2022年考研考博-考博英语-广东工业大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号60

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-广东工业大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.翻译题

GlobalwarmingcouldtransformlargepartsofAfrica:shiftingrains,spreadingmalariaandotherinsectbornediseases,evenchangingthesizeoftheSaharaDesert.

Yet,thebulkoftheworld'sclimateforecastinghasbeenconcentratedonthoseregionsthathostthesupercomputersthatcandoit:theU.S.,Europeandtherestofthedevelopedworld.

That’ssettochange.Meetingforjustthethirdtimesince1979,theWorldClimateConferenceestablishedaframeworklastweekforextendingscience-basedclimatepredictionstoall.Thinktheweatherforecast,onlylarger.

Thisconferenceisfamousfor,amongotherthings,creatingtheInternationalPanelonClimateChange,whosereportshavewarnedtheworldofacceleratingclimatechange.Thegoalofthisnewframeworkistobetterenableallcountriestoadapttothatfutureclimate.Tothatend,itcallsforexpandedobservationsoftheglobalclimate,publicaccesstoclimatedata,moreclimatepredictionresearchandanewClimateServicesInformationSystem.Thiswillprovidelocalgovernmentswithexpectedchangestowaterresources,agriculture,fisheries,forests,evenhealth.

Ofcourse,climatepredictionswillalsoguideadaptationtoawarmerglobe,andevenpotentiallyprovideearlywarningsfornaturaldisasters.Buttheywon'tbeperfect.AsRobertHeinleinsaid,climateiswhatyouexpect,weatheriswhatyouget.

【答案】【参考译文】

全球变暖可能会改变非洲的大部分地区：使雨带转移，传播疟疾和其他昆虫传播疾病，甚至改变撒哈拉沙漠的大小。

然而，世界上大部分能对气候进行预测的地区都集中在拥有超级计算机的地区：美国、欧洲和其他发达国家。

这种情况肯定是要改变的。自从1979年以来，世界气候会议才召开了三次，为了让科学的气候预报扩展到所有的国家，世界气候会议上周为此确立了一个框架协议。以后想到天气预报，其预报范围可能要大一些了。

这次会议出名是因为成立了国际气候变化委员会，这个委员会对全球气候加速提出了警告。这个新框架的目标是使所有国家更好地适应未来的气候。为此，它呼吁扩大对全球气候的观测，让公众获得气候数据，开展更多的气候预测研究，并建立一个新的气候服务信息系统。这将为地方政府提供水资源、农业、渔业、林业、甚至健康的预期变化。

当然，气候预测也将指导如何人们适应全球变暖，甚至可能为自然灾害提供早期预警。但这不会是完美的。正如罗伯特•海因莱因（RobertHeinlein）所说，你预测的是气候，而你经历的是天气。

2.单选题

Whenprehistoricmanarrivedinnewpartsoftheworld,somethingstrangehappenedtothelargeanimals:theysuddenlybecameextinct.Smallerspeciessurvived.Thelarge,slow-growinganimalswereeasygame,andwerequicklyhuntedtoextinction.Nowsomethingsimilarcouldbehappeningintheoceans.

Thattheseasarebeingoverfishedhasbeenknownforyears.WhatresearcherssuchasRansomMyersandBorisWormhaveshownisjusthowfastthingsarechanging.Theyhavelookedathalfacenturyofdatafromfisheriesaroundtheworld.Theirmethodsdonotattempttoestimatetheactualbiomass（theamountoflivingbiologicalmatter）offishspeciesinparticularpartsoftheocean,butratherchangesinthatbiomassovertime.AccordingtotheirlatestpaperpublishedinNature,thebiomassoflargepredators（animalsthatkillandeatotheranimals）inanewfisheryisreducedonaverageby80%within15yearsofthestartofexploitation.Insomelong-fishedareas,ithashalvedagainsincethen.

Dr.Wormacknowledgesthatthesefiguresareconservative.Onereasonforthisisthatfishingtechnologyhasimproved.Today’svesselscanfindtheirpreyusingsatellitesandsonar,whichwerenotavailable50yearsago.Thatmeansahigherproportionofwhatisintheseaisbeingcaught,sotherealdifferencebetweenpresentandpastislikelytobeworsethantheonerecordedbychangesincatchsizes.Intheearlydays,too,longlineswouldhavebeenmoresaturatedwithfish.Someindividualswouldthereforenothavebeencaught,sincenobaitedhookswouldhavebeenavailabletotrapthem,leadingtoanunderestimateoffishstocksinthepast.Furthermore,intheearlydaysoflonglinefishing,alotoffishwerelosttosharksaftertheyhadbeenhooked.Thatisnolongeraproblem,becausetherearefewersharksaroundnow.

Dr.MyersandDr.Wormarguethattheirworkgivesacorrectbaseline,whichfuturemanagementeffortsmusttakeintoaccount.Theybelievethedatesupportanideacurrentamongmarinebiologists,thatofthe“shiftingbaseline”.Thenotionisthatpeoplehavefailedtodetectthemassivechangeswhichhavehappenedintheoceanbecausetheyhavebeenlookingbackonlyarelativelyshorttimeintothepast.Thatmattersbecausetheorysuggeststhatthemaximumsustainableyieldthatcanbecroppedfromafisherycomeswhenthebiomassofatargetspeciesisabout50%ofitsoriginallevels.Mostfisheriesarewellbelowthat,whichisabadwaytobebusiness.

1.Thewritermentionstheextinctionoflargeprehistoricanimalstosuggestthat（）.

2.ItcanbeinferredformDr.MyersandDr.Worm’spaperthat（）.

3.Dr.Worm’scommentof“thesefiguresareconservative”（Line1,Paragraph3）means（）.

4.Dr.Myersandotherresearchersmaintainthat（）.

5.Theauthorseemstobemainlyconcernedwithmostfisheries’（）.

问题1选项

A.largeanimalwerevulnerabletothechangingenvironment

B.smallspeciessurvivedaslargeanimalsdisappeared

C.largeseaanimalsmayfacethesamethreattoday

D.Slow-growingfishoutlivefast-growingones

问题2选项

A.thenumberoflargerpredatorsdroppedfasterinnewfisheriesthanintheold

B.thestockoflargepredatorsinsomeoldfisherieshasreducedby90%

C.thecatchsizesinnewfisheriesareonly20%oftheoriginalamount

D.thereareonlyhalfasmanyfisheriesaretherewere15yearsago

问题3选项

A.thecatch-sizesareactuallysmallerthanrecorded

B.themarinebiomasshassufferedagreaterloss

C.thedatacollectedsofarareoutofdate

D.fishingtechnologyhasimprovedrapidly

问题4选项

A.peopleshouldadjustthefishingbaselinetothechangingsituation

B.peopleshouldlookforabaselinethatcan'tworkforalongertime

C.fisheriesshouldkeeptheiryieldbelow50%ofthebiomass

D.theoceanbiomassshouldberestoredtoitsoriginallevel

问题5选项

A.technologicalapplication

B.managementefficiency

C.catch-sizelimits

D.biomasslevel

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:A

第5题:D

【解析】1.推理判断题。根据题干信息可定位到原文第一段。文章通过讲述史前人类到达新地方时，大型动物会突然灭绝，进而引出讨论的话题，即海洋生物也会在人类来临之后面临灭绝的危险。因此，本题正确答案为C选项。

2.推理判断题。根据原文第二段“…thebiomassoflargepredators（animalsthatkillandeatotheranimals）inanewfisheryisreducedonaverageby80%within15yearsofthestartofexploitation.Insomelong-fishedareas,ithashalvedagainsincethen.”可知，一个新的渔场在被开发后的15年中大型捕食类鱼种的生物量平均减少了80%。在有些长期捕捞的地区，自那以后，这个数量又减少了一半（剩余20%的一半），因此一共下降了90%；故B选项表述正确，其余选项均不能由他们的论文得出。故本题正确答案为B选项。

3.推理判断题。根据题干信息定位到原文第三段。沃姆博士承认论文中的数据是保守的，因为现在捕鱼的技术已经提高，已经用上了卫星和声纳定位，这些设备50年前是无法使用的。这就意味着现在海里有更高比例的海洋生物被捕捞了。以前一些抓不住的海洋生物现在都可以抓住了，以前被鲨鱼抢走的，现在由于鲨鱼都不见了，自然被捕捞的就更多了。由此可知，之前的那些数据已经过时了。故本题正确答案为C选项。

4.细节事实题。根据原文最后一段可知，两位博士认为，他们的工作给出了正确的基准线，因为人们之所以没有察觉到海洋中发生的巨大变化是因为他们只回顾了过去相对较短的一段时间，所以在未来的管理工作中要明确“移动基准线”的意义。因此，本题正确答案为A选项“人们要根据变化情况调整基准线”。

5.推理判断题。由文章最后一段可知，当目标鱼种的生物量约为其原始水平的50%时，渔场就可以收获最大的可持续产量。而大多数渔场都远低于这一水平，这是一种糟糕的经营方式。由此可知，作者最关心的是渔场的可持续产量，也就是关心biomasslevel（生态量）。故本题正确答案为D选项。

3.单选题

EventhoughCochranbeatMcDanielbymore6,000votesinthenationalelection,thelatterdidn’t（）,complainingthatAfricanAmericansvotingforCochranlosthimtherace.

问题1选项

A.tangle

B.concede

C.torment

D.stalk

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项tangle表示“（和……）争吵；打架；使缠结在一起”；B选项concede表示“让步，承认，退让”；C选项torment表示“折磨，痛苦，捉弄”；D选项stalk表示“追踪，偷偷接近”。根据eventhough可判断前后两句为让步关系，由后文“complainingthatAfricanAmericansvotingforCochranlosthimtherace”可知，McDaniel抱怨是非洲裔美国人投票给Cochran才导致他输掉了竞选，说明他依然对这件事耿耿于怀，可见他并不承认失败。因此，本题正确答案为B选项。

4.填空题

Americahasthebestsystemofhighereducationintheworld.TheInstituteofHigherEducationatShanghaiJiaoTongUniversityrankstheworld’suniversitiesonaseriesofobjective（1）suchasthenumberofNobelprizesandarticlesonprestigiousjournals.17ofthetop20universitiesinthatlistareAmerican.Americanuniversities（2）employ70%oftheworld’sNobelprize-winners.Theyproduceabout30%oftheworld’s（3）ofarticlesonscienceandengineering,accordingtoasurvey（4）in2001，and44%ofthemostfrequentlycitedarticles.

WhyisAmericasosuccessful?Wealthclearlyhassomethingtodowithit.Americaspendsmorethantwiceasmuch（5）studentastheOECD（经合组织）average，andalumniandphilanthropists（慈善家）routinelyshoweruniversities（6）gold.Historyalsoplaysapart.Americanshavealwayshada（7）forhighereducation.ThePuritansestablishedHarvardCollegein1636,justtwo（8）aftertheyfirstarrivedinNewEngland.

ThemainreasonforAmerica’ssuccess,however,liesinorganization.Thefirstprincipleisthatthefederalgovernmentplaysa（9）part.Americadoesnothaveacentralplanforitsuniversities.Itdoesnottreatits（10）ascivilservants,as（11）FranceandGermany.Instead,universitieshaveawide（12）ofpatrons.Theacademiclandscapehasbeen（13）byrichbenefactorssuchasEzraCornell,CorneliusVanderbilt,JohnsHopkinsandJohnD.Rockefeller.

Thesecondprincipleiscompetition.Universitiescompetefor（14）,fromstudentstoprofessorstobasketball,stars.Professorscompeteforfederalresearch（15）.Studentscompeteforcollegescholarshipsorresearchfellowships.Thismeansthatsuccessfulinstitutionscannot（16）ontheirlaurels（成就）.

Thethirdprincipleisthatitisallrighttobeuseful.Americahasalways（17）universitiesasmorethanivorytowers.This（18）on“payingdividends”remainsa（19）featureofacademicculture.Americanhas（20）theartofforginglinksbetweenacademiaandindustry.Americanuniversitiesearnmorethan$1billionayearinroyaltiesandlicensefees,anddozensoperatetheirownventurefunds.

测试

【答案】1.criteria

2.currently

3.output

4.conducted

5.per

6.with

7.passion

8.decades

9.limited

10.academics

11.do

12.range

13.shaped

14.everything

15.grants

16.rest

17.regarded

18.emphasis

19.prominent

20.pioneered

【解析】1.由suchasthenumberofNobelprizesandarticlesonprestigiousjournals.如诺贝尔奖的数量和发表在著名期刊上的文章。可知这些都属于条件。

2.本句结构完整，句意：美国大学（）雇佣世界上70%的诺贝尔奖得主。

3.句意：科学家产出了世界上30%的关于科学和工程方面的学术文章，以及44%的经常被引用的文章。

4.conductasurvey做调查；句意：根据2001年的一项调查…

5.句意：美国花在每个学生身上的钱是经合组织平均水平的两倍多。

6.showerwith抛撒，大量给予；句意：校友和慈善家每年都会大量赠予资金。

7.haveapassionfor对…的强烈爱好；由下一句“清教徒在第一次到达新英格兰后于1636年建立哈佛大学”可知“美国人对高等教育有强烈爱好”。

8.此空需要填一个表示时间的名词。twodecades20年。

9.此空需填一个形容词，空前有不定冠词a修饰，故空格处所填形容词不以元音字母开头。再联系下文可知，对于美国的大学，不像法国和德国那样，美国政府并没有实行中央计划。所以美国高等教育成功的第一个原因就是联邦政府发挥了有限的作用。形容词中只有limited符合题意。

10.treat…ascivilservants将___看作公务员。由上一句可知“对于美国的大学，美国政府没有实行中央计划。”所以接着进一步说明，美国政府没有把美国大学看作是政府的公务员。

11.asdoFranceandGermany像法国和德国那样。句意：对于美国的大学，不像法国和德国那样，美国政府并没有一个实行中央计划。

12.haveawiderangeof有广泛的…。由下文可知有一些富有的捐赠者，故此空填range.

13.此空需填一个动词的过去分词，表被动。学术氛围被形成，故用shaped。

14.由空后的from…可知美国的大学对于一切都竞争。

15.此空需填一个名词，由federalresearch可推知是政府的研究补助金。句意：教授为获得政府的研究补助金而竞争。

16.reston停留在…。由上文可知美国的大学为一切而竞争，教授为获得补助金而竞争，学生为了奖学金而竞争，整个大学都是在不断地向前的一种状态。故这空总结道：这意味着成功的大学不能停留在这些成就上。

17.regard…as把…认作；句意：美国总是将大学看作不仅仅是象牙塔。

18.空后有介词on,空格处要填名词，只有emphasis合适。句意：这种强调取得好结果成为了…。

19.此空需填形容词，美国大学对取得好结果的关注成为了其学术文化的显著特色。

20.此空需填动词。句意：美国开创了在学术界和工业界建立联系的艺术。美国首先开创了这门艺术，故用pioneered。

5.单选题

A1994WorldBankreportconcludedthat（）girlsinschoolwasprobablythesinglemosteffectiveanti-povertypolicyinthedevelopingworldtoday.

问题1选项

A.assigning

B.enrolling

C.involving

D.undertaking

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。assign分配，指派；enroll登记，招收，注册；involve涉及；undertake承担，保证。句意：1994年世界银行的一份报告得出的结论是,学校招收女生是发展中国家反贫困最有效的措施。招生用enroll。故B项正确。

6.单选题

Thefirststrokeguidelinestospecificallytargetwomen（）preventionearlierinlifeandrecognizeuniquefemalerisksforthedisorder,includingpregnancyandbirthcontrolpills.

问题1选项

A.neglect

B.avoid

C.emphasize

D.admire

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析。neglect忽视；avoid避免；emphasize强调；admire钦佩，赞美。由“andrecognize…认识到女性患这种疾病的独特风险”可知___preventionearlierinlife也是积极性的内容，C项符合句意。句意：第一份针对早期预防女性中风的指南强调女性应该早期预防，并认识到女性患中风的独特风险，包括怀孕和避孕药。

7.单选题

Therearemanywaysofdefiningsuccess.Itisaccuratetosaythateachofushasourownconceptofsuccesstotheextentthateachofusisresponsibleforsettingourowngoalsanddeterminingwhetherwehavemetthesegoalssatisfactorily.Becauseeachofuspossessesuniquedifferencesingeneticabilityandfavorableenvironmentsinwhichtoexpresstheseabilities,itisnecessarilytruethatwemustdefinesuccessbroadly.

Forsomepeople,simplybeingabletolivetheirlifewithaminimumofmiseryandsufferingisconsideredasuccess,Thinkofthepeaceofmindofthepoorshepherdwhotendshissheep,enjoyshisfrugallifewithhisfamilyinthebeautyofnature,andwhoisrespectedbecausehedoesagoodjobofachievingthegoalsexpectedofandacceptedbyhimandhissociety.Ontheotherhand,itseemsthateventhoughsomepeopleappeartoberichinmaterialpossessions,manyofthemseemtobemiserableandconsiderthemselvesunsuccessfulwhenjudgedbytheirowngoalsofsuccess.Becausenotallventurescanbesuccessful,oneshouldnotsetunrealisticgoalsforachievingsuccess,butifonehasself-confidenceitwouldbeunfortunatetosetone’sgoalsattoolowalevelofachievement.

Awisecounseloroncesaidtoayoungmanwhowasexperiencingfrustrationwithhisownprofessionalsuccess:“Youdonothavetosetyourgoaltoreachthemooninordertohavesuccessintraveling.Sometimesonecanbeverysuccessfulmerelybytakingawalkinthepark,orridingthesubwaydowntown,”Thecounseloradded,“Youhavenotreallyfailedandspoiledyourchancesforsuccessuntilyouhavebeenunsuccessfulatsomethingyoureallylike,andtowhichyouhavegivenyourbesteffort.’’

1.Inthefirstparagraph,theauthorimpliesthat（）areessentialinachievingsuccess.

2.Theword“frugal’’（Line2,Para.2）means（）.

3.Somerichpeopleconsiderthemselvesunsuccessfulbecause（）.

4.Thelastparagraphimpliesthat（）.

5.Thispassagemainlytalksabout（）.

问题1选项

A.abilityandgoals

B.goalsanddetermination

C.abilityandenvironment

D.goalsandenvironment

问题2选项

A.wealthy

B.wasteful

C.thrifty

D.miserable

问题3选项

A.theirlifeismiserable

B.theydonotliveinpeace

C.theirgoalsaretoolow

D.theyarenotrichenoughbytheirownstandards

问题4选项

A.weshouldhavehighgoals

B.successmeansachievinggreatgoals

C.successmeanstakingawalkinthepark

D.successmeanstryingone’sbestatwhatonereallylikes

问题5选项

A.thedefinitionofsuccess

B.howtoachievesuccess

C.howtosetgoals

D.theimportanceofgoals

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:C

第3题:D

第4题:D

第5题:A

【解析】1.细节事实题。由题干定位到第一段最后一句“Becauseeachofuspossessesuniquedifferencesingeneticabilityandfavorableenvironmentsinwhichtoexpresstheseabilities,itisnecessarilytruethatwemustdefinesuccessbroadly.因为我们每个人在遗传能力和表达这些能力的有利环境方面都有独特的差异，所以我们必须广义地定义成功。”由此可知环境和能力是成功的必要因素。C项正确。

2.词义题。由第二段第二句"Forsomepeople,simplybeingabletolivetheirlifewithaminimumofmiseryandsufferingisconsideredasuccess,Thinkofthepeaceofmindofthepoorshepherdwhotendshissheep,enjoyshisfrugallifewithhisfamilyinthebeautyofnature…"由前面的“对一些人来说，只要能以最少的痛苦和折磨过自己的生活就算是成功了，想想那些内心平静的可怜的牧羊人吧…”可知牧羊人与家人一起在大自然的美景中享受简朴的生活。故C项正确。

3.细节事实题。根据题干定位到第二段"Ontheotherhand,itseemsthateventhoughsomepeopleappeartoberichinmaterialpossessions,manyofthemseemtobemiserableandconsiderthemselvesunsuccessfulwhenjudgedbytheirowngoalsofsuccess."另一方面，似乎即使有些人看起来拥有丰富的物质财富，他们中的许多人似乎是悲惨的，当以他们自己的成功目标来判断时，他们认为自己是不成功的。可知富人认为自己不成功是因为从他们自己的目标来衡量时并不够富有。故D项正确。

4.判断推理题。由最后一段“Thecounseloradded,“Youhavenotreallyfailedandspoiledyourchancesforsuccessuntilyouhavebeenunsuccessfulatsomethingyoureallylike,andtowhichyouhavegivenyourbesteffort.”顾问补充说:“你并没有真正失败，也没有破坏你成功的机会，直到你在你真正喜欢的事情上失败了，并为此付出了最大的努力。可知D项正确。ABC三项与原文不符。

5.主旨大意题。全文主要第一段讲述了成功的定义，第二段和第三段分别举例说明什么是成功。故A项正确。

8.单选题

WhenTitanicwashitbyanicebergduringhermaidenvoyage,thecaptainwasforcedto（）it.

问题1选项

A.abandon

B.towaway

C.renounce

D.overturn

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。abandon“放弃”；towaway“拖走”；renounce“宣布放弃”；overturn“颠覆，推翻”。句意：当泰坦尼克号被冰山袭击时，船长被迫放弃她。选项A符合题意。

9.单选题

AdetailedandthoroughresearchprojectundertakenbytheOpenUniversityrecentlyreportedthattheirevidenceappearstoshowthatcompetitionbetweennearbyschoolsdoesnotsignificantlyimproveacademicstandards.Indeed,theirreportinclinestotheoppositeoutcome;theexamresultsmayactuallydeclinewherecompetitionisfiercest.

Whenthefurthereducationsectorwas"privatized"afewyearsago,competitionbetweencollegesbecametrulyfierce,atleastinurbanareaswherepotentialstudentscouldchoosebetweenseveralofthem.Collegesappointedhighlypaidmarketingdirectorsandgavethemlargebudgets;someeven"bribed."interestedstudentswithpromisesofhundredsofpoundsiftheycompletedcertaincoursessatisfactorily.

FullycompetitivemarketsbeingaphilosophicalfoundationofBritain'srecentgovernments,itwasnosurprisetohearclaimsthatmanyeducationaldevelopmentsofthe1990swouldmoveustowardsafreemarketinsecondaryeducation---givingyoungstersandtheirparentsafreechoiceofwheretostudy.However,thesecondarysectordidnotbecomeparticularlycompetitivewhile,admittedly,theconsumershavebeengivenmoreinformation,whichisoneaspectofatrulyfreemarket.Itisveryrarethattwonearbyschoolswithatleastsomeemptyplacesaresimilarenoughtobecomparableyetdifferentenoughtoberankable;onlywherethatoccurscantherebetruecompetition.

TheOpenUniversityresearchwasprobablynotflawed---butitsconclusionsare.Thisisbecausetheteamdidnotreallycompareareashavingtruecompetition（asjustdefineD.withareasthatdonot.

But,letusallbreatheasighofrelief.Secondaryschoolshadstartedoflatetomoveinthemarketingdirection——consideringallocatingscarceresourcesofstaffandmoneytopersuadingthepupilsthattheirschoolsarethebestinthearea.Noschoolscouldaffordtodothatproperly,soitisarelieftorealizethisresearchtellsuswedon'thaveto.

Competition?Wehaven'tgottimeforit!Let'sspendoursmallbudgetinteachingandlearning,notincompetingandmarketing.

1.Itisindicatedinthepassagethatcompetitionbetweenschoolsresultsin（）.

2.Realcompetitioncanhappenonlywhen（）.

3.Accordingtothepassage,thefreemarketinsecondaryeducation（）.

4.Theauthorofthepassagefeelsrelievedthat（）.

5.Whatmightbetheauthor'sattitudetowardscompetitionsbetweennearbyschools?

问题1选项

A.higherenrollmentrate

B.loweracademicstandard

C.highermarketingexpenses

D.privatizationoffurthereducation

问题2选项

A.academicstandardisimproved

B.therearecomparableschoolswithdifferenteducationalqualities

C.studentshavedifferentinterests

D.schoolsofallareashavesufficientbudgetfortheirdevelopment

问题3选项

A.onlyprovidesconsumerswithmoreinformation

B.ismorecompetitivethanthehighereducationmarket

C.meanstherewillbemoreintensivecompetitionthanincolleges

D.isarealsurprisetoBritain'srecentgovernment

问题4选项

A.secondaryschoolshavetomarketthemselves

B.mostsecondaryschoolshavescarceresourcesofstaffandmoney

C.theresearchbyOpenUniversityprovesthatmostsecondaryschoolsarethebestinitsarea

D.schoolsneedn'tprovethattheyarethebest

问题5选项

A.Theauthorisinfavorofvariouskindsofcompetition.

B.Theauthorisindifferenttoanycompetitionanditsresult.

C.Theauthorisnotcertainoftheeffectofcompetitions.

D.Theauthorisagainstinter-collegiatecompetitions.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:D

第5题:D

【解析】1.细节事实题。根据题干定位到第一段“AdetailedandthoroughresearchprojectundertakenbytheOpenUniversityrecentlyreportedthattheirevidenceappearstoshowthatcompetitionbetweennearbyschoolsdoesnotsignificantlyimproveacademicstandards.Indeed,theirreportinclinestotheoppositeoutcome;theexamresultsmayactuallydeclinewherecompetitionisfiercest.”大学进行的一项详细而彻底的研究项目最近报告显示，他们的证据似乎表明，附近学校之间的竞争并没有显著提高学术水平。事实上，他们的报告倾向于相反的结果;在竞争最激烈的地方，考试成绩实际上可能会下降。可知学校之间的竞争会导致学术水平的降低。故B项正确。

2.判断推理题。由题干定位到第三段"Itisveryrarethattwonearbyschoolswithatleastsomeemptyplacesaresimilarenoughtobecomparableyetdifferentenoughtoberankable;onlywherethatoccurscantherebetruecompetition."附近有两所学校（之间至少有一些空地间隔开来）相似到足以进行比较，但不同到足以排名，这种情况是非常罕见的。只有在这种情况下，才会有真正的竞争。据此可知B项“当两所学校的具有不同的教育质量并且两所学校大致相当的时候，才有真正的竞争。”体现了原文中的“相似到足以比较，但又有不同之处”。故B项正确。

3.细节事实题。根据题干定位到第三段However,thesecondarysectordidnotbecomeparticularlycompetitivewhile,admittedly,theconsumershavebeengivenmoreinformation,whichisoneaspectofatrulyfreemarket.然而，第二部门并没有变得特别有竞争力，同时不可否认，消费者得到了更多的信息，这是一个真正自由市场的一个方面。可知A项“中等教育的自由市场给消费者提供了更多信息”正确。B项“中等教育的自由市场比高等教育市场更有竞争力”和C项“中等教育的自由市场意味着大学将有更激烈的竞争”原文没有提到。D项“中等教育的自由市场让英国现行政府很惊讶”与文中“itwasnosurprisetohearclaimsthatmanyeducationaldevelopmentsofthe1990swouldmoveustowardsafreemarketinsecondaryeducation”这并不令人意外听到这样的观点：上世纪90年代的许多教育发展将推动我们走向中等教育的自由市场…不符。故A项正确。

4.判断推理题。根据题干定位到倒数第二段“But,letusallbreatheasighofrelief.Secondaryschoolshadstartedoflatetomoveinthemarketingdirection——consideringallocatingscarceresourcesofstaffandmoneytopersuadingthepupilsthattheirschoolsarethebestinthearea.Noschoolscouldaffordtodothatproperly,soitisarelieftorealizethisresearchtellsuswedon'thaveto.但是，让我们都松一口气吧。中学最近才开始向市场营销方向发展--考虑分配稀缺的人力资源和资金来说服学生，使其相信他们的学校是该地区最好的。没有一所学校能负担得起这样做，因此，当我们意识到这项研究告诉我们不必这样做时，我们松了一口气。”可知作者松了一口气的原因是研究表明学校不必证明自己是最好的。答案D

5.判断推理题。根据题干定位到最后一段“Competition?Wehaven'tgottimeforit!Let'sspendoursmallbudgetinteachingandlearning,notincompetingandmarketing.”竞争?我们没时间了!让我们把我们的小预算花在教学上，而不是竞争和营销上。由此可知作者对竞争是持反对态度的。D项正确。

10.单选题

Coloradostatelawmakerswilldebateabill,whichwilltreatcyber-bullyingas（）.

问题1选项

A.humiliation

B.hypocrisy

C.hierarchy

D.harassment

【答案】D

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项humiliation表示“耻辱，侮辱”；B选项hypocrisy表示“虚伪，伪善”；C选项hierarchy表示“层级，等级制度”；D选项harassment表示“骚扰，烦恼”。由treat…as…可知，空缺处部分应为cyber-bullying（网络欺凌）的近义词，所以harassment的词义最符合，故本题正确答案为D选项。

11.单选题

Goodsenseisthemostequitablydistributedthingintheworld,foreachmanconsidershimselfsowellprovidedwithitthateventhosewhoaremostdifficulttosatisfyineverythingelsedonotusuallywishtohavemoreofitthantheyhavealready.Itisnotlikelythateveryoneismistakeninthis;itshows,rather,thattheabilitytojudgerightlyandseparatethetruefromthefalse,whichisessentiallywhatiscalledgoodsenseorreason,isbynatureequalinallmen,andthusthatouropinionsdiffernotbecausesomemenarebetterendowedwithreasonthanothers,butonlybecausewedirectourthoughtsalongdifferentpaths,anddonotconsiderthesamethings,foritisnotenoughtohaveagoodmind:whatismostimportantistoapplyitrightly.Thegreatestsoulsarecapableofthegreatestvices;andthosewhowalkveryslowlycanadvancemuchfurther,iftheyalwayskeeptothedirectroad,thanthosewhorunandgoastray.

Formypart,Ihaveneverpresumedmymindtobemoreperfectthanaverageinanyway.Ihave,infact,oftenwishedthatmythoughtswereasquick,ormyimaginationaspreciseanddistinct,ormymemoryascapaciousorprompt,asthoseofsomeothermen.AndIknowofnootherqualitiesthanthesewhichmakefortheperfectionofthemind;forastoreason,orgoodsense,inasmuchasitalonemakesusmenanddistinguishesusfromthebeasts,Iamquitewillingtobelievethatitiswholeandentireineachofus,andtofollowinthecommonopinionofthephilosopherswhosaythattherearedifferencesofmoreorlessonlyamongtheaccidents,andnotamongtheforms,ornatures,oftheindividualsof-asingle-species.

1.Accordingtotheauthor,thethreeelementsthatcompriseourmindare（）.

2.Thebasicideaofthefirstparagraphmaybestatedasfollows:（）

3.Abouthimself,theauthorstatesthat（）.

4.Theauthorclaimsthatwhatsetshumanbeingsapartfrombeastsis（）.

5.Accordingtotheauthortheabilitytodistinguishbetweenthetrueandthefalseis（）.

问题1选项

A.tenacityofthought,capaciousmemory,quicknessofmind

B.preciseofwit,easeofconscience,quicknessofthought

C.quicknessofwit,easeofconscience,quicknessofthought

D.promptnessofmemory,distinctnessofimagination,quicknessofthought

问题2选项

A.allpersonshaveanequalportionofgoodwillwhentheyareborn

B.greatsoulsarecapableofgreatevil

C.goodsense,intermsofitsdistributionamongpersons,maybecalledcommonsense

D.goodsenseisthemarkofthetrulygoodperson

问题3选项

A.hehadalwayssensedhismentalsuperiorityovermostpersons

B.hisawarenessofhismentalsuperiorityoverotherswassomethingthatgrewslowlywithexperience

C.heactuallyregardshisownmentalfacultiesasinferiorinmanywaystothoseof,thegreatmajorityofpersons

D.hehasneverhadthefeelingthathismindwasmorethanaverageinanyway

问题4选项

A.asenseoforganizationcombinedwiththeabilitytocreate

B.theabilitytoadapttothesurroundings

C.asenseofreasoncoupledwithastrongsenseofpracticality

D.asenseofreason

问题5选项

A.endowedbynaturetoallcreatures

B.endowedinequalmeasuretoallpersons

C.moreheavilypresentinsomepersonsthaninothers

D.anunnatural,cultivatedtraitinallpersons

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:D

第4题:D

第5题:B

【解析】1.细节事实题。由题干及选项可定位到第二段"Ihave,infact,oftenwishedthatmythoughtswereasquick,ormyimaginationaspreciseanddistinct,ormymemoryascapaciousorprompt,asthoseofsomeothermen."事实上，我常常希望我的思维能像别人一样敏捷，我的想象力能像别人一样精确而鲜明，我的记忆力能像别人一样丰富而迅速。据此可知memory,imagination和thought是构成思维的三大因素。故D项正确。

2.主旨大意题。由第一段"Goodsenseisthemostequitablydistributedthingintheworld,foreachmanconsidershimselfsowellprovidedwithitthateventhosewhoaremostdifficulttosatisfyineverythingelsedonotusuallywishtohavemoreofitthantheyhavealready."良好的判断力是世界上最公平分配的东西，因为每个人都认为自己拥有良好的判断力，即使是那些在其他方面最难满足的人，通常也不希望自己拥有更多的判断力。可知第一段主要讲述了世界上的每个人的判断力都是平等的。A项“所有人在出生时都享有同等的善意”与原文不符；B项“伟大的灵魂能够做出伟大的坏事”原文没提到；C项“良好的判断力，从它在人群中被分配的情况看，可以被叫做常识。”与第一段的主旨大意相符。D项“良好的判断力是真正的好人的标志”第一段没有提到。故C项正确。

3.细节事实题。由题干定位到第二段第一句"Formypart,Ihaveneverpresumedmymindtobemoreperfectthanaverageinanyway."就我而言，我从来没有设想过自己的智力在任何方都比一般人更完美。”可知D项正确。ABC三项均与原文表述相反。

4.细节事实题。由题干定位到第二段"forastoreason,orgoodsense,inasmuchasitalonemakesusmenanddistinguishesusfromthebeasts…"因为理性，或者说理智，就其本身而言，使我们成为人，使我们与禽兽区别开来。据此可知使人与禽兽有区别的是理性或理智，故D项正确。

5.细节事实题。由题干定位到第一段"itshows,rather,thattheabilitytojudgerightlyandseparatethetruefromthefalse,whichisessentiallywhatiscalledgoodsenseorreason,isbynatureequalinallmen,"相反，它表明了正确判断和区分真伪的能力，也就是所谓的良好的感觉或理性，对于所有人来说天生就是平等的。故B项正确。

12.单选题

InNewZealand,expertsareputtingforwardsuggestionstoreducesugarsweetened（）consumptio