2022年考研考博-考博英语-暨南大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号86

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-暨南大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题

Thedrugstoreatthecornerofourstreetsellsaspirinsand（）penicillinprescriptions.

问题1选项

A.dispenses

B.disposes

C.disperses

D.dispatches

【答案】A

【解析】考查同形词义辨析。dispenses“分配；分发”；disposes“处理；安排”；disperses“分散；使散开”；dispatches“派遣；分派”，此句中and一词连接了两个动作，所以此处要填的动词应该与sells是对应的，按照常识，药店除了会卖药之外，也会分发一些药品，所以此处应该选择一个表示“分发”的动词。句意：在我们这条街街角处有一个药店售卖阿司匹林并且……青霉素的处方。因此可知A选项正确。

2.单选题

IthoughtIsawwaterinthedistancebutitmusthavebeenanoptical（）.

问题1选项

A.perception

B.delusion

C.illusion

D.deception

【答案】C

【解析】本题考查了名词辨析。perception“感知”；delusion“欺骗；错觉”；illusion“错觉；幻象”；deception“欺诈”，此句中有一个转折词but，所以可知前面所说的看到水是一种幻觉，所以可以排除选项A、D；delusion所指的错觉通常是指心理上的误解，所以此处应该用illusion，故正确答案为选项C。句意为：我以为我看到了远处有水，但是这肯定是一种光影幻觉。

3.单选题

Thereisno（）forhardworkandperseveranceofyouwanttosucceed.

问题1选项

A.alteration

B.equivalent

C.alternative

D.substitute

【答案】C

【解析】本题考查了名词的辨析。alteration“改变；变化”；equivalent“相等的”；alternative“可供选择的事物”；substitute“代替”，根据“勤奋和坚持”与“成功”之间的关系，我们可以知道一般来说“勤奋和坚持”是“成功”的必要条件，所以想要成功，除了“勤奋和坚持”之外就没有别的选择符合逻辑，故正确答案为选项C。句意为：你想成功的话，除了勤奋和坚持之外你没有别的选择。

4.不定项选择题

Withhumanfootprintsonthemoon,radiotelescopeslisteningformessagesfromaliencreatures(whomayormaynotexist),technicianslookingforcelestialandplanetarysourcesofenergytosupportourcivilization,orbitingtelescopes’datehintingatplanetarysystemsaroundotherstars,andpoliticalgroupstryingtofigureouthowtosavehumanityfromnudewarfarethatwoulddamagelifeandclimateonaplanet-widescale,anastronomybookpublishedtodayentersaworlddifferentfromtheonethatgreetedbooksagenerationago.Astronomyhasbroadenedtoinvolveourbasiccircumstancesandourmysteriousfutureintheuniverse.Witheclipsesandspacemissionsbroadcastlive,andwithNASA,Europe,andtheUSSRplanningandbuildingpermanentspacestations,astronomyoffersadventureforallpeople,anoutwardexploratorythrustthatmayonedaybeseenasanalternativetomindlessconsumerism,ideologicalbickering,andwarstocontroldwindlingresourcesonaclosed,finiteEarth.

Today’sastronomystudentsnotonlyseekanupto-datesummaryofastronomicalfacts:theyask,aspeoplehaveaskedforages,aboutourbasicrelationstotherestoftheuniverse.Theymaystudyastronomypartlytoseekpointsofcontactbetweenscienceandotherhumanendeavors:philosophy,history,politics,environmentalaction,eventheartsandreligion.

Sciencefictionwritersandspecialeffectartistsonrecentfilmshelptoday’sstudentsrealizethatunseenworldsofspacearerealplaces—notabstractconcepts.Today’sstudentsarecitizensofamorereal,morevastcosmosthatconceptualizedbystudentsofadecadeago.

Indesigningthisedition,theWadswortheditorsandIhavetriedtorespondtothesedevelopments.Ratherthanjumpingatthestartintomurkywatersofcosmology,IhavebegunwiththeviewpointofancientpeopleonEarthandworkedoutwardacrosstheuniverse.Thismethodoforganizationautomatically(ifloosely)reflectstheorderofhumanity’sdiscoveriesaboutastronomyandprovidesaunifyingthemeofincreasingdistanceandscale.

1.Thispassageismostprobablytakenfrom（）.

2.Theauthor’smainpurposeinwritingthefirstparagraphis（）.

3.TheauthorthinksthatthegrowinginterestinspaceexplorationamongpeopleonEarthwillprobablyleadto（）.

4.Theauthorbelievesthattoday’sastronomiesstudents（）.

5.Inthelastparagraph,theunderlinedexpression“thesedevelopments”referstoallofthefollowingEXCEPT（）.

问题1选项

A.theprefaceofapieceofsciencefiction

B.anarticleofpopularscience

C.alecturegivenbytheauthortoastronomystudents

D.theintroductionofabookofastronomy

问题2选项

A.todiscussindetailthemostrecentachievementsinspaceresearch

B.toexplainthebackgroundandnewfeaturesoftoday’sastronomy

C.toillustratethattheworldtodayisdifferentinmanyaspectsfromthatofagenerationago

D.tointroducesomenewlyestablishedspacestations

问题3选项

A.therealizationofpermanentsettlementonotherplanets

B.moredisturbancenotonlyonEarthbutalsoinouterspace

C.orders,harmonyandpeaceonourplanetEarth

D.allpeoplehavingchancesoftravellinginspace

问题4选项

A.arebetter-informedabouttheunseenworldsofspace

B.maylearnmoreaboutmanandhisresearchinvariousfieldsthroughthestudyofastronomy

C.nolongercareaboutastronomicalfacts

D.aremuchbrighterthanstudentsofagenerationago

问题5选项

A.theworld-wideinvolvementinspaceexploration

B.humanity’snewachievementsinthefieldofastronomy

C.thenewconceptsabouttheuniverseacquiredbytoday’sastronomystudents

D.thedevelopmentofsciencefictionandspecialeffectsoffilms

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:B

第5题:D

【解析】第1题:判断推理题。文章最后一段提及Indesigningthisedition,theWadswortheditorsandIhavetried…“在设计这个版本时，Wadsworth的编辑和我试图……”，由此可知文章摘自一本书的序言，而本文都是在讲述关于天文学方面的，所以推测是天文学类书籍，所以D选项“一本天文学书籍的序言”符合题意。A选项“科幻小说的序言”，科幻小说对象不正确；B选项“一篇科普文章”与原文第一段anastronomybookpublished…“一本天文学书籍……”不符；C选项“作者给天文学学生的演讲”，文章的形式并不是演讲，所以C错误。因此D选项正确。

第2题:主旨大意题。原文第一段主要讲述的是人类在天文学方面的研究扩展和特点。B选项作者写第一段的目的是“来解释今天天文学的背景和新特征”符合题意；A选项“详细讨论太空研究的最新成果”，第一段只是简单介绍并未详细讨论，所以A错误；C选项“说明今天的世界与一代人以前在许多方面不同”，只是说明研究的新进展，并不是世界的不同；D选项“引进一些新建立的空间站”与题意不符。因此B选项符合题意。

第3题:判断推理题。根据第一段astronomyoffersadventureforallpeople…ideologicalbickering,andwarstocontroldwindlingresourcesonaclosed,finiteEarth.“天文学为所有人提供了冒险的机会，这是一种向外探索的推进，也许有一天，它会被视为一种替代选择，取代盲目的消费主义、意识形态的争吵和战争，以控制一个封闭、有限的地球上日益减少的资源。”A选项“在其他行星上永久定居的实现”原文并未涉及；B选项“更多的干扰不仅在地球上，而且在外太空”不符合题意；C选项“地球上的秩序、和谐与和平”，原文提到“可以取代盲目的消费主义、意识形态的争吵和战争”进而可以维护地球秩序和谐和平，符合题意；D选项“所有人有机会在太空旅行”与题意不符。因此C选项正确。

第4题:判断推理题。由题干关键词today’sastronomiesstudents定位到文章第二段Theymaystudyastronomypartlytoseekpointsofcontactbetweenscienceandotherhumanendeavors:philosophy,history,politics,environmentalaction,eventheartsandreligion.“他们学习天文学的部分原因可能是为了寻找科学和其他人类活动之间的联系：哲学、历史、政治、环境行为，甚至是艺术和宗教。”由此可知，研究天文学还可以更多地了解其他领域。所以B选项“通过天文学的研究，可以更多地了解人类及其在各个领域的研究”符合题意。A选项“对看不见的宇宙有更好的了解”不太切合题意；C选项“不再关心天文事实”与原文叙述相反；D选项“比上一代的学生聪明得多”没有比较无法体现。因此B选项正确。

第5题:判断推理题。由划线句定位到文中最后一段Indesigningthisedition,theWadswortheditorsandIhavetriedtorespondtothesedevelopments.“在设计这个版本时，Wadsworth的编辑和我试图对这些发展做出回应。”由此可知，“这些发展”所包括的内容是前文已经提及的。A选项“全世界参与太空探索”和B选项“人类在天文学领域的新成就”在第一段中有涉及；C选项“今天的天文学学生获得的关于宇宙的新概念”在文章第二段有讲述；D选项“科幻小说和电影特效的发展”，文章主要是讲述关于天文学方面的内容，并没有详细阐述科幻小说和电影的发展，所以D选项与题意不符。因此此题选择D选项。

5.不定项选择题

AndresearcherssaythatlikethoseliteraryromanticsRomeoandJuliet,theymaybeblindtotheconsequencesoftheirquestsforanidealizedmatewhoservestheireveryphysicalandemotionalneed.Nearly19in20never-marriedrespondentstoanationalsurveyagreethatwhenyoumarryyouwantspousetobeyoursoulmate,firstandforemostaccordingtotheStateofourUnions:2001studyreleasedWednesdaybyRutgersUniversity.

DavidPopenoe,aRutgerssociologistandoneofthestudy’sauthors,saidthatviewmightspelldoomformarriages.“Itreallyprovidesaveryunrealisticviewofwhatmarriagereallyis,”Popenoesaid.“Thestandardbecomessohigh,it’snoteasytobailoutifyoudidn’tfindasoulmate.”

Thesurveypointstoafundamentaldilemmainwhichyoungerpeoplewantmorefromtheinstitutionofmarriagewhiletheyseeminglyareunwillingtomakethenecessarycommitments.

Thesurveyalsosuggeststhatsomerespondentsexpecttoomuchfromaspouse,includingthekindofemotionalsupportrenderedbysamesexfriends.Theauthorsofthestudysuggestthatthegenerationthatwaspolledmaymorequicklyleaveamarriagebecauseofinfidelitythanpastgenerations.

Popenoesaidthepoll,conductedbytheGallupOrganization,isthefirstofitskindtoconcentrateonpeopleintheir20s.Atotalof1,003marriedandsingleyoungadultsnationwidewereinterviewedbytelephonebetweenJanuaryandMarch.Themarginoferrorwasplusorminusfourpercentagepoints.

Respondentssaidtheyeventuallywanttogetmarried,realizeit’salotofworkandthinktherearetoomanydivorces.Theybelievethereisonerightpersonforthemouttheresomewhereandthinktheirownmarriageswon’tendindivorce.

Sincethepollisthefirstofitskind,researcherssayitisimpossibletosayifexpectationsaboutmarriagearechangingorstatic.

Butscholarssaythesearchforsoulmateshasincreasedoverthelastgeneration—andthelastcentury—asmarriagehasbecomeaninstitutioncenteringonromanceratherthanutility.“Onehundredyearsago,peoplemarriedforfinancialreasons,fortyingfamiliestogether,theymarriedforpoliticalreasons,”SaidJohnDeLamater,asociologistattheUniversityofWisconsin.“Andmostpeoplehadchildren.”

ThoseconditionsarenolongerthecaseforyoungadultslikeDavidAsher,a24-yearwaiterinaTrentoncafewhohasbeeninarelationshipforabouttwoyears.Hewantstowaittomakesurehe’sreadytochangevows“Iknowalotofithastodowithfinancialreasons,”hesaid.“Maybeifyou’regoingtohavechildren,marriageisthebestbet.”Butthemainreasonformatrimony.“Ifyou’reinlovewithsomeone,it’ssortoflikepromisingtothemyouareinlove.”

That’sallwellandgood,saidHeatherHelms-Erikson,anassistantprofessorofhumandevelopmentandfamilystudiesattheUniversityofNorthCarolinaatGreensboro,butpassionpartlyinendorphin—causedphysiologicalphenomenon—hasbeenknowntodiminishintime.

1.What’sthebesttitleofthispassage?

2.Thenewstudyinthispassageshowsthat（）.

3.Itcanbeinferredthattheauthorwouldmostlikelyagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatementsregardingmarriage?

4.Whichofthefollowingisnotoneofthedifferencesbetweenthisgenerationandthepastgenerationsasfarasmarriageisconcerned?

5.WhichofthefollowingsentenceswillHeatherHelms-Eriksonusetoillustrateherownargument?

问题1选项

A.MarriageScholarsWorrySearchfor“SoulMates”isunrealistic

B.PeopleShouldSeekforRomanticLovelikeRomeoandJuliet

C.MarriageShouldHappenbetweenSoulMates

D.Searchfor“SoulMates”ShouldbesupersededbyReality

问题2选项

A.manyAmericanareverypracticalwhentheysearchforaspouse

B.American20-somethingshavealargelyromanticviewofmarriage

C.Romanticviewofmarriagemightleadmarriagetoahappyending

D.Americansarefondofmarriagelifesotheywillnotcarecohabitation

问题3选项

A.Itusuallyinvolvesidealizedmateswhocanservetheireveryphysicalandemotionalneed.

B.Itmaynotberealizedunlessthecoupleconsidercarefullyabouttheirresponsibilityandcommitment.

C.Itbecomesmoreunrealisticnowadaysthaninthepastbecausemostpeoplecenteronromanceinsteadofutility.

D.Itresultsfrommanyreasonssuchasfinancialreasons,familyreunion,apoliticalreasons.

问题4选项

A.Theyoungpeoplenowadaysrequiremorefrommarriagebuttheyseemnottobewillingtomakenecessarycommitments.

B.Thisgenerationexpectstoomuchfromtheirspouseandtheycannotkeeptobefaithfullytotheirhusbandsorwives.

C.Theyoungpeopleatpresentpaymoreattentiontolookforsoulmatesthanthepastgenerationswhentheysearchofpartners.

D.Nowsomeyoungpeopleusuallymarryforthesamereasonsastheoldergenerationssuchasfinancialonesandchildren.

问题5选项

A.Tenyearsintoamarriage,youwillstillhavegreatpassionandyounoticesometoneelseandsay,“Onlymywifeorhusbandismysoulmate.”

B.“Theromanticpartofmarriagewhileitcanbethere—shouldnotbesubstitutedbyotherthingssuchassharedvaluesandsocialstatus.”

C.“Thecoupleshouldfocusonthe‘threeCs’—communication,conflictresolutionandcommitmenttomakemarriagethefirstpriority.”

D.“Tenyearsintoamarriage,youdon’thavethatanymoreandyounoticesomeoneelseandthinkmaybethispersonismysoulmate.”

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:B

第4题:D

第5题:D

【解析】第1题:主旨大意题。这篇文章最佳标题是什么？选项A婚姻研究者担心寻找“灵魂伴侣”这种想法很不现实；选项B“人们应该寻找像罗密欧和朱丽叶那样的爱情”；选项C“婚姻是灵魂伴侣之间的事”；选项D“和灵魂伴侣的婚姻最终会被现实打败”，本文中，作者主要介绍了关于年轻人对于婚姻的态度问题的一个调查，结果显示许多年轻人都梦想拥有灵魂伴侣，通过对年轻人的婚姻态度问题进行分析之后，文章最后一段表明，有研究者表示婚姻中的热情会随着时间而消失，所以可以排除选项B和选项C；而选项D所表达的观点又过于绝对，所以正确答案为选项A。

第2题:主旨大意题。这篇文章中新的研究表明了什么，选项A“许多美国人在寻找配偶时非常的物质”；选项B“20多岁的美国年轻人有着非常浪漫的婚姻观”；选项C“罗曼蒂克式的婚姻观也许会带来幸福的婚姻”；选项D“美国人非常热衷婚姻生活，所以他们不会在乎同居”，选项A所表达的观点与研究结果相悖，许多美国人在寻找配偶时不是非常的物质，而是抱着非常浪漫的想法；选项C不属于研究表明的观点，在最新的研究中，研究者表现出对于浪漫的婚姻观的担忧，而不是赞成；选项D文章没有提到，故正确答案为选项B。

第3题:推理判断题。可以推断出作者对于以下关于婚姻的看法中最有可能同意哪个？选项A“它通常发生在可以满足彼此生理和心理需求的理想伴侣之间”；选项B“如果夫妻不认真考虑他们的责任和承诺的话，婚姻将很难维持”；选项C“现在大多数人注重爱情而不是物质，这让婚姻相比过去而言，变得更加不现实”；选项D“婚姻是由许多因素共同决定的，比如经济原因，家族团结和政治原因”，文章中作者只是站在一个客观的角度来讲述年轻人的婚姻观和影响婚姻的一些因素，并没有主观的倾向哪一种婚姻，所以选项A和选项C可以排除，因为前者倾向于灵魂伴侣，后者倾向于物质婚姻；选项D所表达的只是在过去人们结婚的原因，作者并没有表示赞成；选项B所表达的观点正是现在的年轻人对待婚姻所存在的问题，所以最有可能是作者赞成的，故正确答案为选项B。

第4题:细节事实题。以下哪一点不是这一代与上一代关于婚姻的看法的差别？选项A“现在的年轻人要求从婚姻中获得很多，但是他们似乎不愿做出承诺”；选项B“这一代人期待从配偶那里获得很多，然而他们并不能对自己的丈夫或者妻子保持忠诚”；选项C“现在的年轻人相比上一代人寻找同伴而言他们更多的关注寻找灵魂伴侣”；选项D“现在的年轻人和老一辈一样因为经济因素和孩子而结婚”，选项A、B和C都在文章中有体现，选项D的表达与文章第8段中“Butscholarssaythesearchforsoulmateshasincreasedoverthelastgeneration—andthelastcentury—asmarriagehasbecomeaninstitutioncenteringonromanceratherthanutility.但是学者表明寻找灵魂伴侣这种想法超过了上一辈——以及上个世纪——婚姻变成了爱情的殿堂而不是物质”，从此处我们可以看出现在的年轻人更多的是因为爱情而结婚，所以选项D的表述错误，故正确答案为选项D。

第5题:推理判断题。HeatherHelms-Erikson会用以下哪些话来证明她的观点？选项A“结婚十年后，你依然对婚姻充满激情，而且你会听到有人说，之后我的妻子或者丈夫是我的灵魂伴侣”；选项B“婚姻中的爱情不应该被其他东西所取代，比如相同的价值观和社会地位”；选项C“夫妻应该关注原则沟通，冲突解决办法和承诺，以保持婚姻的优先权”；选项D“结婚十年后，你不再有热情了，当你遇到另一个人然后你会认为也许这个才是我的灵魂伴侣”，做题之前我们必须清楚HeatherHelms-Erikson这个人表达了什么观点，根据最后一段我们认为她所表达的观点是：因为爱情而结婚是件很好的事情，但是激情会随着时间而消失。所以我们要从四个选项中选择一个能证明“激情会随着时间而消失”这个观点，所以分析四个选项所表达的意思可知正确答案为选项D。

6.单选题

Hehadwanteda25%raiseinpay,butaftertalkingtohisboss,hedecidedthata5%raisewouldhaveto（）.

问题1选项

A.suffice

B.satisfy

C.gratify

D.delight

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。suffice“足够；足以”；satisfy“满意；令人满意”；gratify“使满足”；delight“高兴；使高兴”，在经过和他老板谈话之后他觉得可以接收5%的涨薪，将涨薪25%与涨薪5%相比，5%只可以说是够的，可以接受的。句意：他原想涨薪25%，但是经过与他老板谈话之后，他决定涨5%就……。故正确答案为选项A。

7.单选题

Architecturalpressuregroupsfoughtunsuccessfullytosaveaterraceofeighteenthcenturyhousesfrom（）.

问题1选项

A.abolition

B.demolition

C.disruption

D.dismantling

【答案】B

【解析】本题考查了动词辨析。abolition“废除；废止”；demolition“毁坏；拆毁（带有破坏感）”；disruption“分裂；瓦解”；dismantling“拆开，拆卸（机器或结构）”，根据terrace“台阶；门廊”可知此处应该选择动词demolition，故正确答案为选项B。句意为：建筑力学群体没有能够成功保护一个十八世纪的台阶免遭拆除。

8.写作题

Directions:TwomonthsagoyougotajobasaneditorforthemagazineDesigns&Fashions.Butnowyoufindthattheworkisnotwhatyouexpected.Youdecidetoquit.Writealettertoyourboss,Mr.Wang,tellinghimyourdecision,statingyourreason(s),andmakinganapology.Writeyourletterwithnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter;useLiMinginstead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.

【答案】【参考范文】

DearMr.Wang,

IamsorrytotellyouthatIdecidedtoquitmyworkasaneditorinyourcompanyafterseriousconsideration.IamapologizingfortheinconveniencewhichIwouldbringtoyou.

Duringtwomonths’workinginyourcompany,Ihavelearnedalotabouthowtoworkinaworld-famouscompany.However,IgraduallyfindoutthatIamnotverysuitableforthisjob.IthinkIshouldlookforanoccupationwhichcouldmakethemostuseofmytalentandability.

Thankyouagainforgivingmethisopportunity,andI’dliketoexpressmyregretagain.Finally,Iwishyourcompanywillachievegreatersuccessinthefuture.

Yourssincerely,LiMing9.单选题

Givingupsmokingisjustoneofthewaysto（）heartdiseases.

问题1选项

A.wardoff

B.pushoff

C.putoff

D.throwoff

【答案】A

【解析】本题考查词组辨析题。wardoff“避开；防止（疾病等）”；pushoff“离开；走开”；putoff“延期”；throwoff“摆脱”，heartdisease“心脏病”是一种疾病，戒烟是为了防止得心脏病，所以此处应该使用词组wardoff，故正确答案为选项A。句意为：戒烟只是预防心脏疾病的办法之一。

10.单选题

Therebelarmy（）thedemocraticgovernmentofthecountrylawlessly.

问题1选项

A.overthrew

B.overtook

C.overturned

D.overruled

【答案】A

【解析】同形词辨析题。overthrew“打倒；推翻”；overtook“追上；赶上”；overturned“推翻；倾覆”；overruled“驳回；否决”，根据rebelarmy“叛军”和lawlessly“非法地”可知此处应该是指叛军推翻了民主政府，所以答案从选项A和选项C之间选；overturn主要是指某种具体事物在位置上的颠倒，或者是指推翻某种已有的理论或者制度；overthrow主要是指用武力推翻某种制度或者机构，所以此处用overthrow比较恰当，故正确答案为选项A。

11.翻译题

Direction:TranslatethefollowingEnglishpassageintoChineseonyourANSWERSHEET.

TheRenaissanceembraced,firstofall,animpressiverecordofnewachievementsinart,literature,science,philosophy,educationandreligion.Althoughthefoundationofmanyofthesewasclassical,theysoonexpandedbeyondthemeasureofGreekandRomaninfluence.Indeed,manyoftheachievementsinpainting,science,politicsandreligionborelittlerelationtotheclassicalheritage.Secondly,theRenaissanceincorporatedanumberofdominantidealsandattitudesthatgaveittheimpressofauniquesociety.Notableamongtheseingeneralwereoptimism,andindividualism;butthemostsignificantofthemallwashumanism.Initsbroadestmeaninghumanismmaybedefinedasemphasisonthehumanvalues.ItwasatermderivedfromCicero,whouseditinthesenseofdevotiontotheliberalarts,orthesubjectsmostcompatiblewiththedignityofman.

【答案】首先，文艺复兴包含了文学、艺术、科学、哲学、教育和宗教方面令人印象深刻的新的成就。尽管这些文化形式的基础都来自古典主义，但它们很快繁荣起来，并摆脱了希腊、罗马的影响。事实上，绘画、科学、政治和宗教上的很多成就与古典文化遗产都没有什么关系。其次，文艺复兴包含了许多鲜明的观点和态度，使其所处的社会呈现出独特的风貌，大体上这些中值得注意的是乐观主义和个人主义，但所有这些中最重要的还是人文主义。在最宽泛的意义上，人文主义可以被定义为对人的价值的强调。这个词出自西赛罗，他曾用该词来表达对自由艺术的投入或与人类尊严最一致的主题。

12.单选题

Onecanunderstandothersmuchbetterbynotingtheimmediateandfleetingreactionsoftheireyesand（）toexpressedthoughts.

问题1选项

A.dilemmas

B.countenances

C.concessions

D.junctions

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。dilemmas“困境”；countenances“面容；表情”；concessions“让步；特权”；junctions“连接”，根据句子结构可知此处要填的名词与eyes是并列的，四个选项中只有countenances能够与eyes并列并表达出符合逻辑的句子意思。句意：人们可以通过观察别人眼睛和……快速的反映或表情来更好的了解对方。因此选项B为正确答案。

13.不定项选择题

AlanChangwasahandsomeyoungmanwithgoodmanners.

Onemorninghewaswalkingalongastreetonhiswaytoanappointment.Hedidnotwanttobeearlyorlate.Hehadforgottentoputonhiswatchsohewentuptoamanwhowaswaitingforataxi.

“Excuseme,sir,”hesaid,verypolitely,“butcouldyoutellmethetime?”

Theman,whowasverywell-dressedandlookedquiterich,saidnothing.HedidnotevenlookatAlan.

Alanspoketohimagain.“Excuseme,sir,”hesaid,“butcouldyoupleasetellmewhattimeis?”

Thistimethemanlookedathim,buthedidnotspeakandlookedquicklyaway.

Alanthoughttohimself:Well,he’snotdeaf.Hemustbejustrude.

“Whywon’tyoutellmethetime,sir?”hedemanded.

Themanturnedtowardshimandsaid,“Trytounderstandme,Iamstandingherewaitingforataxi.Youcomeuptomeandaskmeforthetime.IfItellittoyou,youwillthankme.Iwillsay,‘That’sallright.’Youmaythensay,‘It’sabeautifulday,’towhichImayreply‘Yes,Ilikethesesunnywinterdays.’Beforeweknowwhatishappeningwehaveafriendlyconversation.Youareapleasant,politeyoungmanandsowhenmytaxicomes,Iofferyouaride.Youaccept.Wetalk.Ilikeyou.Youlikeme.Iinviteyoutomyhome.Youmeetmydaughter.Sheisaveryprettygirl.Youareagood-lookingman.Youlikeeachother.Soonyoufallinlove.Youwanttomarry.Nowdoyouunderstandmyproblem?”

Alanshookhishead.

“Nosir,I’msorry,Idon’t.Everythingyouhavesaidseemsverynaturaltome.”

“Exactly,”themansaid,“andIdonotwantmydaughtertomarryamanwhoistoopoortobuyawatch.Goodmorningtoyou,”andwiththesewordshehurriedaway.

1.WhydidAlanaskthemanwhattimeitwas?

2.WhatdidAlanthinkthemanwaswhenhewouldnottellhimthetime?

3.Whydidn’tthemantellAlanthetime?

4.WhatkindofamandidthemanconsiderAlanChang?

5.Whatisthestoryreallyabout?

问题1选项

A.Hewaslate.

B.Hewasearly.

C.Hehadforgottentoputonhiswatch.

D.Hewantedtomeettheman’sdaughter.

问题2选项

A.rude

B.deaf

C.stupid

D.unabletospeakEnglish

问题3选项

A.Hedidnotknowit.

B.Hedidnothaveawatch.

C.HethoughtAlanwasathief.

D.HedidnotwanttospeaktoAlan.

问题4选项

A.athief

B.apoorman

C.acheat

D.arichman

问题5选项

A.tellingthetime

B.beingrudetopeople

C.notspeakingtostrangers

D.onethingleadingtoanother

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:D

【解析】第1题:事实细节题。由第二段第三句Hehadforgottentoputonhiswatchsohewentuptoamanwhowaswaitingforataxi（他忘了戴表，所以走到一个正在等出租车的人面前）可知C选项“他忘了戴表”正确。

第2题:事实细节题。由第七段Alanthoughttohimself:Well,he’snotdeaf.Hemustbejustrude（艾伦心想：嗯，他不是聋子。他一定只是没有礼貌）可知，A选项“粗鲁的，无礼的”正确。

第3题:推理判断题。由文章第九段至末尾可知，“那个男人”不想让女儿嫁给Alan，因此不想跟他说话，因此D选项符合题意。A、B、C选项在本文中均未被提及。

第4题:事实细节题。由最后一段中的Idonotwantmydaughtertomarryamanwhoistoopoortobuyawatch（我不希望我的女儿嫁给一个穷得连手表都买不起的人）可知Alan被认为是一个穷人，因此B选项正确。

第5题:主旨大意题。文章讲述了Alan向路人打听时间，路人却想象了“Alan会跟他相谈甚欢，然后他邀请Alan搭便车，之后邀请Alan去他家，Alan见到了他的女儿并与他女儿陷入爱河”等一系列事情，因此D选项“一件事引发另一件事”符合题意。

14.单选题

Onmanyoccasions,wetendtointerprettheactionsofchildren（）ourownexperienceasanadult.

问题1选项

A.forthesakeof

B.onbehalfof

C.intermsof

D.inaccordancewith

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词短语。A选项forthesakeof“为了”；B选项onbehalfof“代表”；C选项intermsof“依据，在……方面”；D选项inaccordancewith“与……一致”。句意：在很多时候，我们倾向于依据自己作为一个成年人的经验来解释孩子的行为。根据空格前后的句意关系，只有C选项intermsof“依据，在……方面”符合句意，其他选项意思不对。因此C选项正确。

15.单选题

Judgesare（）increasinglyheavyfinesforminordrivingoffences.

问题1选项

A.requiring

B.demanding

C.imparting

D.imposing

【答案】D

【解析】动词辨析题。demanding“需要；要求”；imparting“给予；传授”；imposing

“强加；征税；处以……”，根据drivingoffences“交通违法行为”，和fines“罚金”，可知此处应该使用动词imposing，故正确答案为选项D。句意为：交警对于轻微的交通违法行为处以越来越重的罚款。

16.填空题

YourSmartphoneMayBeHurtingYourSleepA)Youloveyoursmartphone,butitmayberuiningyourZZZ’s.Useofthesedevices,especiallynearbedtime,isassociatedwithworsequalityofsleep,accordingtoanewstudy.“Whenwelookedatsmartphoneusearoundthetimewhenparticipantsreportedtheywenttobed,moresmartphoneusearoundthattimeinparticularwasassociatedwithalongertimetofallasleepandworsesleepqualityduringthenight,”saidDr.GregoryMarcus,authorofthestudyandanassociateprofessorofmedicineattheUniversityofCalifornia,SanFrancisco.HisresearchwaspublishedWednesdayinthejournalPLOSOne.

B)Theword“crack-berry”becamepopularroughlyadecadeagotodescribetheaddictivequalityofBlackBerrydevices—arguablythefirstreallysuccessfulsmartphones.Today,almosteveryoneisasmartphonejunkie,standingwithheadbowedwhilewaitingforatrainorinlineatthepostoffice.

C)Knowingthatsmartphoneusehasincreasedtogetherwithsleepdeprivationrates,Marcusandhiscolleaguesdecidedtoinvestigatewhetherthetwomightberelated.Toanswerthisquestion,heusedexitinginformationcollectedbyanInternet-basedstudyhestartedinMarch2016.

D)“HealthE-Heart,”whichwasfundedbytheNationalInstitutesofHealthisdesignedtostudycardiovascularhealth.Anyone18yearsofageoroldercanenrollinHealthE-Heart,co-foundedbyDrs.MarkPletcherandJeffreyOlgin,professorsatUCSF.Aftersigningaconsentform,enrolledparticipantsself-reporttheirhealthdataviaaseriesofonlinequestionnaires.Theinformationisgathered,analyzedandusedtoresearchanddevelopstrategiestopreventandtreatallaspectsofheartdisease.

E)About80,000participantshaveenrolledinHealthE-Heart,Marcussaid.“We’vehadpeoplefromeverystateintheUS,lotsofpeoplefromeverystate,andweactuallyhavepeoplefrom50countries.”Marcusandhisco-foundersalsomakethedataavailabletootherscientistsconductingunrelatedstudies.Forthenewsmartphonestudy,Marcusmadeuseofthiswealthofinformationtoconducthisown“sub-study”.

F)OfthetotalHealthE-Heartenrollees,653peoplechosetoparticipateinandcompletethenewsmartphone-sleepstudy.Participantsinstalledanappontheirphonestoautomaticallyrecordthetotalnumberofminutesineachhourthescreenwasturnedon(totalscreentime)duringa30-dayperiod.TheseparticipantshadalreadyreportedtheirsleephoursandsleepqualityusingavalidatedquestionnaireaspartofthegeneralHealthE-Heartexperience,Marcusexplained.So,whenansweringthesleepassessmentquestions,participantsalsoentereddemographicdataplusinformationabouttheiralcoholuse,physicalactivity,smokinghabitsandotherhealthissues.Byansweringsomanyquestions,participantswereunawareofwhattheresearcherswerestudying,explainedMarcus:“Wewouldn’texpectanybias.”

G)Analyzingthedata,theresearchersdiscoveredthat,onaverage,participantsusedtheirsmartphonesforatotalof38.4hoursovera30-dayperiod.Individualswithalongeraveragescreentimeweremorelikelytohavepoorersleepqualityandlesssleepoverall:About35%ofthosewhousedtheirsmartphonesforshorteramountsoftimethanaveragehadsleepdifficulties,comparedwith42%ofthosewithaverageorgreaterthanaverageuse.Andpoorqualitysleepwasmorelikelyforparticipantswhousedtheirsmartphonesnearbedtime.

H)Theresearchersdiscoveredthatscreen-timevariesthroughouta24-hourperiod,butmostoccursduringtheday.Yetforsomeparticipants,smartphoneusepeakedduringthenight.“Wecan’texcludethepossibilitythatsomepeoplecan’tsleepforsomecompletelyunrelatedreason,andbecausetheycan’tsleep,they’reusingtheirsmartphone,justtopassthetime,”Marcussaid.

I)Despitepotentialshortcomings,Marcusresearchisinlinewithotherstudiesshowingthattheuseoftechnologynearbedtimeisassociatedwithdifficultysleeping,suchasthe2015NationalSleepFoundationpoll.Otherresearchhasshownthatthebluelightemittedbysmartphones(andotherdigitaldevices)mightsuppressourbody’sproductionofmelatonin,ahormonethatinducestirednessandcontributestothetimingofsleep-wakecycles.“Sothere’ssomebiologicalplausibilitysupportingtheideathatthereisacausalrelationship,butweweren’tabletoidentifythat,”Marcusnoted.

J)“Itisbelievedthatsleepisarestorativeprocessandabasicbiologicneed,”saidDr.NeilKline,asleepphysician,internistandrepresentativeoftheAmericanSleepAssociation.“Whenanimals,includinghumans,aredeprivedofsleep,therearemanybodysystemsthatfail.Notonlydoesourperformance,memoryandattentionspansuffer,ourimmunesystemandendocrinesystemisalsoimpaired.”

K)Thoughmostofthesenegativeeffectshavebeenstudiedexclusivelyinadults,children’ssleepisalsoaffectedbytechnology,accordingtoanunrelatedstudy.LeadauthorBenCarter,aseniorlecturerinbiostatisticsatKing’