高中英语选择性必修一 2021 unit 5 教学·知识细解码

．devotevt.把……献(给)；把……专用于；专心于→devotedadj.忠诚的；深爱的→devotionn．奉献；忠诚2．shortadj.短的；不足的；短期的→shortagen．不足；缺少；短缺→shortenvt.使变短3．charactern．性情；(小说、戏剧中的)人物；角色→characteristicn．特征；特点；品质adj.典型的；独特的4．conventionn．常规；习俗；惯例→conventionaladj.传统的；习惯的5．assumev．假定；设想→assumptionn．假定；设定；(责任的)承担；(权利的)获得6．realadj.真的→reallyadv.真正地；实际上→realityn．现实；实际情况；事实7．saltn．盐→saltyadj.含盐的；咸的1．boostvt.使增长；使兴旺n．增长；提高；激励①Thesechangeswillhelptoboostfoodprices. vt.使增长②Thishasgivenclothingpricesabigboost. n．增长③Thismeasurewillbeagreatboosttotheeconomy. n．激励2．expandvt.&vi.扩大；增加vt①Theranksoftheteachersareconstantlyexpanding. vi.扩大；增加②Themerchantwantstoexpandhisbusiness. vt.扩大③Thewriterexpandedhisshortnovelintoalongone. vt.扩展3．estimatevt.估计；估价；估算n．估计；估算①Thepainter'sestimateforpaintingthewholehousewas1，000dollars. n．估计；估价②Thispaintingisestimatedat$200­$300. vt.估价③Heestimatedthespeedofthewindsfromthedegreeofdamage. vt.估算4．characteristicn．特征；特点；品质adj.典型的；独特的①Thetwospecieshaveseveralcharacteristicsincommon. n.特征；特点②Irecognizedhischaracteristicwalk. adj.典型的；独特的③Independenceistheoutstandingcharacteristicofarunner. n.品质WordsAndPhraseseq\a\vs4\al(知识要点1)devotevt.把……献(给)；把……专用于；专心于(教材P50)Indeed,hisslimbutstrongbodyisjustlikethatofmillionsofChinesefarmerstowhomhehasdevotedhislife.事实上，他瘦削但结实的身躯看起来和农民一样，而他为千千万万中国农民奉献了一生。[例1]Weshoulddevoteeverythingwehave.我们应该奉献我们的一切。[例2]Hedevotedagreatsumofmoneytobooks.他花了一大笔钱买书。[翻译]他将一生奉献给了教育事业。Hedevotedhimselfentirely/allhislifetoeducation.[知识拓展](1)devote...to(doing)sth.把……献给(做)某事devoteoneselfto＝bedevotedto献身于；专心致力于(2)devotedadj. 忠实的；深爱的(3)devotionn. 奉献；关爱[即学即练]——单句语法填空①Hisdevotion(devote)tothecauseofeducationiswell­known.②QianXuesenhasbeendevotedtoChina'saerospaceallhislife.③Neighborsdevotedtheirsparetimetohelping(help)othersrebuild.[小片段填空]Hecouldonlydevotetwohoursadaytotheproject,buthisdevotiontodutyisworthrespecting.他一天只能在这个项目上花两个小时，但他忠于职守是值得尊敬的。eq\a\vs4\al(知识要点2)convincevt.使相信；使确信；说服(教材P50)Yuanwasconvincedthattheanswercouldbefoundinthecreationofhybridrice.袁隆平确信，答案可以在杂交水稻的培育中找到。[例1]Robert'sexpressionhadobviouslyconvincedherofhisinnocence.罗伯特的表情显然使她相信他是清白的。[例2]SheneededtofindawaytoconvinceMichelhewaswrong.她需要想办法使米歇尔相信他错了。[翻译]我自己都不会相信，更别提说服别人了。I'mnotgoingtobelieveitmyself,nevermindconvinceanyoneelse．[知识拓展](1)convincesb.ofsth. 使某人确信/明白某事convincesb.that... 使某人相信……convincesb.todosth. 说服某人做某事(2)convincingadj. 令人信服的convincedadj. 确信的；坚信的beconvincedof 相信……beconvinced(that)．.. (某人)相信……[即学即练]——单句语法填空/完成句子①Iamquiteconvincedofherexperienceinit.②I'mnotcompletelyconvinced(convince)(that)heknewtheimportanceofpractice.③Hisspeechwassoconvincing(convince)thateveryonepresentbelievedwhathesaid.④我们一直在试图说服他放弃那个计划。We'vebeentryingtoconvincehimtogiveuptheplan．⑤她说的话让我相信我错了。WhatshesaidconvincedmethatIwasmistaken.eq\a\vs4\al(知识要点3)assumptionn．假定；设定；(责任的)承担；(权利的)获得(教材P50)Thecommonassumptionthenwasthatitcouldnotbedone.当时人们普遍认为这是不可能的。[例1]Wemistookassumptionthatthepricewouldfall.我们错误地认为价格会下降。[例2]Yourargumentisbasedonasetofquestionableassumptions.你的论证建立在一套有问题的假设上。[翻译]她总在猜别人有多少钱。She'salwaysmakingassumptionsabouthowmuchmoneypeoplehave.[知识拓展](1)makeanassumption认为；假定ontheassumptionthat... 假定……(2)assumev. 假定；设想assumesb./sth.tobe 假定/假设某人/某事为Itisassumedthat... 一般认为……(3)assuming(that)... 假设/假定……[即学即练]——单句语法填空/完成句子①Assuming(assume)thatitrains,whatshallwedo?②Theprojectwaspredicatedontheassumption(assume)thattheeconomywasexpanding.③一般认为，过重的工作会造成压力。Itisgenerallyassumedthattoomuchworkwillcausestress.④在听到对他不利的证词之前，你假定他是无罪的。Youassumehimtobeinnocentbeforehearingtheevidenceagainsthim.[小片段填空]Inmostcasesafalseassumptionwouldleadtoaproblemfortheproject,sinceweusuallytendtoassumethatthingswillgothewaywewant.在大部分的情况下，错误的假定会导致项目发生问题，因为我们通常倾向于假定事情会如我们所希望般的发生。eq\a\vs4\al(知识要点4)overcomevt.(overcame,overcome)克服；解决；战胜(教材P50)Throughintenseeffort,Yuanovercameenormoustechnicaldifficultiestodevelopthefirsthybridricethatcouldbeusedforfarmingin1974.通过不懈的努力，袁隆平克服了巨大的技术难题，于1974年培育出了第一种可用于农业生产的杂交水稻。[例1]InthefinalgameSwedeneasilyovercameFrance.在决赛中，瑞典队轻松战胜了法国队。[例2]Iwouldovercomeanyweakness,anydespair,anyfear.我要克服所有的软弱、绝望和恐惧。[翻译]她战胜了伤痛，赢得了奥运会金牌。SheovercameinjurytowintheOlympicgoldmedal.[知识拓展]overcomedifficulties 战胜困难beovercomewith 因……而受不了[即学即练]——完成句子①他克服了种种困难最终取得了成功。Heovercameallkindsofdifficultiesandsucceededatlast.②他突然对自己造成的伤害懊悔不已。Hewassuddenlyovercomewiththeharmhehaddone.eq\a\vs4\al(知识要点5)expandvt.&vi.扩大；增加vt.扩展；发展(业务)(教材P50)Thishybridenabledfarmerstoexpandtheiroutputgreatly.这种杂交水稻使农民大大增加了产量。[例1]Thepetalsofmanyflowersexpandinthesunshine.许多花瓣在阳光下绽放。[例2]Thebusinesshasexpandedgreatlyoverthelastyear.过去的一年里，这家公司极大地增加了业务量。[翻译]中国的信息产业正迅速发展。TheinformationindustriesarerapidlyexpandinginChina.[知识拓展]o... 把……扩展/发展成……expandinto... 发展成/扩大成……expandonsth. 细说(阐述)……[即学即练]——完成句子①请你把这一点详细说明一下，好吗？Couldyouexpandonthispoint,please?②他的工作室扩大规模而成为一家大公司了。Hisstudiowasexpandedintoabigcompany.eq\a\vs4\al(知识要点6)becomprisedof包括；包含；由……组成(或构成)(教材P50)Today,itisestimatedthatabout60percentofdomesticriceconsumptioninChinaiscomprisedofcropsgeneratedfromYuan'shybridstrains.据估算，现在中国国内消费的大米有大约百分之六十来自袁隆平的杂交水稻。[例1]Thecommitteeiscomprisedofrepresentativesfrombothpublicandprivatesectors.委员会由政府和私人部门的双方代表组成。[例2]Groupsarecomprisedoftwoormorepeople.小组由两人或两人以上组成。[翻译]医疗队包括10个医生和一辆救护车。Themedicalteamiscomprisedoftendoctorsandoneambulance.[知识拓展]consistof 由……组成bemadeupof 由……组成，构成[即学即练]——单句语法填空/一句多译①Aweekconsistsofsevendays.②救援队由8个士兵和2个医生组成。Therescueteamiscomposedofeightsoldiersandtwodoctors.＝Therescueteamconsistsofeightsoldiersandtwodoctors.＝Therescueteamismadeupofeightsoldiersandtwodoctors.[名师点津]consistof没有被动语态，相当于bemadeupof或becomposedof，且不用于进行时。SentencePatternseq\a\vs4\al(重点句式1)what引导主语从句(教材P50)However，whatconcernedhimmostwasthatfarmersoftenhadpoorharvestsandsometimesevenhadaseriousshortageoffoodtoeat.然而，最让他担心的是，农民经常粮食歉收，有时甚至严重缺乏食物。句式分析：句中whatconcernedhimmost为what引导的主语从句。[例1]Whatweneedismoney.我们需要的是钱。[例2]WhatIwanttoknowisthis.我想知道的就是这一点。[翻译]是什么使他哭的还不清楚。Whatmadeherangrywasnotclear.[知识拓展]what是连接代词，引导的从句可以作主语、宾语或表语；what本身在从句中可作主语、宾语或表语。[即学即练]——完成句子①他想知道经理在会议上说了些什么。Hewantedtoknowwhatthemanagerhadsaidatthemeeting.②小女孩吓得不敢说话，在那儿站了几个小时。Theyounggirlwastoofrightenedtospeak,standingthereforwhatseemedlikehours．③把你买的东西给我看看。Showmewhatyouhavebought．④你最好还是努力工作。It'sthebestthatyoushouldworkhard．[名师点津]that引导名词性从句只起连接作用，在从句中不作任何成分，无意义，在宾语从句中通常省略，但在主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中均不能省略；what除引导从句外，还在从句中作成分，意为“所……的(东西)”，在含义上等于“名词＋that”。eq\a\vs4\al(重点句式2)Itis/was＋过分分词＋that...(教材P50)Today，itisestimatedthatabout60percentofdomesticriceconsumptioninChinaiscomprisedofcropsgeneratedfromYuan'shybridstrains.据估算，现在中国国内消费的大米有大约百分之六十来自袁隆平的杂交水稻。句式分析：句中itisestimatedthat“据估算”为“Itis/was＋过分分词＋that...”结构。it作形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的主语从句。[例1]Itisestimatedthateveryyear50unaccompaniedchildrenarriveinBritain.据估计，每年有50名儿童独自来到英国。[例2]Itisestimatedthatthevaseis2000yearsold.据估计这花瓶有两千年历史。[翻译]这次会议预计要开4天。Itisestimatedthatthemeetingwilllastfourdays.[知识拓展](1)常用于此结构的动词有say，report，think，hope，suggest，believe，require，announce等。(2)此句型可改写为“sb./sth.＋besaid/believed/thought＋todo”或“peoplesay/think...(that)．..”结构。[即学即练]——完成句子/句型转换①据报道，三分之一的市民打算购买私家车。Itisreportedthatonethirdofcitizensplantobuyaprivatecar.②人们希望这种可怕的疾病能迅速得到控制。Itishopedthattheterriblediseasewillsoonbecontrolled.③据说他已经通过了驾照考试。Itissaidthathehaspassedthedrivingtest.＝Heissaidtohavepassedthedrivingtest.eq\a\vs4\al(重点句式3)giventhat...引导的状语从句(教材P51)GiventhatYuan'shybridshavemadehimquitewealthy,onemightthinkhewouldretiretoalifeofleisure.考虑到杂交水稻使袁隆平变得相当富有，人们可能认为他会退休享受闲适的生活。句式分析：giventhat...意为“考虑到……”，引导的是一个状语从句。[例1]Giventhatthey'reinexperienced,they'vedoneagoodjob.在缺乏经验的情况下,他们的工作已经算是做得相当不错了。[例2]Giventhathegracefullyapologized,thewomanacceptedhisapology.在他有礼貌地道歉后，这位女士接受了他的道歉。[翻译]考虑到自己挣得不多，我用钱通常比较精打细算，这也是迫不得已。Usually,Iamsensiblewithmoney,asIhavetobe，giventhatIdon'tearnthatmuch．[知识拓展](1)用作give的过去分词，引出过去分词短语作状语，意为“如果有……”，“假定……”等义，此时要注意其逻辑主语与句子主语保持一致。(2)可用作介词，后接名词或代词，意为“考虑到”或“鉴于”。(3)用作形容词，意为“特定的”“一定的”“规定的”等，通常用作定语。(4)given后也可接that从句，表示“考虑到”。[即学即练]——单句语法填空/句型转换①Theworkmustbedonewithinthegiven(give)time.②要是对这些树多加注意，它们会长得更好。Ifthetreeshadbeengivenmoreattention,theycouldbegrownbetter.→Givenmoreattention,thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.③给以时间的话，他们可能会同意。Iftheyaregiventime,they'llprobablyagree.→Giventime,they'llprobablyagree.④鉴于她对小孩的兴趣，我敢肯定教书是她最适合的职业。Givenherinterestinchildren,I'msureteachingistherightcareerforher.→Giventhatsheisinterestedinchildren,I'msureteachingistherightcareerforher.1．However,whatconcernedhimmostwasthatfarmersoftenhadpoorharvestsandsometimesevenhadaseriousshortageoffoodtoeat.[分析]本句是一个复合句。句中whatconcernedhimmost为what引导的主语从句，thatfarmers...为that引导的表语从句，其中不定式短语toeat作名词food的后置定语。[译文]然而，最让他担心的是，农民经常粮食歉收，有时甚至严重缺乏食物。2．Today,itisestimatedthatabout60percentofdomesticriceconsumptioninChinaiscomprisedofcrops,generatedfromYuan'shybridstrains,andhisstrainshaveallowedChina'sfarmerstoproducearound200milliontonsofriceperyear.[分析]本句是一个复合句。句中and连接表示顺承关系的并列句，其中第一个分句中it为形式主语，真正的主语是后面that引导的名词性从句；过去分词短语generatedfromYuan'shybridstrains作名词crops的后置定语。[译文]据估算，现在中国国内消费的大米有大约百分之六十来自袁隆平的杂交水稻，他的杂交水稻品种让中国农民每年能够生产出大约两亿吨大米。教材高考1.Indeed,hisslimbutstrongbodyisjustlikethatofmillionsofChinesefarmerstowhomhehasdevotedhislife.(2018·浙江卷)Othersinsistthatwithchildrenunderincreasingpressuretodevotetheirdowntimetointernships(实习)orstudy,there'sstillroomforaninstitutionthatprotectsthelazydaysofchildhood.2.However,whatconcernedhimmostwasthatfarmersoftenhadpoorharvestsandsometimesevenhadaseriousshortageoffoodtoeat.(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)WhatIwantisnotjustanordinarycafebutaveryspecialone.(2019·浙江)Thelossofbigtreeswasgreatestinareaswheretreeshadsufferedthegreatestwatershortage.3.Onecharacteristicofhybridsisthattheyusuallyattainahigheryieldthanconventionalcrops.(2019·江苏卷)Thefirstuniquehumancharacteristicisthathumanshaveextra­ordinarilylargebrainscomparedwithotheranimals.4.Thecommonassumptionthenwasthatitcouldnotbedone.(2019·江苏卷)Athoughtfulofficialpassedonsomeofthecopiestotheparkauthoritiesontheassumptionthattheymightmakeaniceblow­upforoneofthevisitors'centers.5.Throughintenseeffort,Yuanovercameenormoustechnicaldifficultiestodevelopthefirsthybridricethatcouldbeusedforfarmingin1974.(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)Youwillsurelyneedtoovercomesomedifficulties,someplanned,butmostunplanned.Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．Nowadaysmanystudentsdevotetoomuchtimetoplaying(play)computergames.2．Thisisthemostconvincing(convince)evidencethatIcanfind.3．YuanLongpingsearchedforawaytoincreasericeharvestswithoutexpanding(expand)theareaofthefields.4．Theyweretomeetatagiven(give)timeandplace.5．Shanghaifoodisratheroily,andBeijingfoodissalty(salt)andspicy.6．Wethoughthewasseriousbutinreality(real)hewasjoking.7．Peopleusedtobelievethatdirtgenerated(generate)disease.8．Itisestimated(estimate)thatnotlessthanhalfamillionpeoplediedinthefamine.9．Thatwastheex