodelsusedbyLTCM

（

）.

3.Whatdoestheauthorthinkisthemajorcauseofthecurrentfinancialcrisis?

4.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatriskcontrolofthefinancialmarket（

）.

问题1选项

A.wasapredictoroftoday’ssituation

B.has,asamatteroffact,repeateditself

C.resultedfrominvestors'ignoranceofpotentialdanger

D.showedthenecessityofgovernmentintervention

问题2选项

A.hadaninfluenceontheentirefinancialsector

B.onlydealtwithriskswithinthescopeofthefund

C.wereappliedtodifferentfinancialoperations

D.hadinherentflawsknowntotheirusers

问题3选项

A.Thedecision-makerswerenotawareoftheriskofextremeevents.

B.Designersofthemechanismstopreventfinancialdisasterswereself-absorbed.

C.Relyingonthestatisticalmodels,bankerswereboldintheirbusinessoperations.

D.Riskmanagersfailedtoseetheweaknessinthesystemintime.

问题4选项

A.shouldbefocusedonunexpectedchanges

B.hasbeensupervisedbythosewhoareoptimistic

C.becomeseffectiveonlywithbank'scompliancewithgeneralmarketrules

D.isinadequateifitisonlydesignedforwhatmayhappeninahundredyears

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:C

【解析】1.推理判断题。题目提问‘十年前在金融界发生的事情怎样？’根据第一段第一句“Oneofthemostalarmingthingsaboutthecrisisintheglobalfinancialsystemisthatthewarningsignshavebeenoutthereforsometime,yetnooneheededthem.全球金融体系危机最令人担忧的事情之一是，警告信号已经出现了一段时间，但没有人注意到它们。”和第三段第一句“Nowthatdisasterhasstruckagain现在灾难又来了”。确定A选项“是今天情况的预兆”正确。

2.细节事实题。题目提问‘LTCM使用的数据模型怎么了？’根据第二段中“LTCM’scollapsewasparticularlynotablebecauseitsfoundershadsetgreatstorebytheiruseofstatisticalmodelsdesignedtokeeptabsontherisksinherentintheirinvestments.LTCM的倒闭尤其引人注目，因为它的创始人非常重视使用统计模型来跟踪他们投资中所固有的风险。”可知他们注重于自己的投资中固有的风险，所以B选项“只处理基金范围内的风险”正确。

3.细节事实题。题目提问‘作者认为导致当前经济危机的主要原因是什么？’根据倒数第二段第二句“Onereasonisthattheirfaithintheirmodel'spredictivepowerledthemtoignorewhatwashappeningintherealworld.原因之一是，他们对模型预测能力的信心导致他们忽视了现实世界中发生的事情。”可知他们过于信赖这个模型导致这一后果，所以C选项“因为依赖统计模型，银行家在他们的商业运作中很大胆”正确。

4.推理判断题。题目提问‘从文章中可以推断出，金融市场的风险控制怎样？’根据文章最后一段中“Thequant’s'modelsmightsuccessfullypredictthemovementofmarketsmostofthetime,butthebankerswhorelyonthemhavefailedtorealizethattheoccasionsonwhichthemarketsdeviatefromnormalityaremuchmoreimportantthanthosewhentheycomply.定量分析师的模型可能在大多数情况下都能成功预测市场的走势，但依赖模型的银行家们却没有意识到，市场偏离常态的情况要比市场顺应常态的情况重要得多。”确定C选项“只有在银行服从一般市场规则的情况下才有效”正确。

4.翻译题

TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChinese.

Themethodofscientificinvestigationisnothingbuttheexpressionofthenecessarymodeofworkingofthehumanmind:itissimplythemodebywhichallphenomenaarereasonedaboutandgivenpreciseandexactexplanations.Thedifferencebetweentheoperationsandmethodsofabakerweighingouthisgoodsincommonscales,andtheoperationsofachemistbymeansofhisbalanceisnotthatthescalesintheonecase,andthebalanceintheother,differintheprinciplesoftheirconstructionormannerofworking,butthatthelatterisamuchfinerapparatusandofcoursemuchmoreaccurateinitsmeasurementthattheformer.

Probablythereisnotoneherewhohasnotinthecourseofthedayhadoccasiontosetinmotionofacomplextrainofreasoning,oftheverysamekind,thoughdifferingindegree,asthatwhichascientificmangoesthroughintracingthecausesofnaturalphenomena.

【答案】科学研究的方法不过是人类思维运作的必要模式的表现：它只不过是对一切现象进行推理并给予精确和准确解释的方式。用普通的天平称货物的面包师与用精密天平的化学家在操作与方法上的区别，并不是面包师的天平与化学家的天平在构造上和工作原理上的不同，而只是后者是比前者精密得多的仪器，当然也能得出比前者更准确的结果。

大概，这里不会有人一整天都没有机会进行一连串复杂的思考活动。这些思考活动与科学家在探索自然现象原因时所经历的思考活动，尽管复杂程度不同，但在类型上却是完全一样的。

5.单选题

Eversinceitsdiscovery,Plutohasneverreallyfittedin.AfterthepaleandglowinggiantNeptune,itislittlemorethanacosmicdustmite,sweptthroughthefarthestreachesofthesolarsystemonaplanewildlytiltedrelativetotherestoftheplanets.ItissmallerthanNeptune'slargestmoon,andthearcofitsorbitissoovalthatitoccasionallycrossesitsmassiveblueneighbor’spath.

Foryears,ithasbeenseenasoursolarsystem'soddestplanet.Yesterday,however,scientistsreleasedperhapsthemostconvincingevidenceyetthatPluto,infact,isnotaplanetatall.Forthefirsttime,astronomershavepeeredintoabeltofrocksbeyondPlutounknownuntil10yearsago—andfoundaworldthatrivalsPlutoinsize.Thescientistspositthatlargerrocksmustbeoutthere,perhapsevenlargerthanPluto,meaningPlutoismorelikelythekingofthisdistantrealmofspacedetritusthanthetiniestofthenineplanets.

Whendiscoveredin1930,’’Plutoatthatpointwastheonlything(thatfar)outthere,sotherewasnothingelsetocallitbutaplanet,"saysMikeBrown,anastronomerattheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyinPasadena.“Nowitjustdoesn'tfit.”Inonesense,thequestionofPluto’splanetarystatusisarcane,theprovinceofpocket-protectedscientistsandsun-deprivedpenpushersdeterminedtodecidesomeofficialdesignationforaballofdustandice3billionmilesaway.

Yetitisalsounquestionablysomethingmore.Fromsciencefairdioramastogovernmentfunding,planetsholdaspecialplaceinthepublicimagination,andhowPlutoiseventuallyseen—bykidsandCongressalike—couldshapewhatfuturegenerationslearnaboutthismysteriousoutpostontheedgeofthesolarsystem.Thedebatehasspilttheastronomicalcommunityfordecades.EvenbeforethedistantbandofrocksknownastheKuiperBeltwasfound,Pluto'sunusualbehaviormadeitsuspicious.

Elsewhere,thesolarsystemfitintonearfamilies:therockyinnerplanets,theasteroidbelt,thehugeandgaseousouterplanets.Pluto,though,waspeculiar.WiththediscoveryoftheKuiperBelt~countlessbitsofrockandiceleftunusedwhenthewheelofthesolarsystemfirstformed—Plutosuddenlyseemedtohavecousins.Yetuntilyesterday,itheldtoitsplanetarydistinctionbecauseitwasfarlargerthananythinglocatedthere.

TherubnowisQuaoar(pronouncedKWAH-oar),1billionmilesbeyondPlutoandroughlyhalfaslarge.NamedafterthecreationforceofthetribethatoriginallyinhabitedtheLosAngelesbasin,Quaoarforecastsproblemsfortheerstwhileninthplanet,saysdiscovererDr.Brown:"ThecaseisgoingtogetalothardertodefendthedaysomebodyfindssomethinglargerthanPluto."

Tosome,theproblemisnotwithPluto,butthedefinitionof"planet".Inshort,thereisnone.TotheGreeks,whocoinedtheterm,itmeant’wanderer”,describingthewaythattheplanetsmovedacrossthenightskydifferentlyfromthestarsbehindthem.Today,withourmorenuancedunderstandingoftheuniverse,thewordnolongerhasmuchscientificmeaning.

NewYork’sHaydenPlanetariumcausedacommotiontwoyearsagobysupposedlydemotingPluto,lumpingitwiththeKuiperBeltobjectsinitshugemobileofthesolarsystem.“Inreality,however,theplanetariumwasmakingamuchbroaderstatement，’’saysNellDegrasseTyson,anastrophysicistthere.Thetextbooksofthefutureshouldfocusmoreonfamiliesoflikeobjectsthan”planets，’.ThediscoveryofQuaoarstrengthensthisidea:"Everyoneneedstorethinkthestructureofoursolarsystem,"hesays,“We'vejuststoppedcountingplanets."

Still,manyareloathtopartwiththeplanetPluto.TheynotethatPluto,infact,isdistinctfrommanyKuiperBeltobjects.Ithasathinatmosphere,forone.Itreflectsagreatdealoflight,whilemostKuiperBeltobjectsareverydark.AndunlikeallbutahandfulofknownKuiperBeltobjects,ithasamoon.”MaybePluto,then,shouldberepresentativeofanewclassofplanets,"saysMarkSykes,anastronomerattheUniversityofArizonainTucson,nIt*sthefirstexample,andwearejustbeginningtofindthiscategory?'

1.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothepassage?

2.FromwhenwasPlutoseriouslyquestionedaboutitsplanetarystatus?

3.Thesentence"Inshort,thereisnone."(Para.7)canbeparaphrasedaswhichofthefollowing?

4.WhichofthefollowingdoesNOTsupportthestatementthatPlutoisour”solarsystem’soddestplanet”?

5.Theword’’commotion”intheexpression"NewYork’sHaydenPlanetariumcausedacommotiontwoyearsago”(Para.8)canbereplacedby（

）.

问题1选项

A.RockslargerthanPlutohavebeenfoundintheKuiperBelt

B.TheKuiperBeltdidnotexistwhenPlutowasfirstdiscovered

C.TheastronomersaredividedwithregardtothestatusofPluto

D.ThereisalmostnodifferencebetweenPlutoandotherKuiperBeltobject

问题2选项

A.Asearlyas1930.

B.Morethanadecadeago.

C.WhentheKuiperBeltwasdiscovered.

D.WhenQuaoarwasdiscovered.

问题3选项

A.ThereisnoproblemwithPluto'splanetarystatus

B.ThereisnotmuchdifferencebetweenPlutoandotherplanets.

C.Thereisyetnoscientificdefinitionoftheterm"planet*'.

D.Thereisnocleardistinctionbetweenplanetsandstars.

问题4选项

A.Itsorbitistoooval.

B.Itisunusuallysmall.

C.Itisfarthestfromthesun.

D.Itmainlyconsistsofdustandice.

问题5选项

A.exchangeofopinions

B.wildimagination

C.thoroughinvestigation

D.agitatedconfusion

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:C

第3题:C

第4题:D

第5题:D

【解析】1.细节事实题。题干询问‘根据短文，下列哪个选项是正确的?’。A选项“在柯伊伯带已发现比冥王星更大的岩石”和B选项“在冥王星被首次发现时，柯伊伯带是不存在的”在文中没有提及，排除；由最后一段第二句“TheynotethatPluto,infact,isdistinctfrommanyKuiperBeltobjects.他们注意到冥王星实际上不同于许多柯伊伯带的天体。”确定D选项“冥王星与其它柯伊伯带物体之间几乎没有差异”错误。由第三段第二句“Inonesense,thequestionofPluto'splanetarystatusisarcane,在某种意义上，冥王星的行星地位问题是晦涩难解的”和第四段中“Thedebatehasspilttheastronomicalcommunityfordecades.十年来，这个争论一直困扰着天文学界，让天文学界分成了持不同观点的派系。”确定C选项“关于冥王星的地位，天文学家们出现了分歧”正确。

2.推理判断题。题干询问‘冥王星的行星地位从什么时候开始受到严肃的质疑?’。

文章第一段第一句“Eversinceitsdiscovery,Plutohasneverreallyfittedin.自从发现它以后，冥王星事实上一直未能融入太阳系。”根据第二段第二句“Yesterday,however,scientistsreleasedperhapsthemostconvincingevidenceyetthatPluto,infact,isnotaplanetatall.Forthefirsttime,astronomershavepeeredintoabeltofrocksbeyondPluto…然而，昨天，科学家们发布了可能是迄今为止最令人信服的证据，证明冥王星实际上根本不是一颗行星。天文学家们第一次观测到冥王星以外的岩石带。”和第四段最后一句“EvenbeforethedistantbandofrocksknownastheKuiperBeltwasfound,Pluto'sunusualbehaviormadeitsuspicious.甚至在遥远的柯伊伯带被发现之前，冥王星的异常行为就已经让人产生了怀疑。”，确定C选项“当凯伯带被发现时”符合题意，正确。

3.推理判断题。题干询问‘他说:“简而言之，没有。”(第7段)可改述为下列哪一项?’，所以答案在第七段。由第七段第一句“Tosome,theproblemisnotwithPluto,butthedefinitionof’’planet’.在一些人看来，这个问题（即冥王星是否是行星的问题）与冥王星无关，而是与对‘行星’的定义有关。”、第七段第二句“TotheGreeks,whocoinedtheterm,itmeant'wanderer",describingthewaythattheplanetsmovedacrossthenightskydifferentlyfromthestarsbehindthem.对于创造了“漫游者”一词的希腊人来说，它的意思是“漫游者”，描述行星在夜空中移动的方式与它们背后的恒星不同。”及第七段最后一句“Today,withourmorenuancedunderstandingoftheuniverse,thewordnolongerhasmuchscientificmeaning.今天，随着我们对宇宙更加细致入微的理解，这个词不再有太多的科学意义。”确定C选项“对术语‘行星’仍没有科学定义”正确。

4.细节事实题。题干询问‘下面哪个选项不支持冥王星是我们“太阳系中最奇怪的行星”的说法?’。由第一段第二句“AfterthepaleandglowinggiantNeptune，itislittlemorethanacosmicdustmite,sweptthroughthefarthestreachesofthesolarsystem...苍白,发光的巨头海王星之后,它只不过是一个宇宙尘螨，横扫最远到达太阳系的……”确定B选项“它非常小”和C选项“它离太阳最远”与原文一致；由第一段最后一句“thearcofitsorbitissoovalthatitoccasionallycrossesitsmassiveblueneighbor'spath.它的轨道呈椭圆形，偶尔会穿过它巨大的蓝色邻居的轨道。”确定A选项“它的轨道是很椭圆形的”与原文一致；所以用排除法，确定D选项“它主要地由尘埃和冰构成”符合题意。

5.词汇题。题干询问‘“纽约的海登天文馆在两年前引起了一场骚乱”(第8段)中的“骚动”一词可以被替换为…’。由第八段第一句“supposedlydemotingPluto,lumpingitwiththeKuiperBeltobjectsinitshugemobileofthesolarsystem.据推测，冥王星将被降级，并与柯伊伯带的巨大移动星系中的物体放在一起。”和第九段第一句“Still,manyareloathtopartwiththeplanetPluto.尽管如此，许多人还是不愿与冥王星分离。”确定D选项“公开争论不休的混淆”符合语境，正确。

6.单选题

Extraordinarycreativeactivityhasbeencharacterizedasrevolutionary,flyinginthefaceofwhatisestablishedandproducingnotwhatisacceptablebutwhatwillbecomeaccepted.Accordingtothisformulation,highlycreativeactivitytranscendsthelimitsofanexistingformandestablishesanewprincipleoforganization.However,theideathatextraordinarycreativitytranscendsestablishedlimitsismisleadingwhenitisappliedtothearts,eventhoughitmaybevalidforthescience.Differencesbetweenhighlycreativeartandhighlycreativescienceariseinpartfromadifferenceintheirgoals.Forthesciences,anewtheoryisthegoalandendresultofthecreativeactInnovativescienceproducesnewpropositionsintermsofwhichdiversephenomenacanberelatedtooneanotherinmorecoherentways.Suchphenomenaasabrilliantdiamondoranestingbirdarerelegatedtotheroleofdata,servingasthemeansforformulatingortestinganewtheory.Thegoalofhighlycreativeartisdifferent:thephenomenonitselfbecomesthedirectproductofthecreativeact.Shakespeare'sHamletisnotatractaboutthebehaviorofindecisiveprincesortheusesofpoliticalpower,norisPicasso'spaintingGuernicaprimarilyapropositionalstatementabouttheSpanishCivilWarortheevilsoffascism.Whathighlycreativeactivityproducesisnotanewgeneralizationthattranscendsestablishedlimits,butratheranaestheticparticular.Aestheticparticularsproducedbythehighlycreativeartistextendorexploitratherthantranscendthatform.

Thisisnottodenythatahighlycreativeartistsometimesestablishesanewprincipleoforganizationinthehistoryofanartisticfield;thecomposerMonteverdi,whocreatedmusicofthehighestaestheticvalue,comestomind.Moregenerally,however,whetherornotacompositionestablishesanewprincipleinthehistoryofmusichasnobearingonitsaestheticworth.Becausetheyembodyanewprincipleoforganization,somemusicalworks,suchastheoperasoftheFlorentineCamerata,areofsignalhistoricalimportance,butfewlistenersormusicologistswouldincludetheseamongthegreatworksofmusic.Ontheotherhand,Mozart’sTheMarriageofFigaroissurelyamongthemasterpiecesofmusiceventhoughitsmodestinnovationsareconfinedtoextendingexistingmeans.IthasbeensaidofBeethoventhathetoppledtherulesandfreedmusicfromthestiflingconfinesofconvention.ButaclosestudyofhiscompositionrevealsthatBeethovenoverturnednofundamentalrules.Rather,hewasanincomparablestrategistwhoexploitedlimits—therules,forms,andconventionsthatheinheritedfrompredecessorssuchasHaydnandMozart,HandelandBachinstrikingoriginalways.

1.Accordingtotheauthor,distinctionsbetweenthoseengagedinthecreativeartsandinnaturalsciencescaninpartbeexplainedby(

).

2.WhyisBeethovenratedamonghighlycreativeartists,fromtheauthor’spointofview?

3.Thepassageimpliesthatanoriginalcontributioninscienceisonethat(

).

4.Whichofthefollowingwouldmostlikelyfollowthefinalsentenceofthepassage?

问题1选项

A.thedifferentobjectivesofthoseinvolvedintheserespectivepursuits

B.thedifferentmethodstheyemployincollectingdatatosupporttheirtheories

C.thedifferentwaysinwhichtheyattempttoextendacceptedconventionalforms

D.thedifferentprinciplesoforganizationthattheyutilizeinordertocreatenewworks

问题2选项

A.Becausehesoughttobecometheonlycomposerofhistimetochallengeacceptedmusicalconventions.

B.Becauseheadoptedanewprincipleoforganizationinhisworkbyutilizinginnovativestrategies.

C.Becausehecreativelymanipulatedtheacceptedrulesandformsgoverningmusicalcomposition.

D.Becausehesynthesizedatranslationbetweentheolderstylisticconventionandthenewermusicalform.

问题3选项

A.isoftenquotedintheworkofotherscientists

B.iscarefulnottomakeavaluejudgmentabouttheuseofdata

C.isapplaudedbyalldistinguishedexperimentalists

D.generatesanovelandwell-foundedgeneralization

问题4选项

A.Inthesimilarmanner,severalmodecomposerssuccessfullyestablishedmusicalconventions.

B.Similarly,thesucceedinggenerationofcomposersmanipulatedacceptedmusicalforms.

C.IncontrasttoBeethoven,however,evengreatmodemcomposerslikeBelaBartokdidnotattempttoalteracceptedmusicalconventions.

D.Musicologistsarecontinuingtostudythecompositionalstylesofcomposersinordertodeterminewhethertheircontributionshavebeeninnovative.

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:D

第3题:D

第4题:A

【解析】1.细节事实题。本题询问在从事艺术创作和自然科学之间的差别。根据原文“Differencesbetweenhighlycreativeartandhighlycreativescienceariseinpartfromadifferenceintheirgoals.Forthesciences,anewtheoryisthegoalandendresultofthecreativeact.极富创意的艺术和极具创意的科学之间的差异来自于自己的目标的差异。对于科学，新理论是创造性行为的目的和归宿。”可知两者之间的差异是在它们的目的不同，A选项正确。

2.细节事实题。根据最后一段内容"IthasbeensaidofBeethoventhathetoppledtherulesandfreedmusicfromthestiflingconfinesofconvention.ButaclosestudyofhiscompositionrevealsthatBeethovenoverturnednofundamentalrules.Rather,hewasanincomparablestrategistwhoexploitedlimits—therules,forms,andconventionsthatheinheritedfrompredecessorssuchasHaydnandMozart,HandelandBach—instrikingoriginalways.有关贝多芬，人们称他推翻了种种规则，将音乐从传统的令人窒息的范围中解放出来。然而，对他音乐作品一番细致的研究会揭示出贝多芬根本没有推翻任何规则。实质上，他是一个无以伦比的谋略家。善于以令人瞩目的独特方式利用各种局限从诸如海顿和莫扎特、亨德尔和巴赫这些前辈那里继承而来的各种规则、形式和传统。可知D选项‘他综合了新旧音乐形式之间的转换’正确。

3.细节事实题。根据原文第一段最后一句“Whathighlycreativeactivityproducesisnotanewgeneralizationthattranscendsestablishedlimits,butratheranaestheticparticular.Aestheticparticularsproducedbythehighlycreativeartistextendorexploitratherthantranscendthatform.高度创造的艺术活动所创造的，不是一种全新的、超越既已确立之局限的普遍性原则，而是一种美学上的独特之物。由高度创造性的艺术家所创造的美学上的独特事物，以一种富予创新的方式，拓宽或利用既存形式的局限，而不是超越那种形式本身。”可知，这种科学方面的原始贡献是具有创新性的东西，所以D选项“生成一种新颖的、有根据的概括”符合题意。

4.推理判断题。根据最后一段的内容“ButaclosestudyofhiscompositionrevealsthatBeethovenoverturnednofundamentalrules.Rather,hewasanincomparablestrategistwhoexploitedlimits—therules,forms,andconventionsthatheinheritedfrompredecessorssuchasHaydnandMozart,HandelandBach—instrikingoriginalways.”“然而，对他音乐作品一番细致的研究会揭示出贝多芬根本没有推翻任何规则。实质上，他是一个无以伦比的谋略家。善于以令人瞩目的独特方式利用各种局限——即他从诸如海顿和莫扎特、亨德尔和巴赫这些前辈那里继承而来的各种规则、形式和传统。以及本段中的论点：从另一方面来说，莫扎特的《费加罗的婚礼》无疑属于音乐的典范之作，虽然其朴素的创新仅限于将既存的创作手法予以拓展而已。”可知最后一句提到了从这些前辈继承而来的各种规则和传统，因此A选项“通过同样的方法，这些模板作曲家成功地建立了音乐的规则”符合题意。

7.单选题

Theearthquakeof26thDecember,2004resultedinoneoftheworstnaturaldisastersinlivingmemory.Itwasa（1）underwaterquakeandoccurredintheIndianOcean.It（2）coastlines,communitiesandbroughtdeathtoomanypeople.

Whydoearthquakeshappen?

Thesurfaceoftheearthhasnotalwayslookedasitdoestoday;itismoving（3）(althoughveryslowly)andhasdonesoforbillionsofyears.Thisisone

（4）

ofearthquakes,whenonesectionoftheearth(tectonicplate)

（5）

another.Scientistscanpredictwherebutnot

（6）thismighthappenandtheareabetweenplatesiscalledafaultline.OnonefaultlineinKobe,Japanin1923over200,000peoplewerekilled.

（7）

,earthquakesdonotalwayshappenonfaultlines,

（8）iswhytheyaresodangerousand

（9）

.

Wheredovolcanoeshappen?

Volcanoeshappenwheretheearth’s

（10）

isthin:lava,dustandgases（11）frombeneaththeearth.Theycanriseintoahugeconeshapelikeamountainanderupt,

（12）theycanbesoviolent

（13）

theyjustexplodedirectlyfromtheearthwithnowarning.Thereare1,511（14）volcanoesintheworld.Thismeansthattheymay

（15）BEDANGEROUS.In1985theColombianvolcanoNevadoDelRuizerupted.Thelavameltedaglacierandsenttonesofmud

（16）thetownbelow.Twentythousandpeopledied.

Naturaldisasterslikevolcaniceruptionsarcoftenunpredictable.Weregularlydonotknowwhenthey

（17）happen,or

（18）wheretheywillhappen.Inthefuture,scientistsmaybeabletowatchandpredict

（19）beforetheyhappen.Thiscould（20）manylives.

问题1选项

A.massive

B.significant

C.great

D.grand

问题2选项

A.changed

B.converted

C.destroyed

D.transformed

问题3选项

A.frequently

B.periodically

C.regularly

D.continuously

问题4选项

A.source

B.cause

C.movement

D.reason

问题5选项

A.collideswith

B.confrontswith

C.meetswith

D.faceswith

问题6选项

A.how

B.why

C.when

D.what

问题7选项

A.Generally

B.However

C.Similarly

D.Anyway

问题8选项

A.which

B.it

C.this

D.that

问题9选项

A.irresistible

B.inevitable

C.unaccountable

D.unpredictable

问题10选项

A.surface

B.appearance

C.crust

D.cover

问题11选项

A.burstout

B.flowedout

C.leakedout

D.trickledout

问题12选项

A.and

B.or

C.nor

D.but

问题13选项

A.like

B.for

C.as

D.that

问题14选项

A.living

B.alive

C.active

D.live

问题15选项

A.relatively

B.still

C.hardly

D.gradually

问题16选项

A.beyond

B.on

C.across

D.down

问题17选项

A.might

B.should

C.must

D.areto

问题18选项

A.though

B.whether

C.even

D.else

问题19选项

A.accidents

B.incidents

C.occasions

D.events

问题20选项

A.rescue

B.save

C.preserve

D.shelter

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:C

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:A

第6题:C

第7题:B

第8题:A

第9题:D

第10题:C

第11题:A

第12题:B

第13题:D

第14题:C

第15题:B

第16题:D

第17题:A

第18题:C

第19题:D

第20题:B

【解析】（1）形容词词义辨析。A选项massive“大而重的，巨大的”；B选项significant“重要的，暗示的，有含义的”；C选项great“大的，巨大的，非常的，很多的”；D选项grand“壮观的，神气活现的，显赫的”，根据句意可知这里是指“严重的灾难”，A选项正确。

（2）动词词义辨析。A选项change“改变”；B选项convert“改变（某事物）的形式或用途”；C选项destroy“摧毁，毁坏”；D选项transform“完全改变某物外观或特性”，本句句意为‘地震毁坏了海岸线、社区，给太多人带来了死亡’。根据句意可知这里强调“摧毁，毁坏”，C选项正确。

（3）副词词义辨析。A选项frequently“频繁地，屡次，时常”；B选项periodically“周期性地，偶尔，定期地”，C选项regularly“有规律地，经常地，习惯性地，定期地，整齐地,均匀地”；D选项continuously“连续不断地，接连地”，句意‘地球表面一直以来都在“持续”运动，’D选项符合句意。

（4）名词词义辨析。A选项source“来源，根源”；B选项cause“原因，导致某事物发生的事物、人等”；C选项movement“运动”；D选项reason“理由，动机”，根据句意“地球表面的持续运动是导致地震的原因”，表示发生的客观起因应该用cause，B选项正确。

（5）动词短语词义辨析。A选项collidewith“（指运动中的物体或人）猛撞某物或互撞”；B选项confrontwith“使某人面对或正视令人不快、令人头疼等的人/事物”；C选项meetwith“碰见（某人），相逢；D选项"facewith“面对或面向某人/某事物”，由常识和句意‘地震是地壳的不同板块“碰撞”所造成的，’A选项正确。

（6）疑问词词义辨析。A选项how“如何，多少，怎样”；B选项why“为什么”；C选项when“何时，什么时候”；D选项what“什么”，由句意和语境‘科学家已经能分析出地震的原因和预测其发生的地点，只有时间无法确认。’C选项正确。

（7）副词词义辨析。A选项generally“普遍地，一般来说”；B选项however“然而，不过，可是”；C选项similarly“同样地，类似于”；D选项anyway“总之，无论如何”，此处与前一句形成转折，说明地震不一定都发生在断裂带，因此地震很危险且难以预测。所以填表示转折意思的副词，B选项However更符合语境。

（8）非限制性定语从句的用法。句意为“然而，地震并不总发生在断层线上，这就是为什么它们非常危险而且不可预测。”分析句子可知这是个为非限制性定语从句，先行词指代前面的整句话，用which来引导非限制性定语从句，A选项正确。

（9）形容词词义辨析。A选项irresistible“不可抵抗的”；B选项inevitable“不可避免的”;C选项unaccountable“无法解释的，难以说明的”；D选项unpredictable“无法预料的，不可预知的”，句意‘地震的不可预测大大増加它的危险性’，下文中也提到了这个词。D选项正确。

（10）名词词义辨析。A选项surface“表面，表层”；B选项appearance“外貌，外观”；C选项crust“地壳，外壳”；D选项cover“封面，遮掩物”，句意为“火山发生在地壳很薄弱的地方”。这里earth’scrust指的是“地壳”，C选项符合题意。

（11）动词短语辨析。A选项burstout“爆炸，胀破，爆破”;B选项flowout“外流”；C选项leakout“（指情报）泄露，透露”;D选项trickleout“（使某物）成小股流动”，句意为“岩浆、灰尘和气体从地底下喷发出来”，A选项表示爆发出来，正确。

（12）连词词义辨析。A选项and表示并列和顺承关系；B选项or表示选择或“否则”的意思；C选项nor不是；D选项but表示转折关系的连词，本句句意为“它们可以上升到像一座山一样的一个巨大的锥形形状并喷出，或者它们可以非常猛烈以至于毫无预警地直接在地球上爆炸”。分析句子可知，这里是描述火山喷发的两种不同的状态和表现，B选项正确。

（13）so...that...句型的用法。根据句意“它们可以上升到像一座山一样的一个巨大的锥形形状并喷出，或者它们可以非常猛烈以至于毫无预警地直接在地球上爆炸。”可知本句考查S0+形容词+that从句表示“如此……以至于……”，D选项正确。

（14）形容词词义和用法辨析。A选项living当形容词讲意为“活的，现存的，活跃的，逼真的”；B选项alive作形容词意为“活着的，活泼的，有生气的”；C选项active意为“积极的，活跃的，主动的，有效的”；D选项live作形容词意为“活的，生动的，实况转播的，精力充沛的”，句意为“现在世界上有1511座活火山”。这里强调