2022年考研考博-考博英语-湘潭大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号53

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-湘潭大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题

Iremembermeetinghimoneeveningwithhispushcart.Ihadmanagedtosellallmypapersandwascominghomeinthesnow.IthasthatstrangehourindowntownNewYorkwhentheworkerswerepouringhomewardinthetwilight.Imarchedamongthousandsoftiredmenandwomenwhomthefactorywhistleshadunyoked.Theyflowedinriversthroughtheclothingfactorydistricts,thendownalongtheavenuestotheEastSide.

ImetmyfathernearCooperUnion.Irecognizedhim,ahunched,frozenfigureinanoldovercoatstandingbyabananacart.Helookedsolonely;thetearscametomyeyes.Thenhesawme,andhisfacelitwithhissad,beautifulsmile——CharlieChaplin'ssmile.

“Arch,it’sMikey,”hesaid.“Soyouhavesoldyourpapers!Comeandeatabanana.”

Heofferedmeone.Irefusedit.Ifeltitcrucialthatmyfathersellhisbananas,notgivethemaway.HethoughtIwasshy,andcoaxedandjokedwithme;andmademeeatthebanana.Itsmelledofwetstrawandsnow.

“Youhaven’tsoldmanybananastoday,pop,Isaidanxiously.

Heshruggedhisshoulders.

“WhatcanIdo?Nooneseemstowantthem.

Itwastrue.Theworkcrowdspushedhomemoroselyoverthepavements.TherustyskydarkenedoverNewYorkbuildings,thetallstreetlampswerelit,innumerabletrucks,streetcarsandelevatedtrainsclatteredby.Nobodyandnothinginthegreatcitystoppedformyfather’sbananas.

“Ioughttoyell,”saidmyfatherdolefully.66Ioughttomakeabignoiselikeotherpeddlers,butitmakesmythroatsore.Anyway,I’mashamedofyelling.Itmakesmefeellikeafool.’’

Ihadeatenoneofhisbananas.MysickconsciencetoldmethatIoughttopayforitsomehow.Imustremainhereandhelpmyfather.

“I’llyellforyou,pop.”Ivolunteered,

“Arch,no，’’hesaid,“gohome;youhaveworkedenoughtoday.JusttellmommaI’llbelate.”

ButIyelledandyelled.Myfather,standingby,spokeoccasionalwordsofpraise,andsaidIwasawonder&lyeller.Nobodyelsepaidattention.Theworkersdriftedpastuswearily,endlessly;adefeatedarmywrappedindreamsofhome.Elevatedtrainscrashed;theCooperUnionclockburnedaboveus;theskygrewblack,thewindpoured,theslushburnedthroughourshoes.Therewerethousandsofstrange,silentfigurespouringoverthesidewalksinsnow.Noneofthemstoppedtobuybananas.Iyelledandyelled,butnobodylistened.

Myfathertriedtostopmeatlast.“Nu,”hesaidsmilingtoconsoleme,“thatwaswonderfulyelling,Mikey.Butit’splainweareunluckytoday!Let’sgohome.”

Iwasfrantic,andalmostintears.Iinsistedonkeepingupmydesperateyells..Butatlastmyfatherpersuadedmetoleavewithhim.

1.“Unyoked”inthefirstparagraphisclosestinmeaningto（

）.

2.Whichofthefollowingisintendedtobeapairofcontrastinthepassage?

3.WhichofthefollowingwordsisNOTsuitabletodescribethecharacteroftheson?

4.Whatisthethemeofthestory?

5.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardsthefatherandtheson?

问题1选项

A.sentout

B.released

C.dispatched

D.removed

问题2选项

A.Hugecrowdsandlonelyindividuals.

B.Weatherconditionsandstreetlamps.

C.Clatteringtrainsandpeddlers’yells.

D.Movingcrowdsandstreettraffic.

问题3选项

A.Compassionate.

B.Responsible.

C.Shy.

D.Determined.

问题4选项

A.Themiseryofthefactoryworkers.

B.Howtosurviveinaharshenvironment.

C.Generationgapbetweenthefatherandtheson.

D.Lovebetweenthefatherandtheson.

问题5选项

A.Indifferent.

B.Sympathetic.

C.Appreciative.

D.Sneering

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:C

第4题:D

第5题:B

【解析】1.词义推测题。A选项表示“出发，启程”；B选项表示“释放，发布”；C选项表示“派遣，发送”；D选项“移开，排除”。根据划线词所在的那句话，句意为“我走在成千上万个从工厂口哨中解放出来的疲惫的男男女女中”。因此，四个选项中B选项release“释放”最贴近题意。

2.推理判断题。题目问下列哪个选项的内容为一组对比。A选项“川流不息的人群与无人问津卖香蕉的父子俩”；B选项‘天气状况和路灯’；C选项‘火车的咔嗒声和小贩的叫卖声’；D选项‘移动的人群和街道交通’；从文章内容中看，只有A选项是本文最强烈的对比，所以A选项正确。另外三组词都渲染了相同的情绪或是相似的情景，因此构不成对比。

3.推理判断题。题目问下列哪一个词不适合来形容儿子的性格特点。根据文章第二段中“Irecognizedhim,ahunched,frozenfigureinanoldovercoatstandingbyabananacart.Helookedsolonely;thetearscametomyeyes.我认出了他，一个驼背、冻得僵直的人，穿着一件旧大衣，站在一辆香蕉车旁。他看上去很孤独；泪水涌上了我的眼睛。”可知A选项compassionate“慈悲的，富有同情心的”符合儿子的性格特点；根据文章第十段可知，儿子在吃了爸爸的一根香蕉之后，觉得自己有必要为自己付款，那就应该帮助父亲叫卖，因此可看出儿子的负责任‘Responsible’，B选项正确。根据文章最后三段可知，再叫卖了很久之后仍然没人来买香蕉，但是儿子仍然在叫卖，由此可看出儿子的意志坚定‘Determined’，D选项正确。运用排除法，所以只有C选项不符合他的性格特征。

4.主旨大意题。文章从儿子看见父亲开始，到父子俩的谈话，再到儿子为父亲叫卖香蕉，整篇文章都可看出父子情深，而不是代沟的问题；C选项排除，主人公并非工人，所以A选项排除；文章没有给出在艰难环境中如何生存下去的方法，所以B选项排除；因此D选项正确。

5.观点态度题。文章详细介绍了父子俩卖香蕉的艰难，但儿子坚持不懈地为父亲叫卖，而整篇文章的基调是比较忧郁的，由此可看出作者是满怀同情来写父亲生活的艰难的，因此B选项‘’同情的正确。A项表示“冷漠的”；C项表示“感激的”；D项表示“嘲讽的”均不正确。

2.单选题

Exposuretolow-intensitygammaradiationslowstherateofgrowthofthespoilageofmicro-organismsinfoodinmuchthesamewaythatthelowheatusedinpasteurization（

）thespoilageactionofthemicro-organismsinmilk.

问题1选项

A.precludes

B.initiates

C.inhibits

D.purifies

【答案】C

【解析】动词辨析。A选项“阻止，妨碍”；B选项“创始，发起”；C选项“阻止，抑制”；D选项“使（某物）洁净，净化（心灵）”；根据句意‘暴露于低强度的伽马电磁辐射下可以阻缓食物中腐坏微生物的生长速度，按照相同的原理，在巴式消毒法中，低热会遏制住牛奶中微生物的腐坏作用’确定C选项正确。

3.翻译题

SamsungissuedanapologytoChineseconsumersonWednesdayafterChina’sstate-runmediacriticizedtheKoreanelectronicsgiantforsellinghandsetswithallegedlyfaultymemorychips.

ThecompanyofferedtoprovidefreerepairsandextendedwarrantiesonsevenmodelsafterabroadcastontheinfluentialChinaCentralTelevisiononTuesdayreportedhowSamsunghandsets,includingtheGalaxySandGalaxyNoteseries,crashseveraltimesadayduetothememorychips.Thereportsaidtheissuecouldberesolvedwitha$100chipupgradethatwasnotcoveredundercurrentwarranties.

InastatementpostedtoSamsung’sChinaWebsite,theelectronicsgiantapologizedfortheinconvenience,whichitblamedon“managementproblems”.Italsopledgedtorepairaffecteddevices,refundsonpreviouslyrepaireddevices,andreplacementhandsetsinsomecases

SamsungisnotthefirsttechcomingtocomeunderCCTVscrutinyforitswarrantypractices.InApril,AppleCEOTimCookissuedanapologyoveritswarrantypoliciesinChinaandpromisedimprovedservices.TheinitialreportclaimedApplerepairedonlybrokenorotherwisefaultypartswithinitsproductsforcustomersinChina,versusprovidingnewreplacementsinothercountries.

Cook’sapologycameduringApple’scontinuingeffortstolandaniPhonedistributiondealwiththeworld’slargestmobilecarrier.SupportfromChinaMobile,whichhasabout745millioncustomers,wouldopenupavastnumberofnewcustomersforApple.

Meanwhile.SamsunghopesitsapologygoesalongwaytowardhelpingitmaintainitsleadpositioninChina’ssmartphonemarket.Thecompanysold30milliondevicesinthecountrylastyearfora17.7percentmarketshare,outpacingthe11percentsharecommandedbyNo.3Apple.

【答案】三星在周三向中国消费者道歉，此前中国官方媒体批评这家作为韩国电子巨头销售据称内存芯片有问题的手机。

周二，在颇具影响力的中央电视台播出的一则报道称，包括GalaxyS和GalaxyNote系列在内的三星手机，由于内存芯片问题导致一天内多次死机之后，三星提出为七款手机提供免费维修服务并延长保修期。

三星并不是第一家因保修问题受到中央电视台审查的科技公司。

之前的报告称，苹果只为中国客户维修其产品中损坏的或其他有缺陷的部件，而在其他国家却对其提供更换手机服务。

与此同时。三星希望其道歉能在很大程度上帮助其保持在中国智能手机市场的领先地位。

4.单选题

Belyinghisearlierreputationfor（

）asanegotiator,Morganhadrecentlyassumedamore（

）stanceforwhichmanyofhiserstwhilecriticspraisedhim.

问题1选项

A.inflexibility...unreasonable

B.impropriety...oscillatory

C.intransigence...tolerant

D.success...authoritative

【答案】C

【解析】名词和形容词词义辨析。A选项的inflexibility“不屈性，顽固”；unreasonable“不合理的，不公正的”；B选项的impropriety“不合适，不恰当”；oscillatory“振动的，动摇的，变动的"；C选项的intransigence“不妥协，强硬”；tolerant“忍受的，容忍的，宽容的”；D选项的success“成功，胜利”；authoritative“命令式的，专断的，权威式的”。根据句意‘与他先前亳不让步的谈判者的声誉相反，摩根近来采取了一种更为缓和的立场，所以许多他先前的批判者转而称赞他’确定C选项正确。

5.单选题

Ourvisualperceptiondependsonthereceptionofenergyreflectingorradiatingfromthatwhichwewishtoperceive.Ifoureyescouldreceiveandmeasureinfinitelydelicatesense-data,wecouldperceivetheworldwithinfiniteprecision.Thenaturelimitsofoureyeshave,ofcourse,beenextendedbymechanicalinstruments;telescopesandmicroscopes,forexample,expandourcapabilitiesgreatly.Thereis,however,anultimatelimitbeyondwhichnoinstrumentcantakeus:thislimitisimposedbyourinabilitytoreceivesense-datasmallerthanthoseconveyedbyanindividualquantumofenergy.Sincethesequantaarebelievedtobeindivisiblepackagesofenergyandsocannotbefurtherretied,wereachapointbeyondwhichfurtherresolutionoftheworldisnotpossible.Itislikeadrawingachildmightmakebystickingindivisiblediscsofcolorontoacanvas.

Wemightthinkthatwecouldavoidthislimitationbyusingquantawithextremelylongwavelengths;suchquantawouldbesufficientlysensitivetoconveyextremelydelicatesense-data.Andthesequantawouldbeuseful,aslongasweonlywantedtomeasureenergy,butacompletelyaccurateperceptionoftheworldwilldependalsoontheexactmeasurementofthelengthsandpositionsofwhatwewishtoperceive.Forthis,quantaofextremelylongwavelengthsareuseless.Tomeasurealengthaccuratelytowithinamillionthofaninch,wemusthaveameasuregraduatedinmillionthsofanfilch;ayardstickgraduatedininchesisuseless.Quantawithawavelengthofoneinchwouldbe,inasense,measuresthataregraduatedininches;Quantaofextremelylongwavelengthareuselessinmeasuringanythingexceptextremelylargedimensions.

Despitethesedifficulties,quantahaveimportanttheoreticalimplicationsforphysics.Itusedtobesupposedthat,intheobservationofnature,theuniversecouldbedividedintotwodistinctparts,aperceivingsubjectandaperceivedobjectInphysics,subjectandobjectweresupposedto:beentirelydistinct,sothatadescriptionofanypartoftheuniversewouldbeindependentoftheobserver.Thequantumtheory,however,suggestsotherwise,foreveryobservationinvolvesthepassageofacompletequantumfromtheobjecttothesubject,anditnowappearsthatthispassageconstitutesanimportantcouplingbetweenobserversandobserved.

Wecannolongermakeasharpdivisionbetweenthetwoinanefforttoobservenatureobjectively.Suchanattemptatobjectivitywoulddistortthecrucialinterrelationshipofobserverandobservedandobservedaspartsofasinglewhole.

But,everforscientists,itisonlyintheworldofatomsthatthisnewdevelopmentmakesanyappreciabledifferenceinfileexplanationofobservations.

1.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto（

）.

2.Theauthorusestheanalogyofthechild’sdrawingattheendofthefirstparagraphprimarilyinorderto

（

）.

3.Accordingtothepassage,quantawithanextremelylongwavelengthcannotbeusedtogivecompleteinformationaboutthephysicalworldbecausethey

（

）.

4.Accordingtothepassage,thequantumtheorycanbedistinguishedfromprevioustheoriesofphysicsbyits（

）.

问题1选项

A.discussaproblemthathinderspreciseperceptionoftheworld

B.pointouttheinadequaciesofaccepteduniteofmeasurement

C.criticizeattemptstodistinguishbetweenperceivingsubjectsandperceivedobjects

D.compareandcontrastrivalscientifichypothesesabouthowtheworldshouldbemeasuredandobserved.

问题2选项

A.illustratetheultimatelimitationintheprecisionofsense-dataconveyedbyquanta

B.showthesenseofhelplessnessscientistsfeelinthefaceofsignificantobservationalproblems

C.anticipatetheobjectionsofthosescientistswhobelievethatnoinstrumentalaidtoobservationisentirelyreliable

D.disparagethosescientistswhobelievethatmeasurementbymeansofquantaoffersanaccuratepictureoftheworld

问题3选项

A.existindependentlyofsense-data

B.aregraduatedonlyininches

C.cannotwithpresent-dayinstruments,beisolatedfromquantaofshorterwavelength

D.provideaninsufficientlyprecisemeansofmeasuringlengthandposition

问题4选项

A.insistenceonscrupulouslyprecisemathematicalformulations

B.understandingoftheinherentinterrelationshipofperceiverandperceived

C.recognitionoftheneedforsophisticatedinstrumentsofmeasurement

D.emphasisonsmall-scaleratherthanonlarge-scalephenomena

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:B

【解析】1.主旨大意题。根据文章大意可知文章主要讲到了我们视觉感知的局限性阻碍人类精确感知世界的问题，随后由该问题引入极长波长量子的概念并加以讨论，所以这篇文章的主要目的是讨论阻碍人类精确感知世界的问题，所以A选项‘讨论一个阻碍对世界的精确认知的问题’正确；B选项“指出现行测量单位的不合理性”、C选项“对于将观察者与被观察物进行区分的行为进行批判”和D选项“比较不同的科学对于如何测量和观察世界的问题的不同假设”都只是文章中的细节部分。

2.推理判断题。文章在第一段的末尾运用了类比的修辞手法，要想找到作者以孩童作画作比的目的需要往回追溯，分析文章第一段的倒数二、三句“Thereis,however,anultimatelimitbeyondwhichnoinstrumentcantakeus:thislimitisimposedbyourinabilitytoreceivesense-datasmallerthanthoseconveyedbyanindividualquantumofenergy.Sincethesequantaarebelievedtobeindivisiblepackagesofenergyandsocannotbefurtherretied,wereachapointbeyondwhichfurtherresolutionoftheworldisnotpossible.然而，任何仪器都无法超越一个极限:这个极限是由我们无法接收比单个量子能量所传递的更小的感官数据所造成的。由于这些量子被认为是不可分割的能量包体，因此不能进一步退退，我们达到了一个无法进一步解决世界问题的地步。”推断出A选项是对这两句的句义转述，符合题意。

3.细节事实题。根据文章第二段第二、三句“Andthesequantawouldbeuseful,aslongasweonlywantedtomeasureenergy,butacompletelyaccurateperceptionoftheworldwilldependalsoontheexactmeasurementofthelengthsandpositionsofwhatwewishtoperceive.Forthis,quantaofextremelylongwavelengthsareuseless.”“当我们只需测量能量时，这些带有极长波长的量子是有用的。但是对世界绝然精确的感知，还将有赖于对我们所期望感知的物体的长度以及位置作出准确的测量，而在这一方面带有极长波长的量子就没有什么作用了”确定带有极长波长的量子不能用来获取物质世界的信息的原因为D选项“不能对长度和位置进行精确测量”。

4.细节事实题。根据第三段的最后两句“Inphysics,subjectandobjectweresupposedto:...anditnowappearsthatthispassageconstitutesanimportantcouplingbetweenobserversandobserved.”主要讲到了在物理学中，主体和客体被假定为绝然互不相关的，然而，量子理论暗示情形恰恰相反，因为每一项观察都涉及一个完整的量子从客体到主体的过渡，而现在看来，这一过渡构成了观察者与被观察物之间的一种重要的结合。由此可知量子理论和己有的物理理论之间的区别在于量子理论对于观察者与被观察物内在联系的理解，B选项正确。

6.单选题

Ahumanbeingisquite（

）creature,fortheglossofrationalitythatcovershisorhersenseoffearsand（

）isthinandofteneasilybreached.

问题1选项

A.afrail;insecurity

B.avaliant;phobias

C.anambitious;mortify

D.aludicrous;laughter

【答案】A

【解析】形容词和名词辨析。第一个空考查的是形容词的辨析，frail“脆弱的，薄弱的，抵不住诱惑的”;valiant“勇敢的，有价值的”;ambitious“有野心的，有抱负的”；ludicrous“滑稽的，荒唐可笑的”；根据句尾的thinandofteneasilybreached推断出第一个空应该填frail;第二个空考查的是名词辨析，insecurity“不安全，无保障”；phobias“憎恶；恐惧症”；mortify“克制，抑制（肉体、情感等）”作动词；laughter“笑，笑声”；根据关键词thesenseof和句子的整体意思‘人类是一种极为脆弱的生物体，因为掩盖着其恐惧感和不安全感的那层理性的外表是那么的薄弱，且常常易于破裂’可以推断出此处应该填insecurity,所以A选项正确。

7.单选题

OnemeaningoftheGreekword“dran”istoaccomplish,andinthismeaningliesafurtherkeytothestructureofdrama.Aplayconcernsahumanagentattemptingtoaccomplishsomepurpose.Intragedyhisattemptis,inpersonaltermsatleast,unsuccessful;incomedyitissuccessful;intheproblemplayfinalaccomplishmentisofteneitherambiguousordoubtful.

Thisaction,fromthebeginningtotheendofamovementtowardapurposedgoal,mustalsohaveamiddle;itmustproceedthroughanumberofsteps,thesuccessionofincidentswhichmakeuptheplot.Becausethedramatistisconcernedwiththemeaningandlogicofeventsratherthanwiththeircasualrelationshipintime,hewillprobablyselecthismaterialandorderitonabasisoftheoperation,inhumanaffairs,oflawsofcauseandeffect.Itisinthiscausalrelationshipofincidentsthattheelementofconflict,presentinvirtuallyallplays,appears.

Thecentralfigureoftheplay,theprotagonistencountersdifficulties:hispurposeorpurposesconflictwitheventsorcircumstances,withpurposesofothercharactersintheplay,orwithcross-purposeswhichexistwithinhisownthoughtsanddesires.Thesedifficultiesthreatentheprotagonist’saccomplishment;inotherwords,theypresentcomplications,andhissuccessorfailureindealingwiththesecomplicationsdeterminestheoutcome.Normally,complicationsbuildthroughtheplayinorderofincreasingdifficulty;onecomplicationmaybeaddedtoanother,oronemaygrowoutofthesolutionofaprecedingone.Atsomepointinthischainofcomplicationandsolution,achievedorattempted,theprotagonistperformsanactormakesadecisionwhichirrevocablycommitshimtoafurthercourse,pointstowardcertaingeneralconsequences.Thispointisusuallycalledthecrisis;thecomplicationsandsolutionswhichfollowworkoutthelogicalstepsfromcrisistofinalresolution,ordenouement.

1.Adramaisarrangedmainlyinaccordancewith（

）.

2.Inthetext,theauthormainlydealswith（

）.

问题1选项

A.thewillofthedramatist

B.thesequenceofevents

C.thelawofdramaticart

D.theneedofperformance

问题2选项

A.thenecessityofdramainaculture

B.somesocialfunctionsofdramas

C.theresponsibilityofdramatists

D.somekeyelementsindrama-making

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:D

【解析】1.细节事实题。本题主要是问戏剧主要是按照什么来进行安排的。A选项意为“剧作家的意愿”；B选项意为“事件的顺序”；C选项意为“戏剧艺术的法则”；D选项意为“表演的需要”。由文章第二段第二句‘Becausethedramatistisconcernedwiththemeaningandlogicofeventsratherthanwiththeircasualrelationshipintime,hewillprobablyselecthismaterialandorderitonabasisoftheoperation,inhumanaffairs,oflawsofcauseandeffect.因为剧作家关心的是事件的意义和逻辑，而不是它们在时间上的偶然关系，所以他很可能会根据人类事务中因果规律的运作来选择和安排材料。’可见，戏剧情节的安排由剧作家决定，A选项正确。

2.主旨大意题。本题是问本文中作者主要谈论的是什么。A选项意为“文化中戏剧的必要性”；B选项意为“戏剧的一些社会功能”；C选项意为“剧作家的责任”；D选项意为“戏剧创作中的一些关键要素”。本文主要从文学角度介绍了戏剧所包含的重要因素，其中提到了人文动作着、情节、冲突、危机、结局等术语。所以D选项符合题意。

8.翻译题

刺绣(Embroidery),又称丝绣，是中国优秀的民族传统工艺之一，有3000年以上的历史。中国是世界上发现与使用蚕丝最早的国家，其刺绣工艺几乎遍及全国。由于刺绣主题和产地的不同，刺绣工艺品作为一种商品形成了各自的特色。苏州的苏绣、湖南的湘绣、四川的蜀绣和广东的粵绣被誉为中国的四大名绣。这些刺绣既是很好的家居实用品，也是漂亮的装饰品。

【答案】Embroidery,alsocalledsilkembroidery,isoneofthebestnationaltraditionalcraftsinChina.Ithasahistoryofover3000years.Chinaistheearliestcountryintheworldwhichdiscoverandmakeuseofsilk,anditsembroiderycraftsalmostspreadalloverthecountry.Becauseofthedifferentembroiderythemesandplacesofproduction,embroideryhandicrafts,asacommodity,formtheirownfeatures.SuEmbroideryinSuzhou,XiangEmbroideryinHu’nan,ShuEmbroideryinSichuanandYueEmbroideryinGuangdongareknownasfourbigfamousembroideriesinChina.Theseembroideriesarebothgoodhouseholdobjectsandbeautifuldecorations.

9.单选题

By2030,peopleover65inGermany,theworld’sthird-largesteconomy,willaccountforalmosthalftheadultpopulation,comparedwithone-fifthnow.Andunlessthecountry’sbirthraterecoversfromitspresentlowof1.3perwoman,overthesameperioditspopulationofunder35willshrinkabouttwiceasfastastheolderpopulationwillgrow.Thenetresultwillbethatthetotalpopulation,now82m,willdeclineto70m-73m.Thenumberofpeopleofworkingagewillfallbyafullquarter,from40mtodayto30m.

TheGermandemographicsarefarfromexceptional.InJapan,theworld’ssecond-largesteconomy,thepopulationwillpeakin2005,ataround125m.By2050,accordingtothemorepessimisticgovernmentforecasts,thepopulationwillhaveshrunktoaround95m.Longbeforethat,around2030,theshareoftheover-65sintheadultpopulationwillhavegrowntoabouthalf.AndthebirthrateinJapan,asinGermany,isdownto1.3perwoman.Thefiguresareprettymuchthesameformostotherdevelopedcountries,andforagoodmanyemergingones,especiallyChina.

Lifeexpectancy—andwithitthenumberofolderpeople—hasbeengoingupsteadilyfor300years.Butthedeclineinthenumberofyoungpeopleissomethingnew.TheonlydevelopedcountrythathassofaravoidedthisfateisAmerica.Buteventherethebirthrateiswellbelowreplacementlevel,andtheproportionofolderpeopleintheadultpopulationwillrisesteeplyinthenext30years.Allthismeansthatwinningthesupportofolderpeoplewillbecomeapoliticalimperativeineverydevelopedcountry.Pensionshavealreadybecomearegularelectionissue.Thereisalsoagrowingdebateaboutthedesirabilityofimmigrationtomaintainthepopulationandworkforce.Togetherthesetwoissuesaretransformingthepoliticallandscapeineverydevelopedcountry.

By2030atthelatest,theageatwhichfullretirementbenefitsstartwillhaverisentothemid-70’sinalldevelopedcountries,andbenefitsforhealthypensionerswillbesubstantiallylowerthantheyaretoday.Indeed,fixedretirementagesforpeopleinreasonablephysicalandmentalconditionmayhavebeenabolishedtopreventthepensionburdenontheworkingpopulationfrombecomingunbearable.Alreadyyoungandmiddle-agedpeopleatworksuspectthattherewillnotbeenoughpensionmoneytogoroundwhentheythemselvesreachtraditionalretirementage.Butpoliticianseverywherecontinuetopretendthattheycansavethecurrentpensionssystem.

1.InGermany,（

）.

2.Theproblemthatthepopulationbecomesaging

（

）.

3.Anewtendencyisdemographicchangeisthat

（

）.

4.Whatisthepoliticalimplicationofthedemographicchangeinthedevelopedcountries?

5.By2030thegovernmentsindevelopedcountriesmayputanendtofixedretirementages（

）.

问题1选项

A.birthratehasgoneupto1.3perwoman

B.peopleover65nowconstitutesabouthalftheadultpopulation

C.itspopulationofunder-35sistwiceaslargeasthatofover-65s

D.by2030itsworkingforcemayhaveshrunkby25%

问题2选项

A.isexceptionaltoGermany

B.hasbecomeuniversal

C.canberelievedinJapanwiththeshrinkageofitspopulationtoaround95m

D.makestheeconomicoutlookinthedevelopedcountriesevenmoregloomy

问题3选项

A.lifeexpectancyhasbeengoingupsteadily

B.thereisadeclineoftheyoungpopulation

C.inAmericathebirthratehasgoneabovereplacementlevel

D.theoldpopulationhasrisensharplyinIJSA

问题4选项

A.Winningthesupportofolderpeoplewillbecomecrucialinpolitics.

B.Pensionpolicywillbecomeakeyissueinelections.

C.Immigrationshouldbebannedtomaintaintheworkforce.

D.Thedemographicchangewillchangethepoliticallandscapegreatly.

问题5选项

A.tosavethecurrentpensionsystem

B.toensurethebenefitsforhealthypensioners

C.torealizefullretirementbenefitssubstantially

D.torelievethepensionsburdenontheworkingpopulation

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:B

第4题:A

第5题:D

【解析】1.细节事实题。文章第一段介绍了德国的人口老龄化问题，根据第一段最后一句“Thenetresultwillbethatthetotalpopulation,now82m,willdeclineto70m-73m.Thenumberofpeopleofworkingagewillfallbyafullquarter,from40mtodayto30m.最终的结果将是总人口从现在的8200万下降到7000万到7300万。劳动年龄人口将减少整整四分之一，从目前的4000万降至3000万。”可知，到2030年德国的劳动人口将减少四分之一(afullquarter),即25%。所以D选项正确。

2.推理判断题。本题是问关于人口老龄化问题的。由本文第二段第一句"TheGermandemographicsarefarfromexceptional.德国的人口结构也不例外。”可知德国并不是例外，通过第二段的内容可知其他发达国家也呈现同样的趋势，所以B选项‘已经成为普遍’陈述正确。

3.细节事实题。本题是问关于人口结构变化的新趋势。由本文第三段第二句“Butthedeclineinthenumberofyoungpeopleissomethingnew.TheonlydevelopedcountrythathassofaravoidedthisfateisAmerica.但年轻人数量的下降是一个新现象。迄今为止，唯一避免这种命运的发达国家是美国。”可知B选项‘年轻人口在减少’是新的趋势，符合题意。

4.推理判断题。本题是问关于发达国家的人口变化的政治意义是什么。由倒数第二段内容“Allthismeansthatwinningthesupportofolderpeoplewillbecomeapoliticalimperativeineverydevelopedcountry.所有这一切意味着，赢得老年人的支持将成为每个发达国家的政治当务之急。”所以A选项‘在政治上赢得老年人的支持将变得至关重要。’正确。

5.细节事实题。本题是问道2030年，发达国家的政府可能结束固定的退休年龄的目的。由文章最后一段内容“Indeed,fixedretirementagesforpeopleinreasonablephysicalandmentalconditionmayhavebeenabolishedtopreventthepensionburdenontheworkingpopulationfrombecomingunbearable.的确，为了防止工作人口的养恤金负担变得无法承受，可能已经取消了对身体和精神状况合理的人的固定退休年龄。”可知D选项‘减轻劳动人口的养老金负担’符合题意。

10.单选题

To（

）thisstateofaffairs,thereportrecommendedaunifiedscheme,onaregionalbasis,withinwhichbothcommonandspecializedunitswouldcaterforthevariousneedsofpart-timeteachers.

问题1选项

A.fortify

B.denominate

C.assimilate

D.rectify

【答案】A

【解析】动词辨析。A选项“加强，增强，（在物质或道义上）支持某人”；B选项“命名”；C选项“吸收，同化”；D选项“纠正”；根据句子的意思‘为了稳定事态，该报告建议按地区实施一个统一的方案，普通和专门单位将满足兼职教师的各种需求’确定A选项正确。

11.翻译题

Likewaistlinesinmanyprosperouscountries,cellphonesaregoingXXLandsomeoftheirownersarestrugglingtotuckthemin.

JeremyRoche,47yearsold,ownsaSamsungGalaxyNoteIIphonethatisabout75%largerthantheoriginalAppleInc.iPhone,androughlythesizeandheftofanextra-largeHershey’schocolatebar,withaboutaninchnibbledofftheend.It“didfeelweird”atfirsttoholdhisbigphonetohisheadforcalls,hesays,butnowheloveshisamplescreen.

Afteryearsofevolutionfrombrick-sizemonstrositiesintoslimpocketdevices,cellphonesaregoinginreverse.SouthKorea'sSamsungElectronicsCo.iscredited—orblamed一withbringingbigphonesbackintothemainstreamwithdevicesliketheoriginal5.3-inchNote,introducedoutsidetheU.S.inlate2011.

Sometechreviewersatthetimederidedthebigphoneas“silly”，and“aphonedesignedforgiants.”Butsalesboomed,andothermakershavefollowedwithstill-bigger“phablets”,astechiesarcbeginningtocallthem—acrossbetweenaphoneandatablet.

FaresFayad,a39-year-oldconsultantinDubai,saysheusedtothinka3.5-inchcellphonescreenwasjustright,untilhetriedtheiPhone5,whichhasa4-inchscreen.“Idon’tbelieveIcangobacktotheslightlysmallerscreen,”Mr.Fayadsays,

Someergonomicsexpertsworrylamephonescouldposeaninjuryrisk.“Asthestretchtoreachallareasofthescreenincreases,wemightstarttoseemoreseriousrepetitivestressinjurieslikelytothethumbsinlargertouch-screendevices”,saysAnthonyAndre,aprofessorofhumanfactorsandergonomicsatSanJoseStateUniversity.

【答案】就像许多富裕国家居民的腰围一样，如今手机的尺寸也在逐渐增大，一些手机用户在费尽心思想把它们塞进自己的兜里。

在经历了多年来从砖头般的庞然大物向小巧口袋设备的演变后，如今手机又踏上了回头路。

有的科技评论家当时曾讥讽这款巨型手机“傻傻的”、“专为巨人设计”。

但巨型手机的销量却实现了激增，其他手机生产商也纷纷跟风推出了越来越大的、科技专家开始称之为“平板手机”的产品手机和平板电脑的跨界组合。

人类工程学的一些专家担心巨型手机可能会带来损伤的风险。由于触控全屏需增加拉伸的幅度，我们可能会开始看到越来越多由大型触屏电子设备引发的严重累积性-创伤失调，例如对拇指的损害。

12.单选题

Beforesittingfortheentranceexaminationforpostgraduatestudents,manycandidatestrytofamiliarizethemselveswiththeformulaoftheexambydoing（

）tests.

问题1选项

A.simulated

B.imitated

C.stimulated

D.illustrated

【答案】A

【解析】动词辨析题。A选项simulated“模拟的，模仿的，仿造的”，simulatedtest“模拟试题”；B选项imitated“模仿的，仿造的（强调对某物的仿造或对某人的模仿）”；stimulate“受刺激的”；D选项illustrated“有插画的”。根据句意在参加研究所入学考试之前，很多应试者已经通过做很多模拟试题来使自己更熟悉考试了。A选项表示‘模拟试题’正确。

13.单选题

Eversinceitsdiscovery,Plutohasneverreallyfittedin.AfterthepaleandglowinggiantNeptune,itislittlemorethanacosmicdustmite,sweptthroughthefarthestreachesofthesolarsystemonaplanewildlytiltedrelativetotherestoftheplanets.ItissmallerthanNeptune'slargestmoon,andthearcofitsorbitissoovalthatitoccasionallycrossesitsmassiveblueneighbor’spath.

Foryears,ithasbeenseenasoursolarsystem'soddestplanet.Yesterday,however,scientistsreleasedperhapsthemostconvincingevidenceyetthatPluto,infact,isnota