2022年考研考博-考博英语-福建师范大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号67

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-福建师范大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题

Whentheclasswasover,theywentbacktotheir（

）dormitories.

问题1选项

A.complacent

B.respectable

C.respective

D.respectful

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词辨析。complacent意为“自满的，自鸣得意的”；respectable意为“得体的，值得尊敬的”；respective意为“各自的，分别的”；respectful意为“有礼貌的”。

句意：下课后，他们回到各自的宿舍去了。

2.翻译题

TranslatethefollowingintoChinese.

Beforeyougottheideathateconomicsisrelevantonlyforpoliticsorbusinesses,weshouldmentionthateconomicsfocusesonallthechoicespeoplemakeandthepersonalandsocialconsequencesofthesechoices.

Webelievethatwhenyoufinishthisbook,youwilljoinusintheviewthattheeconomicwayofthinkingoffersvaluableinsightintooureverydayinteractionswithoneanother—producing,consuming,votingandstrivingforthegoodlife.

Oneseemedtoknowlittleaboutthebook,butagreatmanypeopleknewapparentlythat"Peggy"wasatworkonsomethingandthatwasenoughtobringcordial,eveninsistent,recommendationtotheirlips.

Makingamoviecostsmuchmorethancuttinganalbum.Soastheworldbecomericher,therelativemarketshareofHollywoodmovieswillprobablefallmorethantherelativemarketshareofAmericanpopularmusic.

Itisverydifficulttoagreeonthepriceforsharestobeboughtbecausethepurchasingpartywilllackthenecessaryinformationastothefinancialstatusandothercharacteristicsoftheshare-issuingcorporation,andbecausethenetvalueoftheshareswillchangeconstantlyfromthedateoftheagreementtothedateofclosing.

【答案】在你认为经济学只与政治或企业相关之前，我们应该指出，经济学关注的是人们所做的所有选择，以及这些选择对个人和社会的影响。

我们相信，当你读完这本书时，你会跟我们有一样的观点，认为以经济的方式来思考会为人们各种日常交流提供宝贵的洞察力，包括生产、消费、选举和为好生活的奋斗。

一个人似乎对这本书知之甚少，但许多人显然知道“佩吉”在做些什么，这足以给他们带来热忱的，甚至是迫切的推荐之言。

制作一部电影比剪辑一张专辑要贵得多。因此，随着世界变得更加富裕，好莱坞电影的相关市场股票可能会比美国流行音乐相关市场股份下降得更多。

由于购买方缺乏关于股票的财务状况和股票发行公司其他特征的必要信息，所以很难就购买股票的价格达成一致。而且，由于股票的净值从交易之日到交易结束之日是不断变化的。

3.单选题

Theyconsideritquestionablethatthesedefense-linkedresearchprojectswillaccountforanimprovementinthestandardoflivingor,（

）,domuchtoprotectourdiminishingresources.

问题1选项

A.incidentally

B.actually

C.alternatively

D.accordingly

【答案】C

【解析】考查副词辨析。incidentally意为“偶然，附带地”；actually意为“实际上”；alternatively意为“(引出第二种选择或可能的建议)要不，或者”；accordingly意为“因此，于是”。

句意：他们认为这些与国防有关的研究项目是否能提高人们的生活水平或者能保护我们日益减少的资源是值得怀疑的。

4.单选题

Whentrappedindriftingsands,donotstruggle,oryouwillbe（

）indeeper.

问题1选项

A.absorbed

B.pushed

C.heaved

D.sucked

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词辨析。absorb意为“吸收（液体、气体等）”；push意为“推，推动”；heave意为“举起”；suck意为“吸取，吸入，卷进入”，besuckedin意为“被吸进，被卷入”。

句意：当被困在流沙中时，不要挣扎，否则你回被吸进去更深。

5.单选题

Theseniorlibrarianatthecirculationdeskpromisedtogetthebookforme（

）shecouldrememberwholastborrowedit.

问题1选项

A.eversince

B.muchas

C.eventhough

D.ifonly

【答案】D

【解析】考查词组辨析。eversince意为“自从”；muchas意为“尽管，虽然”；eventhough意为“即使，纵然”；ifonly意为“只要”。

句意：那个在借记台的年长的图书管理员答应我，只要她记得谁最后借了这本书，就会把书给我。

6.问答题

Thetroubleis,asIseeit(A),thatheisaperfectionistinhisway(B),andhesaysthat(C)liewillnothavechildrenwhen(D)theycanafforditfinancially.

【答案】试题答案：D;until

【解析】考查固定句型。not...until意为“直到……才”，因此将when改为until。

7.单选题

He’sdonestupidthingsbefore,buttolookfortheescapinggaswithamatchreallywasthe（

）silliness.

问题1选项

A.ultimate

B.unanimous

C.triumphant

D.trivial

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词辨析。ultimate意为“最好（或坏、伟大、重要等）的，最后的”；unanimous意为“全体一致的”；triumphant意为“成功的”；trivial意为“琐碎的，无价值的”。

句意：他以前做过愚蠢的事，但用火柴去寻找什么地方煤气漏气实在是最傻的事了。

8.单选题

Oncethevice-chancellorofauniversityis（

）,hebeginshistermofoffice.

问题1选项

A.launched

B.commenced

C.inaugurated

D.initiated

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析。launch意为“发射”；commence意为“开始，着手”；inaugurate意为“为（某人）举行就职典礼，启动，开创”；initiate意为“开始，发起”。

句意：大学副校长就职典礼一旦举行，他就开始了任期。

9.单选题

JimFixhadbeenaheavysmokerandweighed214poundswhenhetookuprunninginthe1960s.Hesoon_51_thebenefitsfromrunning.Hisweightdecreasedby60poundsbythetimehisbookTheCompleteBookofRunningwaspublished.Hisbook_52_millionsofpeople.Inhisbookandontelevisiontalkshows.Hepraisedthebenefitsofphysicalexerciseandhowit_53_andincreasedtheaveragepeople’slifeexpectancy.Hisreadersandaudiencebecamemorehealth-conscious.However,totheirshock,Fixdiedattheageof52afterhisdailyrun.Manywhoopposedhisbeliefssaidthiswas_54_thatrunningwasharmful.However,hissupporters_55_thattherealcauseofFix’sdeathwasaheartattack.Hecamefromafamilywheremenhadpoorhealthstories.Hisfather_56aheartattackattheageof35anddiedofoneat42.GivenFix’sunhealthylifestyleuntilhetookuprunning,manyarguedthatrunningaddedmanyyearstohislife.

“Runningdoeshaveitsshortcomings,”_57_heartspecialistPaulThomas,inarecentmedicaljournal.“The_58_canbehardonyourknees.Runnersaremoreatriskduringtheirtraining,_59_iftheyrunmarathons._60_,thenewsforrunnersisn’tallbad.Evidencesuggestsinspiteofitsshortcomings,moderateamountofrunningexercisecanactuallyresultinalonger,improvedlife.”

问题1选项

A.praised

B.favored

C.reaped

D.applied

问题2选项

A.inspired

B.disappointed

C.awarded

D.rewarded

问题3选项

A.compatibly

B.disappointed

C.awarded

D.rewarded

问题4选项

A.endurance

B.evidence

C.supplement

D.allowance

问题5选项

A.rewrote

B.revised

C.reversed

D.revealed

问题6选项

A.obtained

B.sustained

C.suffered

D.surpassed

问题7选项

A.acknowledges

B.pledges

C.communicates

D.apologizes

问题8选项

A.consequence

B.impact

C.weight

D.press

问题9选项

A.explicitly

B.particularly

C.commonly

D.singularly

问题10选项

A.However

B.Furthermore

C.Moreover

D.Also

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:D

第6题:C

第7题:A

第8题:B

第9题:B

第10题:A

【解析】51.考查逻辑关系。由前面句意“JimFix在20世纪60年代开始跑步时，曾是一名烟民，体重214磅”和后面句意“他的体重减少了60磅”可知此处表示跑步带来的好处，因此填reap（取得（成果），收获）。

52.考查逻辑关系。由前面可知JimFix在出版书时，通过跑步体重减少了60磅，这是一件正面积极的事，可知此处表示他的书鼓励了其他人，因此选A。

53.考查逻辑关系。由空格后的andincreasedtheaveragepeople’slifeexpectancy（并提高人的平均寿命）可知D选项最为恰当，表示“运动是怎样回报人的，以及增加人均寿命”。

54.考查名词辨析。endurance意为“忍耐力，耐久力”；evidence意为“证据，迹象”；supplement意为“补充”；allowance意为“津贴，补贴”。此处表示很多反对他的人说他的死是证明跑步有害的证据，因此选B。

55.考查动词辨析。rewrite意为“重写，改写”；revise意为“修改（意见或计划），修订（书刊）”；reverse意为“颠倒，使反转”；reveal意为“揭示，显示”。此处表示“他的支持者揭示出他的真正死因是心脏病”，因此选D。

56.考查动词辨析。obtain意为“获得，得到”；sustain意为“维持，保持”；suffer意为“遭受”；surpass意为“超过”。此处表示“他的父亲在35岁时遭受心脏病”，因此选C。

57.考查动词辨析。acknowledge意为“承认”；pledge意为“保证，誓言”；communicate意为“沟通，交流”；apologize意为“道歉，认错”。此处表示“PaulThomas承认跑步的不足之处”，因此选A。

58.考查名词辨析。consequence意为“结果，成果”；impact意为“影响”；weight意为“重量”；press意为“压，按”。此处表示“对膝盖的影响会比较大”，因此选B。

59.考查副词辨析。explicitly意为“明白地，明确地”；particularly意为“特别，尤其”；commonly意为“通常地”；singularly意为“非常地”。此处表示“跑步的人在训练中的风险更大，尤其是如果他们跑马拉松的话”，因此选B。

60.考查逻辑关系。由空格后的thenewsforrunnersisn’tallbad（对于跑步者来说，这个消息并不全是坏消息）以及空格前提到跑步的不好之处，可知此处表示对比，因此选A，however意为“然而”，可表示转折关系。

10.单选题

Asawisemanoncesaid,weareallultimatelyalone.ButanincreasingnumberofEuropeansarechoosingtobesoatanevenearlierage.Thisisn’tthestuffofgloomyphilosophicalcontemplations,butafactofEurope’sneweconomiclandscape,embracedbysociologists,real-estatedevelopersandadexecutivesalike.Theshiftawayfromfamilylifetosololifestyle,observesaFrenchsociologist,ispartofthe“irresistiblemomentumofindividualism”overthelastcentury.Thecommunicationsrevolutiontheshiftfromabusinesscultureofstabilitytooneofmobilityandthemassentryofwomenintotheworkforcehavegreatlywreakedhavocon（扰乱）European’sprivatelives.

Europe’sneweconomicclimatehaslargelyfosteredthetrendtowardindependence.Thecurrentgenerationofhome-alonerscameofageduringEurope’sshiftfromsocialdemocracytothesharper,moreindividualisticclimateofAmerican-stylecapitalism.Raisedinaneraofprivatizationandincreasedconsumerchoice,today’stech-savvy（精通技术的）workershaveembracedafreemarketinloveaswellaseconomics.ModernEuropeansarerichenoughtoaffordtolivealone,andtemperamentallyindependentenoughtowanttodoso.

Onceuponatime,peoplewholivedalonetendedtobethoseoneithersideofmarriage—twentysomethingprofessionalsorwidowedseniorcitizens.Whilepensioners,particularlyelderlywomen,makeupalargeproportionofthoselivingalone,thenewestcropofsinglesarehighearnersintheir30sand40swhoincreasinglyviewlivingaloneasalifestylechoice.Livingalonewasconceivedtobenegativedarkandcold,whilebeingtogethersuggestedwarmthandlight.Butthencamealongtheideaofsingles.Theywereyoung,beautifulandstrong!Now,youngpeoplewanttolivealone.

Theboomingeconomymeanspeopleareworkingharderthanever.Andthatdoesn’tleavemuchroomforrelationships.PimpiArroyo,a35-year-oldcomposerwholivesaloneinahouseinParis,sayshehasn’tgottimetogetlonelybecausehehastoomuchwork.“Ihavedeadlineswhichwouldmakelifewithsomeoneelsefairlydifficult.”Onlyanidealwomanwouldmakehimchangehislifestyle,hesays.Kaufrnann,authorofarecentbookcalled“TheSingleWomanandPrinceCharming,”thinksthisfiercenewindividualismmeansthatpeopleexpectmoreandmoreofmates,sorelationshipsdon’tlastlongiftheystartatall.EppendorfablondBerlinerwithadeeptan,teachesgradeschoolinthemornings.Intheafternoonshesunbathesorsleeps,restingupforgoingdancing.Justshyof50,shesaysshe’dneverhavewantedtodowhathermotherdidgiveupacareertoraiseafamily.Instead,“I’vealwaysdonewhatIwantedtodo:liveaself-determinedlife.”

1.MoreandmoreyoungEuropeansremainsinglebecause（

）.

2.WhatissaidaboutEuropeansocietyinthepassage?

3.AccordingtoParagraph3,thenewestgroupofsinglesare

（

）.

4.TheauthorquotesEppendorftoshowthat

（

）.

5.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthepassage?

问题1选项

A.theyaredrivenbyanoverwhelmingsenseofindividualism

B.theyhaveenteredtheworkforceatamuchearlierage

C.theyhaveembracedabusinesscultureofstability

D.theyarepessimisticabouttheireconomicfuture

问题2选项

A.Ithasfosteredthetrendtowardssmallfamilies.

B.ItisgettingclosertoAmericanstylecapitalism.

C.Ithaslimitedconsumerchoicedespiteafreemarket.

D.Itisbeingthreatenedbyirresistibleprivatization.

问题3选项

A.warmandlightheated

B.oneithersideofmarriage

C.negativeandgloomy

D.healthyandwealthy

问题4选项

A.somemodernwomenpreferalifeofindividualfreedom

B.thefamilyisnolongerthebasicunitofsocietyinpresent-dayEurope

C.someprofessionalpeoplehavetoomuchworktodotofeellonely

D.mostEuropeansconceivelivingasinglelifeasunacceptable

问题5选项

A.Toreviewtheimpactofwomenbecominghighearners.

B.Tocontemplatethephilosophyunderlyingindividualism.

C.Toexaminethetrendofyoungpeoplelivingalone.

D.Tostresstherebuildingofpersonalrelationships.

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:A

第5题:C

【解析】1.细节事实题。由文章第一段中的Theshiftawayfromfamilylifetosololifestyle,observesaFrenchsociologist,ispartofthe"irresistiblemomentumofindividualism"overthelastcentury.（一位法国社会学家认为，从家庭生活到独处生活方式的转变，是上个世纪“不可抗拒的个人主义势头”的一部分）可知A选项“他们受到强烈的个人主义的驱使”符合题意。

2.细节事实题。由文章第二段中的Thecurrentgenerationofhome-alonerscameofageduringEurope'sshiftfromsocialdemocracytothesharper,moreindividualisticclimateofAmerican-stylecapitalism.（在欧洲从社会民主向更尖锐、更个人主义的美国式资本主义转变的过程中，当代的独居者逐渐成熟）可知B选项“欧洲社会越来越接近美国式的资本主义”符合题意。

3.细节事实题。由文章第三段中的thenewestcropofsinglesarehighearnersintheir30sand40swhoincreasinglyviewlivingaloneasalifestylechoice....Theywereyoung,beautifulandstrong!（最新一批单身人士是三四十岁的高收入者，他们越来越认为独居是一种生活方式的选择……他们年轻，漂亮，强壮！）可知D选项“健康和富有”符合题意。

4.细节事实题。由文章最后一段中I'vealwaysdonewhatIwantedtodo:liveaself-determinedlife.（我总是做我想做的事：过一种自主的生活）可知A选项“一些现代女性更喜欢个人自由的生活”符合题意。

5.主旨大意题。文章第一段讲述了越来越多的欧洲人选择在年轻时保持单身；第二段讲述了欧洲经济的发展促进了独立趋势，使人们具有独立生活的能力；第三段讲述了越来越多的高收入者选择独居生活；第四段举例人们选择单身的原因与个人事业发展有关。本文一直都是围绕单身这个主题来展开阐述，已经成为一种趋势，因此C选项“研究年轻人独居的趋势”符合题意。

11.单选题

Allanimals,especiallythesmallkind,appeartofeelanxiety.Humanshavefeltitsincethedaystheysharedtheplanetwithsaber-toothedtigers.Butweliveinaparticularlyanxiousage.TheinitialshockofSept.11haswornoff,andthefearhaslifted,butmillionsofAmericanscontinuetoshareakindofgeneralizedmassanxiety.ArecentTIME/CNNpollfoundthateightmonthsaftertheevent,nearlytwo-thirdsofAmericansthinkabouttheterrorattacksatleastseveraltimesaweek.Anditdoesn’ttakemuchforalltheoldfearstocomerushingback.Whatwassurprisingabouttherecentdrumbeatofterrorwarningswashowquicklyittriggeredtheanxietysomanyofusthoughtwehadputbehindus.

Thisisoneofthemysteriesofanxiety.Whileitisanormalresponsetophysicaldanger—andcanbeausefultoolforfocusingthemindwhenthere’sadeadlinelooming―anxietybecomesaproblemwhenitpersiststoolongbeyondtheimmediatethreat.Sometimesthere’sanobviouscause,aswiththeshell-shockedsoldiersofWorldWarIortheterror-scarredciviliansoftheWorldTradeCentercollapse.Othertimes,wedon’tknowwhywecan’tstopworrying.

Anxietydisorder—whichiswhathealthexpertscallanyanxietythatpersiststothepointthatitinterfereswithone’slife—isthemostcommonmentalillnessintheU.S.Initsvariousforms,rangingfromveryspecificphobiastogeneralizedanxietydisorder,itafflicts19millionAmericans(see“AreYouTooAnxious?”).

Inrecentyears,however,researchershavemadesignificantprogressinnailingdowntheunderlyingscienceofanxiety.Injustthepastdecade,theyhavecometoappreciatethatwhateverthefactorsthattriggeranxiety,itgrowsoutofaresponsethatishardwiredinourbrains.Theyhavelearned,amongotherthings:

—Thereisageneticcomponenttoanxiety;somepeopleseemtobebornworriers.

—Brainscanscanrevealdifferencesinthewaypatientswhosufferfromanxietydisordersrespondtodangersignals.

—Duetoashortcutinourbrain’sinformation-processingsystem,wecanrespondtothreatsbeforewebecomeawareofthem.

—Therootofananxietydisordermaynotbethethreatthattriggersitbutabreakdowninthemechanismthatkeepstheanxietyresponsefromcareeringoutofcontrol.

Beforewedelveintothelatestresearch,let’sdefineafewterms.Thoughweallhaveourownintuitivesenseofwhatthewordsstressandfearmean,scientistsusethesewordsinveryspecificways.Forthem,stressisanexternalstimulusthatsignalsdanger,oftenbycausingpain.Fearistheshort-termresponsesuchstressesproduceinmen,womenorlabrats.Anxietyhasalotofthesamesymptomsasfear,butit’safeelingthatlingerslongafterthestresshasliftedandthethreathaspassed.

Ingeneral,sciencehasahardtimepinningdownemotionsbecausetheyarebynaturesoslipperyandsubjective.Evenmostpeopleareascluelessaboutwhytheyhavecertainfeelingsastheyareabouthowtheirlungswork.Butfearistheonceaspectofanxietythat’seasytorecognize.Ratsfreezeinplace.Humansbreakoutinacoldsweat.Heartbeatsrace,andbloodpressurerises.Thatgivesscientistssomethingtheycancontrolandmeasure.

Indeed,alotofwhatresearchershavelearnedaboutthebiologyofanxietycomesfromscaringratsandthencuttingthemopen.Theresearchersdestroysmallportionsoftherats’brainstoseewhateffectthathasontheirreactions(anexperimentthatwouldbeimpossibletoconductinhumans).Bypainstakinglymatchingthedamagedareaswithchangesinbehavior,scientistshave,bitbybit,createdaroadmapoffearasittravelsthroughtherat’sbrain.

Thejourneybeginswhenarat(we’llgettohumanslater)feelsthestress,inthiscaseanelectricshock.Therat’ssensesimmediatelysendamessagetothecentralportionofitsbrain,wherethestimulusactivatestwoneuralpathways.Oneofthesepathwaysisarelativelylong,circuitousroute(迂回路径)throughthecortex(脑皮层)wherethebraindoesitsmostelaborateandaccurateprocessingofinformation.Theotherrouteisakindofemergencyshortcutthatquicklyreachesanalmond-shapedclusterofcellscalledtheamygdala(扁桃体).

What’sspecialabouttheamygdalaisthatitcanquicklyactivatejustabouteverysysteminthebodytofightlikethedevilorrunlikecrazy.It’snotdesignedtobeaccurate,justfast.Ifyouhaveevergonehikingandbeenstartledbyasnakethatturnedouttobeastick,youcanthankyouramygdala.

Butwhiletheamygdalaisbusytellingthebodywhattodo,italsofiresupanearbycurvedclusterofneuronscalledthehippocampus(大脑侧面室脑壁上的隆起物).(A16thcenturyanatomistnameditaftertheGreekwordforseahorse.)Thejobofthehippocampusistohelpthebrainlearnandformnewmemories.Andnotjustanymemories.Thehippocampusallowsarattorememberwhereitwaswhenitgotshockedandwhatwasgoingonarounditatthetime.Suchcontextuallearninghelpsthepoorrodentavoiddangerousplacesinthefuture.Itprobablyalsohelpsitrecognizewhatsituationsarelikelytoberelativelysafe.Thismakessense,intermsofsurvival.Afterall,it’sbettertopanicunnecessarilythantobetoorelaxedinthefaceoflife-threateningdanger.

Discoveringthisbasicneuralcircuitryturnedouttobeakeybreakthroughinunderstandinganxiety.Itshowedthattheanxietyresponseisn’tnecessarilycausedbyanexternalthreat;rather,itmaybetracedtoabreakdowninthemechanismthatsignalsthebraintostopresponding.Justasacarcangooutofcontrolduetoeitherastuckacceleratororfailedbrakes,it’snotalwaysclearwhichpartofthebrainisatfault.Itmayturnoutthatsomeanxietydisordersarecausedbyanoveractiveamygdala(theaccelerator)whileothersarecausedbyanunderactiveprefrontalcortex(callitthebrake).

Ofcourse,whatyouwouldreallyliketoknowiswhetheranyoftheworkdoneinratsappliestohumans.Clearlyresearcherscan’tgoaroundperformingbrainsurgeryontheamygdalasoflivingpatientstoseeifitaffectstheiranxietylevels.Butthefascinatingcaseofawomanknownonlybyherresearchnumber,SM046,suggeststhatwhenitcomestofear,rodentsandhominidsreallyaren’tsodifferent.

Owingtoanunusualbraindisorder,SM046hasadefectiveamygdala.Asaresult,herbehaviorisabnormalinaveryparticularway.WhenscientistsattheUniversityofIowashowSM046picturesofaseriesoffaces,shehasnotroublepickingoutthosethatarehappy,sadorangry.Butifthefaceisdisplayingfear,shecannotrecognizethefeeling.Sheidentifiesitasafaceexpressing,someintenseemotion,butthatisall.HerunusualconditionstronglysuggeststhateveninHomosapiens,feartakesholdintheamygdala.

Eventually,researcherswouldliketolearnwhatroleourgenes,asopposedtoourenvironment,playinthedevelopmentofanxiety.“Ithasbeenknownforsometimethatthesedisordersruninfamilies.”saysKennethKendler,apsychiatricgeneticistatVirginiaCommonwealthUniversityinRichmond,Va.“Sothenextlogicalquestionisthenature-nurtureissue.”Inotherwords,areanxiouspeoplebornthatway,ordotheybecomeanxiousasaresultoftheirlifeexperiences?

Kendlerandhiscolleaguesapproachedthequestionbystudyinggroupsofidenticaltwins,whosharevirtuallyalltheirgenes,andfraternaltwins,who,likeanyothersiblings,shareonlysomeofthem.WhatKendler’sgroupfoundwasthatbothidenticaltwinsweresomewhatmorelikelythanbothfraternaltwinstosufferfromgeneralizedanxietydisorder,phobiasorpanicattacks.(Theresearchershavenotyetstudiedtwinswithpost-traumaticstressdisorderorobsessive-compulsivedisorder.)

Thecorrelationisn’t100%,however.“Mostoftheheritabilityisintherangeof30%to40%,”Kendlersays.That’safairlymoderategeneticimpact,henotes,“Yourgenessetyourgeneralvulnerability,”heconcludes.“Youcanbealow-vulnerable,intermediate-vulnerableorahigh-vulnerableperson.”Butyourupbringingandyourexperiencesstillhaveamajorroletoplay.Someonewithalowgeneticvulnerability,forexample,couldeasilydevelopafearofflyingaftersurvivingahorrificplanecrash.

Therearenoguidebookstotellyouwhenit’ssafetoventureoutagain.Inmanyways,thewholecountrywasmadepartofanunwittingexperimentinmassanxiety.Ourbrainsareevennowintheprocessofrewiringthemselves.Howsuccessfullywenavigatethisdelicatetransitionwilldependalotonourgenes,ourenvironmentandanyfutureattacks.

1.Anxietycanbeausefultoolforfocusingthemindwhen（

）.

2.NowintheUnitedStates,about19millionpeoplearesufferingfrom

（

）.

3.WhichofthefollowingstatementaboutfearisNOTtrue?

4.Generally,scientistsfindithardtostudyemotionsbecause

（

）.

5.Asfeartravelsthroughtherat'sbrain,scientistshave,bitbybit,createdaroadmapoffearby（

）.

问题1选项

A.thereisanobviouscauseofanxiety.

B.weknowwhywecanstopworrying

C.itpersiststoolongbeyondtheimmediate

D.thereisadeadlinelooming.

问题2选项

A.terrorwarning

B.mentalillness

C.anxietydisorder

D.physicaldanger

问题3选项

A.Fearistheexternalstimulusthatsignalsdanger.

B.Fearistheshort-termresponsestressesproduceinmen.

C.Fearhasalotofthesamesymptomsasanxiety.

D.Fearistheaspectofanxietythatiseasytorecognize.

问题4选项

A.theyarethenatureofhumanbeings

B.onlyfeariseasytorecognize

C.mostpeopleareasclueless

D.theyareslipperyandsubjective

问题5选项

A.studyingitsreactionafterbeingcutoffsomeportionsofbrain

B.sendingamessagetothecentralportionofitsbrain

C.measuringitsbloodpressure

D.matchingthedamagedareaswithchangesinbehavior

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:A

第4题:D

第5题:D

【解析】1.细节事实题。由文章第二段中的Thisisoneofthemysteriesofanxiety.Whileitisanormalresponsetophysicaldanger—andcanbeausefultoolforfocusingthemindwhenthere'sadeadlinelooming（这是焦虑的奥秘之一。虽然这是对身体危险的正常反应，但在最后期限即将来临的时候，它可以成为集中注意力的有用工具）可知选D。

2.细节事实题。由文章第三段中的itafflicts19millionAmericans（它折磨着1,900万美国人）可知句中的“it”指代前面提及的“Anxietydisorder”，因此选C。

3.细节事实题。由文章第五段中的stressisanexternalstimulusthatsignalsdanger,oftenbycausingpain.Fearistheshort-termresponsesuchstressesproduceinmen,womenorlabrats.Anxietyhasalotofthesamesymptomsasfear（压力是一种外部刺激，通常通过引起疼痛来发出危险信号。恐惧是短期反应，这种压力会在男性、女性或实验室老鼠身上产生。焦虑和恐惧有很多相同的症状。）和第六段中的Butfearistheonceaspectofanxietythat'seasytorecognize（但恐惧是焦虑的一方面，很容易识别）可知A表示不正确，根据题干中的“NOTtrue”，因此选A。

4.细节事实题。由文章第六段中的Ingeneral,sciencehasahardtimepinningdownemotionsbecausetheyarebynaturesoslipperyandsubjective.（一般来说，科学很难压制情绪，因为它们天生就很滑和主观）可知选D。

5.细节事实题。由文章第七段中的Bypainstakinglymatchingthedamagedareaswithchangesinbehavior,scientistshave,bitbybit,createdaroadmapoffearasittravelsthroughtherat'sbrain.（通过努力将受损的区域与行为的变化相匹配，科学家们一点点地创造了一张在老鼠大脑中传播的恐惧路线图）可知D选项“将受损区域与行为变化相匹配”符合题意。

12.单选题

Therearetwomainthingsthatmakeaircraftengineeringdifficult:theneedtomakeeverycomponentasreliableaspossibleandtheneedtobuildeverythingaslightaspossible.Thefactthatanairplaneisupintheairandcannotstopifanythinggoeswrong,makesitperhapsamatteroflifeanddeaththatitsperformanceisabsolutelydependable.

Givenacertainpowerofengine,andconsequentlyacertainfuelconsumption,thereisapracticallimittothetotalweightofanaircraftthatcanbemadetofly.Outofthatweightasmuchaspossibleiswantedforfuel,radionavigationalinstruments,passengerseats,orfreightroom,andofcourse,thepassengersandaircraftthemselves.Sothestructureoftheaircrafthastobeassmallandlightassafetyandefficiencywillallow.Thedesignersofitmustcalculatethenormalloadthateachpartwillbear.Thisspecialistiscalledthe"stressman".Hetakesaccountofanyunusualstressthatmaybeputonthepartasaprecautionagainsterrorsinmanufacture,accidentdamage,etc.

Thestressman'scalculationsgotothedesignerofthepart,andhemustmakeitasstrongasthestressmansayisnecessary.Oneortwosamplesarealwaystestedtoprovethattheyareasstrongasthedesignerintended.Eachseparatepartistested,andthenthewholeassembly—forexample,acompletewing,andfinallythewholeairplane.Whenanewtypeofairplaneismade,normallyonlyoneofthefirstthreewillbeflown.Twowillbedestroyedonthegroundinstructuraltests.Thethirdonewillbetestedintheair.

Whenaplanehaspassedallthetestsitcangetagovernmentcertificateofairworthiness,withoutwhichitisillegaltofly,exceptfortestflying.

Makingtheworkingpartsreliableisasdifficultasmakingthestructurestrongenough.Theflyingcontrols,theelectricalequipment,thefireprecautions,etc.mustnotonlybelightinweight,butmustworkbothathighaltitudeswherethetemperaturemaybebelowfreezingpointandinthehotairofanairfieldinthetropics.

Tosolvealltheseproblemstheaircraftindustryhasalargenumberofresearchworkers,withelaboratelaboratoriesandtesthousesandnewmaterialstogivethebeststrengthinrelationtoweightareconstantlybeingtested.

1.Thetwomainrequirementsofaircraftdesignare（

）.

2.Themaximumpossibleweightofanaircraftisdeterminedby

（

）.

3.Thestressman'sjobisto

（

）.

4.Thefirstthreeairplanesofanewtype

（

）.

5.Allequipmentinanaircraftmust（

）.

问题1选项

A.speedandcost

B.reliabilityandpassengercomfort

C.lightnessanddependability

D.abilitytostayupintheairandreliability

问题2选项

A.theengineerpower

B.theamountoffreightroom

C.thenumberofpassengers

D.internationalregulations

问题3选项

A.testhowsafetheplaneis

B.calculatehowstrongeachpartmustbe

C.workouthowheighttheplanemayflyat

D.controltheamountofluggageeachpassengermaycarry

问题4选项

A.areonlyforshow

B.arealldestroyed

C.arelaterbrokenupforspareparts

D.areusedfortestingpurposes

问题5选项

A.betestedtodestruction

B.notbetoolightinweight

C.workespeciallywellathightemperatures

D.workperfectlywithinawiderangeoftemperatures

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:B

第4题:D

第5题:D

【解析】1.细节事实题。由文章第一段中的Therearetwomainthingsthatmakeaircraftengineeringdifficult:theneedtomakeeverycomponentasreliableaspossibleandtheneedtobuildeverythingaslightaspossible.（有两件主要的事情使飞机工程变得困难：需要使每一个部件尽可能可靠，以及需要建造一切尽可能轻的东西）可知C选项“轻便与可靠性”符合题意。

2.细节事实题。由文章第二段中的Givenacertainpowerofengine,andconsequentlyacertainf