2022年考研考博-考博英语-合肥工业大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号95

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-合肥工业大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题

IntheITindustry,somethinkofBillGatesasamonsterwhileothers______himasalivinggod.

问题1选项

A.extricate

B.disparage

C.emulate

D.revere

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词辨析。A项extricate“使解脱，解救”，B项disparage“贬低，抨击，诋毁”，C项emulate“仿真，模仿，尽力赶上”，D项revere“敬畏，尊敬，崇敬”。由while“然而”和asamonster“一个怪物”以及asalivinggod“活着的神”可知，前后语义是相反的，那么空格处填入“尊敬”符合句意。句意：在IT行业，一些人认为比尔•盖茨是一个怪物，而另一些人则把他尊为活着的神。因此，该题选择D项正确。

2.单选题

Thechild’sparentswere______intoacceptingthedemandofthekidnappers.

问题1选项

A.pleaded

B.intoxicated

C.intimidated

D.besieged

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析。A项plead“借口，为……辩护，托称”，B项intoxicate“（酒或毒品）（使）麻醉，（使）中毒”，C项intimidate“恐吓，威胁，胁迫”，D项besiege“围困，包围，烦扰”。由kidnappers“绑匪”可知，空格处填入“恐吓”符合语境。句意：孩子的父母受到恐吓而接受了绑架者的要求。因此，该题选择C项正确。

3.单选题

Joyceislovedbyallherfriendsbecausesheisverycongenial.

问题1选项

A.pleasant

B.wealthy

C.courageous

D.sensitive

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词辨析。congenial表示“意气相投的，性格相似的，适意的”；A项pleasant“令人愉快的，舒适的，讨人喜欢的”，B项wealthy“富有的，充分的”，C项courageous“有胆量的，勇敢的”，D项sensitive“敏感的，感觉的”。句意：乔伊斯因为性格很相投，所以她的朋友都很喜欢她。根据句意可知，四个选项中只有A项的意思符合句子。因此，该题选择A项正确。

4.单选题

Inthemid-nineteenth,theUnitedStateshadtremendousnaturalresourcesthatcouldbeexploitedinordertodevelopheavyindustry.Mostoftherawmaterialsthatarevaluableinthemanufactureofmachinery,transportationfacilities,andconsumergoodslayreadytobeworkedintowealth.Iron,coal,andoil—thebasicingredientsofindustrialgrowth—wereplentifulandneededonlytheapplicationoftechnicalexpertise,organizationalskill,andlabor.

Onecrucialdevelopmentinthismovementtowardindustrializationwasthegrowthoftherailroads.TherailwaynetworkexpandedrapidlyuntiltherailroadmapoftheUnitedStateslookedlikeaspider’sweb,withthesteelfilamentsconnectingallimportantsourcesofrawmaterials,theirplacesofmanufacture,andtheircentersofdistribution.Therailroadscontributedtotheindustrialgrowthnotonlybyconnectingthesemajorcenters,butalsobythemselvesconsumingenormousamountsoffuel,iron,andcoal.

Manyfactorsinfluencedtheemergingmodesofproduction.Forexample,machinetools,thetoolsusedtomakegoods,weresteadilyimprovedinthelatterpartofthenineteenthcentury—alwayswithaneyetospeedierproductionandlowerunitcosts.Theproductsofthefactorieswererapidlyabsorbedbythegrowingcitiesthatshelteredtheworkersandthedistributors.Theincreasedurbanpopulationwasnourishedbytheincreasedfarmproductionthat,inturn,wasmademoreproductivebytheuseofthenewfarmmachinery.AmericanagriculturalproductionkeptupwiththeurbandemandandstillhadsurplusesforsaletotheindustrialcentersofEurope.

ThelaborthatranthefactoriesandbuilttherailwayswasrecruitedinpartfromAmericanfarmareaswherepeoplewerebeingdisplacedbyfarmmachinery,inpartfromAsia,andinpartfromEurope.EuropenowbegantosendtidesofimmigrantsfromeasternandsouthernEurope—mostofwhomwereoriginallypoorfarmersbutwhosettledinAmericanindustrialcities.ThemoneytofinancethistremendousexpansionoftheAmericaneconomystillcamefromEuropeanfinanciersforthemostpart,buttheAmericanswereapproachingthedaywhentheirexpansioncouldbefinancedintheirown“moneymarket”.

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

2.Whydoestheauthormention“aspider’sweb”inPara.2?

3.Accordingtothepassage,whowerethebiggestconsumersofmanufacturedproducts?

4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueofUnitedStatesfarmersinthenineteenthcentury?

问题1选项

A.ThehistoryofrailroadsintheUnitedStates

B.ThemajorUnitedStatesindustrialcenters

C.FactorsthataffectedindustrializationintheUnitedStates

D.Theroleofagricultureinthenineteenthcentury

问题2选项

A.Toemphasizetherailroad’sconsumptionofoilandcoal.

B.Todescribethecomplexstructureoftherailwaysystem.

C.Toexplaintheproblemsbroughtonbyrailwayexpansion.

D.Todescribethedifficultiesinvolvedinthedistributionofrawmaterials.

问题3选项

A.Railwayworkers

B.Farmers

C.Europeans

D.Citydwellers

问题4选项

A.Theylostsomejobsbecauseofmechanization.

B.Theyraisedtheirproductivitybyusingnewmachinery.

C.TheysoldfoodtoEuropeancountries.

D.Theywereunabletoproducesufficientfoodforurbanareas.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:D

【解析】1.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】主旨大意题。定位在第二段中Onecrucialdevelopmentinthismovementtowardindustrializationwasthegrowthoftherailroads.（在美国工业化的过程中一个关键的发展是铁路的发展。）以及全文都在介绍影响美国工业化的因素（如铁、煤和石油等原材料、劳动力等）综合而知，C选项“影响美国工业化的因素”正确，符合题意。A选项“美国的铁路发展史”，B选项“美国主要的工业中心”及D选项“农业在19世纪的角色”在文中均未提及，可排除。故选C。

2.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】推理判断题。定位在第二段中TherailwaynetworkexpandedrapidlyuntiltherailroadmapoftheUnitedStateslookedlikeaspider’sweb,withthesteelfilamentsconnectingallimportantsourcesofrawmaterials,theirplacesofmanufacture,andtheircentersofdistribution.（铁路网迅速扩张，直到美国的铁路地图看起来像一张蜘蛛网，这些钢铁丝状物将原材料产地，原材料的生产和配送中心连在一起。）由此可知，美国的铁路路线多，且像蜘蛛网一样结构复杂。因此B选项“去描述铁路系统的复杂结构”正确，符合题意。A选项“去强调铁路对石油和煤炭的消耗”，C选项“去解释铁路扩张带来的问题”，D选项“去描述原材料配送中涉及的困难”均不符合题意，可排除。故选B。

3.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】客观细节题。定位到文章的第三段Theproductsofthefactorieswererapidlyabsorbedbythegrowingcitiesthatshelteredtheworkersandthedistributors.（工厂的这些产品很快被居住了工人和批发商的城市所消耗。）工厂产品的最大消费者是居住在那里的人。因此D选项“城市居住者”正确，符合题意。A选项“铁路工人”，B选项“农民”，C选项“欧洲人”，均不符合题意，可排除。故选D。

4.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】客观细节题。根据第三段中AmericanagriculturalproductionkeptupwiththeurbandemandandstillhadsurplusesforsaletotheindustrialcentersofEurope.（美国的农业生产赶得上美国城市的需求，且仍然有剩余以销售到欧洲的工业中心。）可知D选项“他们不能为城市生产足够的食物”错误，与原文不符。也能够知道C选项“他们将食物销售到欧洲国家”正确，与原文相符。由第三段中的倒数第二句Theincreasedurbanpopulationwasnourishedbytheincreasedfarmproductionthat,inturn,wasmademoreproductivebytheuseofthenewfarmmachinery.（城市人口的增加得益于农业生产的增加，反过来，农业生产因新的农业机械的使用而变得更多产）可知B选项“他们通过使用新机械而提高了生产力”正确，与原文相符。由最后一段中ThelaborthatranthefactoriesandbuilttherailwayswasrecruitedinpartfromAmericanfarmareaswherepeoplewerebeingdisplacedbyfarmmachinery,inpartfromAsia,andinpartfromEurope.（工厂运行和铁路建设的劳动力部分来自美国的农村地区，那里的人正被农业机械所取代，一部分来自于亚洲，一部分来自欧洲。）可知A选项“他们由于机械化而失去了一些工作”，正确，与原文相符。故选D。

5.单选题

Thoselivingincountrieswithlongdarkwintersareapttobelesstalkativeandlesssociablethaninhabitantsofcountrieswheretheclimateismore______.

问题1选项

A.excessive

B.equivalent

C.equable

D.exquisite

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项excessive“过多的，极度的，过分的”，B项equivalent“（在价值、数量等方面）相等的，等价的，等效的”，C项equable“平静的，变动小的”，D项exquisite“精致的，细腻的，优美的，剧烈的”。由longdarkwinters“漫长黑暗的冬天”和than“比”可知前后是对比，故wheretheclimateismore______中填入exquisite符合语境。句意：那些生活在有漫长而黑暗的冬天的国家的人往往比那些气候更优美的国家的居民更不爱说话，更不爱交际。因此，该题选择D项正确。

6.单选题

Thewaypeopleholdtothebeliefthatafun-filled,pain-freelifeequalshappinessactuallyreducestheirchancesofever______realhappiness.

问题1选项

A.retarding

B.perusing

C.detaining

D.attaining

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词辨析。A项retard“延迟，阻止，妨碍”，B项peruse“详细考察，精读”，C项detain“拘留，留住，耽搁”，D项attain“达到，实现，获得”。由afun-filled,pain-freelifeequalshappiness“充满乐趣、没有痛苦的生活等于幸福”，结合actually“实际上”可知，reducestheirchancesofever______realhappiness表示“减少获得真正幸福的机会”符合语境。句意：人们相信充满乐趣、没有痛苦的生活就等于幸福，这实际上减少了他们获得真正幸福的机会。因此，该题选择D项正确。

7.单选题

Manypeopleseemtothinkthatsciencefictionistypifiedbythecoversofsomeoftheoldpulpmagazines;theBug-EyedMonsterembodyingeveryfeaturethatmostpeoplefindrepulsive.Thisisunfortunatebecauseitdemeansanddegradesaworthwhileandevenimportantliteraryendeavor.Thebasicinterestofsciencefictionliesintherelationbetweenmanandhistechnologyandbetweenmanandtheuniverse.Sciencefictionisaliteratureofchangeandaliteratureofthefuture,andwhileitwouldbefoolishtoclaimthatsciencefictionisamajorliterarygenreatthistime,theaspectsofhumanlifethatitconsidersmakeitwellworthreadingandstudying—fornootherliteraryformdoesquitethesamethings.

Thequestionis:whatissciencefiction?Andtheanswermustbe,unfortunately,thattherehavebeenfewattemptstoconsiderthisquestionatanylengthorwithmuchseriousness;itmaywellbethatsciencefictionwillresistanycomprehensivedefinitionofitscharacteristics.Tosaythis,however,doesnotmeanthattherearenowaysofdefiningitnorthatvariousfacetsofitstotalitycannotbeclarified.Tobeginwith,thefollowingdefinitionshouldbehelpful:sciencefictionisaliterarysubgenrewhichpostulatesachange(forhumanbeings)fromconditionsasweknowthemandfollowtheimplicationsofthesechangestoaconclusion.Althoughthisdefinitionwithnecessarilybemodifiedandexpanded,andprobablychanged,inthecourseofthisexploration,itcoversmuchofthebasicgroundworkandprovidesapointsofdeparture.

Thefirstpoint—thatsciencefictionisaliterarysubgenre—isaveryimportantone,butonewhichisoftenoverlookedorignoredinmostdiscussionsofsciencefiction.Specifically,sciencefictioniseitherashortstoryoranovel.Thereareonlyafewdramaswhichcouldbecalledsciencefiction,withKarelCapek’sRUR(Rossum’sUniversalRobots)beingtheonlyonethatiswellknown;thebodyofpoetrythatmightbelabeledsciencefictionisonlyslightlylarge.Tosaythatsciencefictionisasubgenreofprosefictionthatistosaythatithasallthebasiccharacteristicsandservesthesamebasicfunctionsinmuchthesamewayasprosefictioningeneral—thatis,itsharesagreatdealwithallothernovelsandshortstories.

Everythingthatcanbesaidaboutprosefictioningeneralappliestosciencefiction.Everypieceofsciencefiction,whethershortstoryornovel,musthaveanarrator,astory,aplot,asettingcharacters,language,andtheme.Andlikeanyprose,thethemesofsciencefictionareconcernedwithinterpretingman’snatureandexperienceinrelationtotheworldaroundhim.Themesinsciencefictionareconstructedandpresentedinexactlythesamewaysthatthemesaredealtwithinanyotherkindoffiction.Theyaretheresultofaparticularcombinationofnarratorstory,plot,character,setting,andlanguage.Inshort,thereasonsforreadingandenjoyingsciencefiction,andthewaysofstudyingandanalyzingit,arebasicallythesameastheywouldbeforanyotherstoryornovel.

1.Sciencefictioniscalledaliterarysubgenrebecause______.

2.Theviewofsciencefictionencouragedbypulpmagazines,whilewrong,isnevertheless______.

3.Anappropriatetitleforthepassagewouldbe______.

4.Theauthor’sdefinitionsuggeststhatallsciencefictiondealswith______.

5.Oneimplicationofthefinalsentenceinthepassageisthat______.

问题1选项

A.itisnotimportantenoughtobealiterarygenre

B.itcannotbemadeintoadramaticpresentation

C.tocallita“genre”wouldsubjectittoliteraryjargon

D.itsharescharacteristicswithothertypesofprosefiction

问题2选项

A.popular

B.deranged

C.elegant

D.accurate

问题3选项

A.OntheInaccuraciesofPulpMagazines

B.ManandtheUniverse

C.TowardaDefinitionofScienceFiction

D.ATypeofProseFiction

问题4选项

A.thesametopicsaddressedbynovelsandshortstories

B.theunfamiliarorunusual

C.KarelCapek’swell-knownpostulate

D.theconflictbetweenscienceandfiction

问题5选项

A.therearereasonsforenjoyingsciencefiction

B.thereadershouldturnnexttocommentariesongeneralfiction

C.thereisnoreasonforanyreadernottolikesciencefiction

D.thosewhocanreadandanalyzefictioncanalsodosowithsciencefiction

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:C

第4题:A

第5题:D

【解析】1.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“科幻小说之所以被称为文学流派分支是因为……”。根据第三段最后一句Tosaythatsciencefictionisasubgenreofprosefictionthatistosaythatithasallthebasiccharacteristicsandservesthesamebasicfunctionsinmuchthesamewayasprosefictioningeneral—thatis,itsharesagreatdealwithallothernovelsandshortstories.（科幻小说是散文小说的一个分支，也就是说，它具有一般散文小说的所有基本特征和基本功能，即它与其他所有的小说和短篇故事有很多共同之处）可知，D项“它与其他类型的散文小说有共同的特点”正确；根据第一段Manypeopleseemtothinkthatsciencefictionistypifiedbythecoversofsomeoftheoldpulpmagazines…Thisisunfortunatebecauseitdemeansanddegradesaworthwhileandevenimportantliteraryendeavor.（许多人似乎认为科幻小说以一些老式低俗杂志的封面为代表……这是不幸的，因为它贬低了一个值得的，甚至是重要的文学努力）可知，科幻小说是重要的文学努力，A项“它还不够重要去成为一种文学体裁”错误；根据第三段中的Thereareonlyafewdramaswhichcouldbecalledsciencefiction（只有少数戏剧可以被称为科幻小说）可知，科幻小说可以以戏剧形式出现，B项“不能以戏剧的形式表演”错误；根据第三段第一句Thefirstpoint—thatsciencefictionisaliterarysubgenre—isaveryimportantone（科幻小说是文学的一个分支，这一点非常重要）可知，科幻小说就是属于文学流派分支，C项“称其为体裁会使它从属于文学流派”也不符合原文。因此，该题选择D项正确。

2.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“被低俗杂志推崇的科幻小说这一的观点尽管是错误的，然而它却是……”。根据第一段Manypeopleseemtothinkthatsciencefictionistypifiedbythecoversofsomeoftheoldpulpmagazines.（许多人似乎认为科幻小说以一些老式低俗杂志的封面为代表）可知，这种观点是非常普遍的，A项“流行的，普遍的”正确；B项“疯狂的”、C项“优雅的”和D项“准确的”表述都不够准确。因此，该题选择A项正确。

3.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】主旨大意题。题干意思是“这篇文章恰当的标题应该是……”。通读全文可知，文章主要是阐述科幻小说的定义，即它和散文小说有共同的特点，属于文学流派的分支，故C项“科幻小说的定义”最能概括全文；A项“关于低俗杂志的不准确性”和D项“散文小说的一种类型”都只是部分提及；B项“人与宇宙”没有提到。因此，该题选择C项正确。

4.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“作者的定义表明，所有科幻小说都涉及……”。根据第三段最后一句ithasallthebasiccharacteristicsandservesthesamebasicfunctionsinmuchthesamewayasprosefictioningeneral—thatis,itsharesagreatdealwithallothernovelsandshortstories.（它具有一般散文小说的所有基本特征和基本功能，即它与其他所有的小说和短篇故事有很多共同之处）以及最后一段中的Themesinsciencefictionareconstructedandpresentedinexactlythesamewaysthatthemesaredealtwithinanyotherkindoffiction.（科幻小说中的主题的构建和呈现方式与其他任何类型的小说的主题处理方式完全相同）可以推断，A项“与小说和短篇故事一样的主题”是正确的；B项“不常见的或者是不寻常的事物”和D项“科学和小说间的冲突”在文中没有根据；C项“KarelCapek著名的假设”，文中第三段只提到了Thereareonlyafewdramaswhichcouldbecalledsciencefiction,withKarelCapek’sRUR(Rossum’sUniversalRobots)beingtheonlyonethatiswellknown（只有少数戏剧可以被称为科幻小说，其中KarelCapek的《Rossum’sUniversalRobots》是唯一著名的），可知C项无中生有。因此，该题选择A项正确。

5.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“文章最后一个句子的含义是……”。文章最后一句话是Inshort,thereasonsforreadingandenjoyingsciencefiction,andthewaysofstudyingandanalyzingit,arebasicallythesameastheywouldbeforanyotherstoryornovel.（简而言之，阅读和欣赏科幻小说的原因，以及研究和分析科幻小说的方式，基本上与阅读其他故事或小说的方式相同）可知，阅读和欣赏科幻小说的原因以及分析它的方式基本和其他故事或小说的方式基本相同，因此可以反推，能够阅读和分析小说的人也能读科幻小说，故D项“那些能读和分析小说的人也能读科幻小说”符合题意；A项“喜欢科幻小说是有原因的”只是句子的一段信息，并不是该句的含义；B项“读者应该求助于一般小说的评论”和C项“读者没有理由不喜欢科幻小说”在本句没有提到。因此，该题选择D项正确。

8.单选题

Immediacyandthespeedofproductionthatgoeswithitmeanalsothatmuchofwhatappearsinanewspaperhasnomorethan______value.

问题1选项

A.transitional

B.sentimental

C.transient

D.inscrutable

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项transitional“变迁的，过渡期的”，B项sentimental“伤感的，多愁善感的，感情用事的”，C项transient“短暂的，路过的”，D项inscrutable“神秘的，不可理解的，不能预测的”。根据Immediacyandthespeedofproductionthatgoeswithit“即时性以及随之而来的生产速度”可知，“短暂的”符合语境。句意：即时性和与之相伴随的生产速度也意味着，报纸上出现的很多东西只不过是短暂的价值。因此，该题选择C项正确。

9.单选题

Inducedabortion,thefocusofthisarticle,hasbecomeoneofthemostintenseandpolarizingethicalandphilosophicalissuesofthelate20thcentury.

问题1选项

A.conflicting

B.penetrating

C.enlightening

D.irritating

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词辨析。polarizing表示“两极分化的”；A项conflicting“冲突的，相矛盾的”，B项penetrating“渗透的，尖锐的，有洞察力的”，C项enlightening“使人领悟的，有启发作用的”，D项irritating“刺激的，气人的，使愤怒的”。句意：人工流产，这篇文章的焦点，已经成为20世纪后期最激烈和最两极分化的伦理和哲学问题。根据句意可知只有A选项意思与polarizing相似。因此，该题选A选项正确。

10.单选题

Thefirstmistakeistothinkofmankindasathinginitself.Itisn’t.Itispartofanintricateweboflife.Andwecan’tthinkevenoflifeasathinginitself.Itisn’t.ItispartoftheintricatestructureofaplanetbathedbyenergyfromtheSun.

TheEarth,inthenearly5billionyearssinceitassumedapproximatelyitspresentform,hasundergoneavastevolution.Whenitfirstcameintobeing,itverylikelylackedwhatwewouldtodaycallanoceanandanatmosphere.Thesewereformedbythegradualoutwardmovementofmaterialasthesolidinteriorsettledtogether.

Norwereocean,atmosphere,andsolidcrustindependentofeachotherafterformation.Thereisinteractionalways:evaporation,condensation,solution,weathering.Farwithinthesolidcrustthereareslow,continuingchanges,too,ofwhichhotsprings,volcanoes,andearth-quakesarethemorenoticeablemanifestationshereonthesurface.

Between2billionand3billionyearsago,portionsofthesurfacewater,bathedbytheenergeticradiationfromtheSun,developedcomplicatedcompoundsinorganizationsufficientlyversatiletoqualifyaswhatwecall“life”.Lifeformshavebecomemorecomplexandmorevariouseversince.

ButthelifeformsareasmuchpartofthestructureoftheEarthasanyinanimateportionis.Itisallaninseparablepartofawhole.Ifanyanimalisisolatedtotallyfromotherformsoflife,thendeathbystarvationwillsurelyfollow.Ifisolatedfromwater,deathbyasphyxiationwillfollowstillfaster.IfisolatedfromtheSun,animalswillsurviveforatime,butplantswoulddie,andifallplantsdied,allanimalwouldstarve.

Itworksinreverse,too,fortheinanimateportionofEarthisshapedandmoldedbylife.Thenatureoftheatmospherehasbeenchangedbyplantactivity(whichaddstotheairthefreeoxygenitcouldnototherwiseretain).Thesoilisturnedbyearthworms,whileenormousoceanreefsareformedbycoral.

Theentireplanet,plussolarenergy,isoneenormousintricatelyinterrelatedsystem.Theentireplanetisalifeformmadeupofnonlivingportionsandalargevarietyoflivingportions(asourownbodyismadeupofnonlivingcrystalsinbonesandnonlivingwaterinblood,aswellasofalargevarietyoflivingportions).

Infact,wecanpursuetheanalogy.Amanisof50trillioncellsofavarietyoftypes,allinterrelatedandinterdependent.Lossofsomeofthosecells,suchasthosemakingupanentire,willseriouslyhandicapalltherestoftheorganism:seriousdamagetoarelativelyfewcellsinanorgan,suchastheheartorkidneys,mayendbykillingall50trillion.

Inthesameway,onplanetaryscale,thechoppingdownofanentireforestmaynotthreatenEarth’slifeingeneral,butitwillproduceseriouschangesinthelifeformsoftheregionandeveninthenatureofthewaterrunoffand,therefore,inthedetailsofgeologicalstructure.Aseriousdeclineinthebeepopulationwillaffectthenumbersofthoseplantsthatdependonbeesforfertilization,thenthenumbersofthoseanimalsthatdependonthoseparticularbee-fertilizedplants,andsoon.

Orconsidercellgrowth.Cellsinthoseorgansthatsufferconstantwearandtear—asintheskinorintheintestinallining—growandmultiplyalllifelong.Othercells,notsoexposed,asinnerveandmuscle,donotmultiplyatallintheadult,underanycircumstances.Stillotherorgans,ordinarilyquiescent,asliverandbone,standreadytogrowifthatisnecessarytoreplacedamage.Whentheproperrepairsaremade,growthstops.

Inamuchlooserandmoreflexibleway,thesameistrueofdie“planetorganism”(whichwestudyinthesciencecalledecology).Ifcougarsgrowtoonumerous,thedeertheyliveonaredecimated,andsomeofthecougarsdieofstarvation,sothattheir“propernumber”isrestored.Iftoomanycougarsdie,thendeermultiplywithparticularrapidity,andcougarsmultiplyquicklyinturn,tilltheadditionalpredatorsbringdownthenumberofdeeragain.Barringinterferencefromoutside,theeatersandtheeatenretaintheirpropernumbers,andbotharethebetterforit.

Theneateconomyofgrowthwithinanorganismsuchasahumanbeingissometimes—forwhatreason,weknownot—disrupted,andagroupofcellsbeginsgrowingwithoutlimit.Thisisthedreaddiseaseofcancer,andunlessthatgrowinggroupofcellsissomehowstopped,thewildgrowthwillthrowallthebodystructureoutoftrueandendbykillingtheorganismitself.

Inecology,thesamewouldhappeningif,forsomereason,oneparticulartypeoforganismbegantomultiplywithoutlimit,killingitscompetitorsandincreasingitsownfoodsupplyattheexpenseofthatofothers.That,too,couldendinthedestructionofthelargersystem—mostoralloflifeandevenofcertainaspectsoftheinanimateenvironment.

Andthisisexactlywhatishappeningatthismoment.Forthousandsofyears,thesinglespeciesHomosapiens,towhichyouandIhavethedubioushonorofbelonging,hasbeenincreasinginnumbers.Inthepastcoupleofcenturies,therateofincreasehasitselfincreasedexplosively.

AtthetimeofJuliusCaesar,whenEarth’shumanpopulationisestimatedtohavebeen150million,thatpopulationwasincreasingatratethatitwoulddoublein1000yearsifthatrateremainedsteady.Today,withEarth’spopulationestimatedatabout4000million,itisincreasingataratewhich,ifsteady,willcauseittodoublein35years.

ThepresentrateofincreaseofEarth’sswarminghumanpopulationqualifiesasanecologicalcancer,whichwilldestroytheecologyjustassurelyasanyordinarycancerwoulddestroyanorganism.

Thecure?Justwhatitisforanycancer.Thecancerousgrowthmustsomehowbestopped.

Ofcourse,itwillbe.Ifwedonothingatall,thegrowthwillstop,asacancerousgrowthinamanwillstopifnothingisdone.Themandiesandthecancerdieswithit.

Howcanthehumanpopulationexplosionbestopped?Byraisingthedeathrateorbyloweringthebirthrate.Therearenootheralternatives.Thedeathratewillrisespontaneouslyandfinallycatastrophically,ifwedonothing—andthatwithinafewdecades.Tomakethebirthratefall,somehow,issurelypreferable,andthatisthereforethefirstorderofmankind’sbusinesstoday.

Failingthis,mankindwouldstandatthebarofabstractjusticeasthemassmurdereroflifegenerally,hisownincluded,andmassdisrupteroftheintricateplanetarydevelopmentthatmadelifeinitspresentglorypossibleinthefirstplace.

1.Accordingtothearticle,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

2.Accordingtotheauthor,theanalogybetweentheentireplanetandthehumanbodyisbasedonallofthefollowingEXCEPT______.

3.Accordingtothearticle,whatisNOTtrueaboutthepopulationintheworld?

4.In“Failingthis,mankindwouldstandatthebarofabstractjustice”(lastparagraph),whichofthefollowingdoes“this”referto?

5.“Theneateconomyofgrowthwithinorganism”(12thparagraph)means______.

问题1选项

A.Ittooktheuniverse5billionyearstoformtheearth.

B.Evaporation,condensation,solution,weatheringarefourmajorfactorsthatcontributedtotheformationoftheearth.

C.Lifeformswerefirstdevelopedindeepwaterbetween2billionand3billionyearsago.

D.Lifeisasmuch,partofthestructureoftheEarthasanyinanimateportionisandinreverse,theinanimateportionoftheEarthisshapedandmodifiedbylife.

问题2选项

A.Theyarebothcomposedofnonlivingportionsandalargevarietyoflivingportions.

B.Theyarebothenormouslyintricateandinterrelatedsystems.

C.Theyarebothmadeupof50trillioncellsofavarietyoftypes,allinterrelatedandinterdependent.

D.Theiroverallgrowthmaybedisruptedifagroupofcellsoraparticulartypeoforganismbeginstogrowwithoutlimit.

问题3选项

A.Forthousandsofyears,humanpopulationhasbeenincreasinginnumber.

B.AtthetimeofJuliusCaesar,humanpopulationwasincreasingslowly.

C.Today,theEarth’spopulationisestimatedtodoublein35years.

D.Ifwedonothingatall,thegrowthoftheEarth’spopulationwillneverstop.

问题4选项

A.Thehumanpopulationexplosionbeingstopped.

B.Raisingthedeathrateorloweringthebirthrate.

C.Thedeathraterisingspontaneouslyandcatastrophically.

D.Reductionofthebirthrate.

问题5选项

A.Thebalancedandinterrelateddevelopmentofanorgan.

B.Thepurecostofdevelopmentwithinorganism.

C.Theveryslowdevelopmentwithinorganism.

D.Therapiddevelopmentoforganism.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:D

第4题:D

第5题:A

【解析】1.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】细节推理题。题干意思是“根据这篇文章，下列哪个陈述是正确的？”根据第二段第一句TheEarth,inthenearly5billionyearssinceitassumedapproximatelyitspresentform,hasundergoneavastevolution.（地球自从呈现目前的形状近50亿年以来，已经经历了一次巨大的演化）可知，50亿年前地球初步形成，并非地球花了50亿年才形成，A项“宇宙花了50亿年才形成了地球”错误；由第三段前两句Norwereocean,atmosphere,andsolidcrustindependentofeachotherafterformation.Thereisinteractionalways:evaporation,condensation,solution,weathering.（海洋、大气和固体地壳在形成后也不是相互独立的。总是有相互作用：蒸发，凝结，溶解，风化。）可知，蒸发，凝结，溶解，风化只是地球形成后海洋、大气层以及地壳之间作用的形式，而不是地球形成的因素，B项“蒸发，凝结，溶解，风化是促成地球形成的四个主要因素”错误；根据第四段第一句Between2billionand3billionyearsago,portionsofthesurfacewater,bathedbytheenergeticradiationfromtheSun,developedcomplicatedcompoundsinorganizationsufficientlyversatiletoqualifyaswhatwecall“life”.（在20亿到30亿年前，部分地表水沐浴在太阳的高能辐射下，发展出结构复杂、功能丰富的化合物，可以称得上是我们所说的“生命”。）可知，生命的形式是在地球表面发展来的，C项“生命形式最初是在20亿到30亿年前的深水中发展起来的”错误；根据第五段第一句ButthelifeformsareasmuchpartofthestructureoftheEarthasanyinanimateportionis.Itisallaninseparablepartofawhole.（但是生命形式是地球结构的一部分，就像任何无生命的部分一样）和第六段首句Itworksinreverse,too,fortheinanimateportionofEarthisshapedandmoldedbylife.（反之亦然，地球上无生命的部分是由生命塑造的）可知，D项“生命和任何无生命的部分一样，都是地球结构的一部分，反过来说，地球的无生命部分是由生命塑造和修改的”正确。因此，该题选择D项正确。

2.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“根据作者的说法，整个地球和人体之间的类比是基于以下几个，除了……？”。根据文章的第七段Theentireplanet,plussolarenergy,isoneenormousintricatelyinterrelatedsystem.Theentireplanetisalifeformmadeupofnonlivingportionsandalargevarietyoflivingportions(asourownbodyismadeupofnonlivingcrystalsinbonesandnonlivingwaterinblood,aswellasofalargevarietyoflivingportions).（整个地球，加上太阳能，是一个庞大而错综复杂的系统。整个地球是一种由无生命部分和各种各样的生命部分组成的生命形式，就像我们自己的身体是由骨头中的无生命晶体和血液中的无生命水，以及各种各样的生命部分组成。）和第八段Infact,wecanpursuetheanalogy.Amanisof50trillioncellsofavarietyoftypes,allinterrelatedandinterdependent.Lossofsomeofthosecells,suchasthosemakingupanentire,willseriouslyhandicapalltherestoftheorganism:seriousdamagetoarelativelyfewcellsinanorgan,suchastheheartorkidneys,mayendbykillingall50trillion.（事实上，我们可以进行类比。一个人由50万亿个不同类型的细胞组成，它们都是相互关联、相互依赖的。失去其中一些细胞，比如构成一个整体的细胞，将严重阻碍整个有机体的其他部分：一个器官中相对少数的细胞受到严重损害，如心脏或肾脏，可能会导致50万亿个细胞全部死亡。）可知，A项“它们都是由无生命部分和各种各样的生命部分组成”、B项“它们都是非常复杂和相互关联的系统”和D项“如果一组细胞或某种生物体开始无限制地生长，它们的整体生长可能会受到干扰”是符合文意的；C项“它们都是由50万亿个不同类型的细胞组成的，都是相互联系和相互依赖的”是人体的一个特点，并不是地球的。因此，该题选择C项正确。

3.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“根据这篇文章，关于世界人口，哪些是不正确的？”。根据第十五段的内容：AtthetimeofJuliusCaesar,whenEarth’shumanpopulationisestimatedtohavebeen150million,thatpopulationwasincreasingatratethatitwoulddoublein1000yearsifthatrateremainedsteady.Today,withEarth’spopulationestimatedatabout4000million,itisincreasingataratewhich,ifsteady,willcauseittodouble