2022年考研考博-考博英语-华东政法大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号44

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-华东政法大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题

We___theradiosignalsforhelpfromtheplane.

问题1选项

A.pickedout

B.pickedoff

C.pickedat

D.pickedup

【答案】D

【解析】考查固定搭配。A选项pickedout“挑选出”；B选项pickedoff“摘掉；拔去；截取；传感器”；C选项pickedat“吃得很少；挑毛病；指责”；D选项pickedup“捡起；获得，收到；收拾；（汽车；飞机）乘载；不费力地学会”。句意：我们___飞机发出求救的无线电信号。本句表达“收到飞机发出的信号”，因此选D项正确。

2.翻译题

PartII.TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoEnglish(25分)

如果分析不当，造成误解，就谨小慎微，不敢解放思想，不敢放开手脚。结果是丧失时机，犹如逆水行舟，不进则退。（《邓小平文选》第三卷）

【答案】Ifwefailtomakeaproperanalysisandthusincurmisunderstanding,wewillbecomeovercautiousanddarenotemancipateoutmindsandactboldly.Consequently,wewillloseopportunities.Likeaboatsailingagainstthecurrent,wemustforgeaheadorbesweptdownstream.

3.单选题

Herefusedto___thathewasdefeated.

问题1选项

A.burlesque

B.conceive

C.acknowledge

D.probe

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项burlesque“模仿嘲弄；取笑”；B选项conceive“怀孕；构思；以为；持有”；C选项acknowledge“承认；答谢；报偿；告知已收到”；D选项probe“探查；用探针探测”。句意：他拒绝___自己被打败了。本句表达“拒绝承认被打败”。因此C选项正确。

4.单选题

TheNeutralityofAmericanintheEarlyWorldWarⅡTheestablishmentoftheThirdReichinfluencedeventsinAmericanhistorybystartingachainofeventswhichculminatedinwarbetweenGermanyandtheUnitedStates.Thecompetedestructionofdemocracy,thepersecutionofJews,thewaronreligion,thecrueltyandbarbarismoftheNazis,andespeciallytheplansofGermanyandherallies,ItalyandJapan,forworldconquestcausedgreatindignationinthiscountryandbroughtonfearofanotherworldwar.WhilespeakingoutagainstHitler’satrocities,theAmericanpeoplegenerallyfavoredisolationistpoliciesandneutrality.TheNeutralityActsof1935and1936prohibitedtradewithanybelligerentsorloanstothem.In1937thePresidentwasempoweredtodeclareanarmsembargoinwarsbetweennationsathisdiscretion.

AmericanopinionbegantochangesomewhatafterPresidentRoosevelt’s“quarantinetheaggressor”speechatChicago(1937)inwhichheseverelycriticizedHitler’spolicies.Germany’sseizureofAustriaandtheMunichPactforthepartitionofCzechoslovakia(1938)alsoarousedtheAmericanpeople.TheconquestofCzechoslovakiainMarch,1939wasanotherrudeawakeningtothemenaceoftheThirdReich.InAugust,1939cametheshockoftheNazi-sovietPactandinSeptembertheattackonPolandandtheoutbreakofEuropeanwar.TheUnitedStatesattemptedtomaintainneutralityinspiteofsympathyforthedemocraciesarrayedagainsttheThirdReich.TheNeutralityActof1939repealedthearmsembargoandpermitted“cashandcarry”exportsofarmstobelligerentnations.Astrongnationaldefenseprogramwasbegun.Adraftactwaspassed(1940)tostrengthenthemilitaryservices.ALendAct(1941)authorizedthePresidenttosell,exchange,orlendmaterialstoanycountrydeemednecessarybyhimforthedefenseoftheUnitedStates.HelpwasgiventoBritainbyexchangingcertainoveragedestroyersfortherighttoestablishAmericanbasesinBritishterritoryintheWesternHemisphere.InAugust,1940PresidentRooseveltandPrimeMinisterChurchillmetandissuedtheAtlanticCharterwhichproclaimedthekindofaworldwhichshouldbeestablishedafterthewar.InDecember,1941,JapanlaunchedtheunprovokedattackontheUnitedStatesatPearlHarbor.Immediatelythereafter,GermanydeclaredwarontheUnitedStates.

6.Oneitemoccurringbefore1937thattheauthordoesnotmentioninhislistofactionsthatalienatedtheAmericanpublicwas___.

7.TheLend-LeaseActwasdesignedto___.

8.AmericanPolicyduringtheyears1935-1936maybedescribedasbeing___.

9.TheNeutralityActof1939___.

10.WeenteredthewaragainstGermany___.

问题1选项

A.theburningoftheReichstag

B.Germanplansforconquest

C.Nazibarbarism

D.thepersecutionofreligiousgroups

问题2选项

A.helptheBritish

B.strengthenthenationaldefenseoftheUnitedStates

C.promotetheAtlanticCharter

D.avengePearlHarbor

问题3选项

A.watchful

B.isolationist

C.peaceful

D.indifferent

问题4选项

A.permittedthesellingofarmstobelligerentnations

B.antagonizedJapan

C.permittedtheBritishtotradeonlywiththeAllies

D.ledtoLend-LeaseAct

问题5选项

A.becauseGermanydeclaredwar

B.becauseJapanwasanallyofGermany

C.afterGermanyhadsignedtheNazi-sovietPact

D.afterpeacefuleffortshadfailed

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:B

第4题:A

第5题:A

【解析】6.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干定位到原文第一段第二句Thecompetedestructionofdemocracy,thepersecutionofJews,thewaronreligion,thecrueltyandbarbarismoftheNazis,andespeciallytheplansofGermanyandherallies,ItalyandJapan,forworldconquestcausedgreatindignationinthiscountryandbroughtonfearofanotherworldwar.（民主的全面摧毁、对犹太人的迫害、摧残宗教、纳粹的残忍和野蛮，特别是德国及其盟国意、日、征服世界的计划激起美国极大愤怒，也带来了又一次对世界大战的恐惧）可知B选项“德国征服计划”，C选项“纳粹之残暴”以及D选项“迫害宗教团体”都有提到；A选项“德国国会大厦被焚毁”未提及。因此A选项符合题意。

7.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】推理判断题。根据题干关键字“TheLend-LeaseAct”定位到第二段ALendAct(1941)authorizedthePresidenttosell,exchange,orlendmaterialstoanycountrydeemednecessarybyhimforthedefenseoftheUnitedStates.（1941年的《租借法案》授权总统向他认为保卫美国所必需的任何国家出售、交换或出借物资。）可知选B选项“加强美国国防”；A选项“帮助英国”并不是《租借法案》真正的目的；C选项“促进大西洋宪章”，D选项“为珍珠港报仇”不符合题意。因此B选项正确。

8.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干关键字“1935-1936”定位到第一段WhilespeakingoutagainstHitler’satrocities,theAmericanpeoplegenerallyfavoredisolationistpoliciesandneutrality.TheNeutralityActsof1935and1936prohibitedtradewithanybelligerentsorloanstothem.（美国人民虽然反对希特勒的凶残等事，他们一般还是喜欢孤立（与世隔绝的）政策和保持中立。1935年和1936年的中立条约规定：禁止和交战国双方贸易和借贷）可知选B选项“孤立主义”；A选项“警惕”，C选项“和平”以及D选项“漠不关心”都不符合原文。因此B选项正确。

9.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干关键字“1939”定位到原文第二段TheNeutralityActof1939repealedthearmsembargoandpermitted“cashandcarry”exportsofarmstobelligerentnations.（1939年的中立条约取消了武器禁运，并允许向交战国家“现购自运”出口武器）可知选A选项“允许向交战国家出售武器”；B选项“反感日本”，C选项“允许英国人只和同盟国进行贸易”以及D选项“导致借贷租赁法案”都和原文不符合。因此A选项正确。

10.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据原文最后一段Immediatelythereafter,GermanydeclaredwarontheUnitedStates.（此后，德国立即对美国宣战）可以推测出美国加入对德国的战争是由于德国先对美国宣战，选A选项“因为德国宣战了”；B选项“因为日本是德国的盟友”，C选项“在德国签署了纳粹-苏联条约之后”以及D选项“爱好和平的努力失败后”不符合原文。因此A选项正确。

5.单选题

Thelittlemanwas___onemeterfiftyhigh.

问题1选项

A.almostmorethan

B.hardlymorethan

C.nearlymorethan

D.asmuchas

【答案】B

【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项almostmorethan“几乎超过”；B选项hardlymorethan“不足；仅仅”；C选项nearlymorethan“差不多超过”；D选项asmuchas“几乎；多达；至多”。句意：这个矮小的男人身高___一米五十。本句表达“矮小的男人身高不足一米五”因此B选项正确。

6.单选题

Hedoesnot___asateacherofEnglishashispronunciationisterrible.

问题1选项

A.equal

B.match

C.qualify

D.fit

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项equal“等于；比得上”；B选项match“相配，相称；相似；与……成对；配对；”；C选项qualify“限定，修饰；使具有资格；证明……合格”；D选项fit“安装；使……适应；使……合身；与……相符”。句意：他不能___英语教师的工作，因为他的发音很糟糕。本句表达“他没有资格作为英语老师”，因此C选项正确。

7.单选题

Ifyouknowwhatthetroubleis,whyyoudon’thelpthemto___thesituation?

问题1选项

A.simplify

B.modify

C.verify

D.rectify

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项simplify“简化；使单纯；使简易”；B选项modify“修改，修饰；更改（略微改变某事物，尤指为了使其更适合于某一特定目的）”；C选项verify“核实；查证”；D选项rectify“改正（纠正错误的事物）；精馏；整流”。句意：如果你知道问题出在哪里，为什么不帮他们___情况。本句表达“帮助他们核实情况”，因此C选项正确。

8.单选题

Weare___facedwiththenecessitytorecognizethathavingmorepeopleimpliesalowerstandardofliving.

问题1选项

A.readily

B.smoothly

C.inevitably

D.deliberately

【答案】C

【解析】考查副词辨析。A选项readily“容易地；乐意地；无困难地”；B选项smoothly“平稳地；平滑地；顺利地；流畅地；平静地；均匀地”；C选项inevitably“不可避免地；必然地”；D选项deliberately“故意地；缓慢而谨慎地”。句意：我们___要认识到有更多的人就意味着更低的生活水平。本句表达“不可避免地认识到”，因此C选项正确。

9.单选题

Ⅻ.Sociology

Thispaperinvestigatesauniquefeatureofpost9/11developmentsinlaw:thetacitcircumventionofconstitutionalbalancing,anotherwisecorefeatureinjurisprudence,aswellasinlegislation,policymakingandlawenforcement.Balancingreferstotheprocessofweightinghowintrusivecertainmeansareincomparisontotheends—providedofcourse,thattheendsarelegitimate.Theconceptofproportionalityiscorollaryhere:inordertoassesstherelationshipbetweenthemeansemployedandtheaimssoughttoberealized,oneneedstoassesthreecriteria:effectiveness,necessity,andthedegreeharminflicted.However,incurrentpoliticaldebates,whenanti-terroristlawenforcementmeasuresareinvolved,thelongheldgoldenruleforpolicymakinghasbeenreplacedbyanother,substantiallyemptyrhetoric:theinherentlyfalsedichotomyofthe“libertyvs.security”-binary.Thepaperwillhavetheanti-terroristlawenforcementmeasuresinfocus,buttherhetoricissweeping:ithasbeenextendedto,copiedin,andmergedwithcrimecontrolmeasuresandimmigrationcontrolaswell.

TheuniquenessofthisNewWorldis,thus,twofold:First,newstandardshavebeensetup(requiredandaccepted)forgovernmentactivisminthesphereofcurtailingfreedomasanexchangeforsecurity.People(thepoliticalclass,theelectorate)appeartobewillingtoreformulatethetraditionalbalancebetweenlibertyandsecurity:alittlebitmoredocumentsandID-checks,longerlinesandmoreflexiblesearch-warrantsseemanacceptabletaxleviedinreturnformorestringentdemandsforgovernment-providedsecurity.Forexample,oncebeingconvincedthatweactuallyneedtobesearchedandsurveilledforaviationsafety,forafasterprocess,wearewillingtogivingupsomeofourprivacyandenterafullbodyscanner.Itseemstobethecasethatthereisabroadconsensusonthefactthattraditionalpolicingprinciplesor,forthatmatter,thelawoftheGenevaConventionshavebecomeunsuitedforhandlingthepeculiarwarfareputonbysuicidebombersandterroristorganizations.Justabouteverywhereintheworld,thewaragainstterrorismhashadtheeffectofwideningthecontrolfunctionsofthenationalsecurityandimmigrationservices,aswellasofotherlawenforcementauthorities.Theexpandedmeasuresandproceduresthusintroducedwereoftenonesthatlegislatorsandlawenforcementofficialsotherwiseonlyhaddreamedofattaining,butthistimearound,theycouldtakeadvantageofchangesinthepublicsentimentduetosociety’sshockoverthetragiceventsandfearspreadingintheirwake.

1.TheconstitutionalbalancingisacorefeatureintheflowingBUT___.

2.Whatisthegoldenruleforpolicymakingaccordingtotheauthor?

3.Peopleappeartobewillingtoacceptthefollowinginreturnformoresecurity,EXCEPT___.

4.WhatisNOTacauseforintroductionofmeasuresthatlegislatorsandlawenforcementofficialsotherwiseonlyhaddreamedofattaining,accordingtotheauthor?

问题1选项

A.lawenforcement

B.policymaking

C.jurisdiction

D.legislation

问题2选项

A.Assesstherelationshipbetweenthemeansemployedandtheaimssoughttoberealized.

B.Effectiveness,necessity,andthedegreeharminflicted.

C.Libertyvs.security.

D.Constitutionalbalancing.

问题3选项

A.moredocumentsandID-checks

B.longerlines

C.moreflexiblesearch-warrants

D.acceptabletax

问题4选项

A.Changesinthepublicsentimentduetosociety’sshock.

B.Peoplearewillingtogivingupsomeoftheirprivacy.

C.Thetragiceventsandfearspreading.

D.Abroadconsensusonthefactthattraditionalpolicingprincipleshavebecomeunsuited.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:B

【解析】1.事实细节题。根据题干关键词“constitutionalbalancing”定位到原文第一段第一句Thispaperinvestigatesauniquefeatureofpost9/11developmentsinlaw:thetacitcircumventionofconstitutionalbalancing,anotherwisecorefeatureinjurisprudence,aswellasinlegislation,policymakingandlawenforcement.（本文探讨了“9.11”事件后法律发展的一个独特特征：对宪法平衡的默认规避，这是法理学以及立法、决策和执法的一个核心特征）可知A选项“执法”，B选项“决策”，D选项“立法”和原文相符，C选项“管辖”未涉及。因此C选项符合题意。

2.推理判断题。根据题干定位到原文第一段Theconceptofproportionalityiscorollaryhere:inordertoassesstherelationshipbetweenthemeansemployedandtheaimssoughttoberealized,oneneedstoassesthreecriteria:effectiveness,necessity,andthedegreeharminflicted.However,incurrentpoliticaldebates,whenanti-terroristlawenforcementmeasuresareinvolved,thelongheldgoldenruleforpolicymakinghasbeenreplacedbyanother,substantiallyemptyrhetoric:theinherentlyfalsedichotomyofthe“libertyvs.security”-binary.（相称性的概念在这里是必然的：为了评估所使用的手段和寻求实现的目标之间的关系，需要评估三个标准：有效性、必要性和造成的伤害程度。然而，在当前的政治辩论中，当涉及到反恐执法措施时，长期以来被奉为制定政策的黄金法则已经被另一个实质上空洞的辞令所取代：固有的错误的“自由与安全”二元对立）推断出黄金法则就是前面提到的相称性的概念，可知选A选项“评估所使用的手段与寻求实现的目标之间的关系”，B选项“有效性、必要性和造成损害的程度”的目的是为了A选项，不符合题意，C选项“自由与安全”错误，和原文相悖；第一段第一句Thispaperinvestigatesauniquefeatureofpost9/11developmentsinlaw:thetacitcircumventionofconstitutionalbalancing,anotherwisecorefeatureinjurisprudence,aswellasinlegislation,policymakingandlawenforcement.（本文探讨了9/11后法律发展的一个独特特征：对宪法平衡的隐性规避，这是法学以及立法、政策制定和执法的一个核心特征）可知D选项“宪法平衡”是政策制定的核心特征而不是黄金法则。因此A选项符合题意。

3.事实细节题。根据题干定位到原文第二段People(thepoliticalclass,theelectorate)appeartobewillingtoreformulatethetraditionalbalancebetweenlibertyandsecurity:alittlebitmoredocumentsandID-checks,longerlinesandmoreflexiblesearch-warrantsseemanacceptabletaxleviedinreturnformorestringentdemandsforgovernment-providedsecurity.（人们（政治阶层，选民）似乎愿意重新制定自由和安全之间的传统平衡：多点证件和身份检查，更长的队伍和更灵活的搜查令似乎是可以接受的税收，作为对政府提供的更严格的安全要求的回报）可知A选项“更多的文件和身份检查”，B选项“更长的队伍”和C选项“更灵活的搜查令”和原文一致；D选项“可接受的税”是指人们把ABC三项作为和政府交换的内容，而D选项本身不是交换的内容。因此D选项符合题意。

4.事实细节题。定位到最后一段Itseemstobethecasethatthereisabroadconsensusonthefactthattraditionalpolicingprinciplesor,forthatmatter,thelawoftheGenevaConventionshavebecomeunsuitedforhandlingthepeculiarwarfareputonbysuicidebombersandterroristorganizations...Theexpandedmeasuresandproceduresthusintroducedwereoftenonesthatlegislatorsandlawenforcementofficialsotherwiseonlyhaddreamedofattaining,butthistimearound,theycouldtakeadvantageofchangesinthepublicsentimentduetosociety’sshockoverthetragiceventsandfearspreadingintheirwake.（似乎是这样，人们普遍认为，传统的警务原则或日内瓦公约的法律已不适合处理自杀式炸弹袭击者和恐怖组织所发动的特殊战争……因此所采取的扩大措施和程序往往是立法者和执法官员原本只梦想实现的措施和程序，但这次，由于社会对悲惨事件的震惊和随之而来的恐惧蔓延，他们可以利用公众情绪的变化）可知A选项“公众情绪的变化由于社会的冲击”，C选项“悲剧事件和恐惧蔓延”和D选项“于传统的警务原则已经变得不适合的事实的广泛共识”和原文一致；最后一段Forexample,oncebeingconvincedthatweactuallyneedtobesearchedandsurveilledforaviationsafety,forafasterprocess,wearewillingtogivingupsomeofourprivacyandenterafullbodyscanner.（例如，一旦我们确信，为了航空安全，为了更快的过程，我们确实需要被搜索和监视，我们愿意放弃一些隐私，进入全身扫描仪）可知B选项“人们愿意放弃一些他们的隐私”属于人们愿意舍弃一些东西来求得政府更好的保护的例子，不属于实行立法人员和执法官员在其他情况下只是梦想实现的措施的原因。因此B选项符合题意。

10.单选题

Churchasweusethewordreferstoallreligiousinstitutions,___theyChristian,Islamic,Buddhist,Jewish,andsoon.

问题1选项

A.be

B.being

C.were

D.are

【答案】A

【解析】考查be型虚拟语气和倒装。句意：我们用Church这个词来指代所有的宗教机构，___基督教、伊斯兰教、佛教还是犹太教等等。本句表达“不论他们是……”，可知此处省略了让步状语从句引导词whether。而在whether/whether…or…引导的让步状语从句中，可以包含be型虚拟语气的形式，即所有动词都用原型（包括be在内），没有人称数以及时态的变化。省略whether/whether…or…，从句变为倒装形式：只需要将谓语中的助动词或情态动词或be动词置于主语之前。因此A选项正确。

11.单选题

VI.ProcedureLaw

Evenifweweretoacceptthisdeflationaryviewofproceduraljusticeasourstartingpoint,itwouldnotfollowthatproceduresareunimportant.Ifwebeginwithcriteriaforajustoutcome,thenitfollowsthatoursystemofdisputeresolutionshouldbedesignedtodecidecontroversiesinaccordwiththesecriteria.Fromthebarepremisethatoutcomescountfromtheexpost(事后)perspective,wecanderiveaminimalnotionofproceduraljustice.Aperfectlyjustprocedurewouldguaranteecorrectoutcomes;aprocedurewouldbemoreorlessfairorjustinsofarasitapproximatesthisideal.Ifwetaketherulesofsubstantivelaw(torts,contracts,property,andsoforth)asappliedtothefacts(thestateoftheworld)asthecriteriaforjustoutcomes,thentheidealprocedurewoulddiscernthetruthaboutthefactsandapplythelawtothosefactswithone-hundredpercentaccuracy.Fromthemodestpremisethatoutcomescount,wecanderivetheviewthatproceduraljusticeisafunctionofaccuracy.

Thereare,however,obviousproblemswiththissimpletheory.Evenfromtheexpostperspective,formallegaloutcomes,suchasjudgmentsforplaintiffsanddefendants,arenottheonlyeffectsofadjudication.Disputeresolutionsystemsimposecostsonthepartiestothedisputeandonsocietyatlarge.Ifweenlargeourviewofoutcomestoencompassallofthecostsandbenefitsimposedbythelitigationsystem,thenourviewofproceduraljusticewillbeenlargedaswell.Anoutcomethatincludesadamageawardthatreflectsanaccurateapplicationofthesubstantivelawtothefactsmightnonethelessbeunjustiftheplaintiffwhowasentitledtoprevailhadtopaymoreinattorneys’feesthanthevalueofthejudgment.Adisputeresolutionsystemthatachievedone-hundredpercentaccuracywouldbeviewedasmonstrouslyunfairifitrequiredeachdisputanttodevoteherentirelifetoapainstakingprocessoffact-findingandconsumedthegreatbulkofthesocialproducttofinancetheenterprise.Theadditionoftheseuncontroversialpremisestoourmodestassumptionthatoutcomescountyieldstheconclusionthatevenfromtheexpostperspectiveafairproceduremust,ataminimum,strikeafairorreasonablebalancebetweenthebenefitsofaccurateoutcomesandthecostsimposedbythesystemofprocedures.

Proceduralperfectionisunattainable:noconceivablesystemofprocedurecanguaranteeperfectaccuracy.Approachingproceduralperfectionisunaffordable:asystemthatachievedthehighestpossibledegreeofaccuracywouldbeintolerablycostly.

1.Fromthefirstparagraph,wecanknowthattheauthoris___.

2.AnidealprocedurewouldNOT___.

3.Theauthorthinksthatafairproceduremuststrikeafairorreasonablebalancethebenefitsandthecosts.Accordingtothe2ndparagraph,whichoneisNOTacostmentionedbytheauthor?

4.Fromthelastparagraphonecaninferthat___.

问题1选项

A.rebuttingsomeone’sviewthatproceduresareunimportant

B.arguingthatproceduresareunimportant

C.distinguishingprocedurelawfromsubstantivelaw

D.settingthecriteriaforjustoutcomes

问题2选项

A.discernthetruthaboutthefacts

B.applythelawtothefactswithaccuracy

C.guaranteecorrectoutcomes

D.bedifferentevenifthesubstantivelawappliedisdifferent

问题3选项

A.Anunjustawardwheretheplaintiffhastopaymorethanthevalueofjudgment.

B.Alife-longfact-findingprocesstoachieve100%accuracy.

C.Thegreatbulkofproductsproducedbyanenterprise.

D.Thesocialproductsconsumedtosupportthesystem.

问题4选项

A.proceduralperfectionisunattainable

B.afairprocedurecanonlyexistwhenkeepingabalancebetweenbenefitsandcosts

C.approachingproceduralperfectionisunaffordable

D.nosystemofprocedurecanguaranteeperfectaccuracy

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:D

第3题:C

第4题:B

【解析】1.事实细节题。根据题干定位到第一段第一句Evenifweweretoacceptthisdeflationaryviewofproceduraljusticeasourstartingpoint,itwouldnotfollowthatproceduresareunimportant.（即使我们将这种关于程序正义的通缩观点作为我们的出发点，也不会得出程序不重要的结论）可知选A选项“反驳一些人认为程序不重要的观点”，同时可知B选项“争论程序不重要”错误，作者认为程序是重要的；C选项“区分程序法和实体法”原文第一段未提及；第一段第二句Ifwebeginwithcriteriaforajustoutcome,thenitfollowsthatoursystemofdisputeresolutionshouldbedesignedtodecidecontroversiesinaccordwiththesecriteria.（如果我们从公正结果的标准开始，那么我们的争端解决制度就应该根据这些标准来决定争端）得知D选项“为公正的结果设定标准”和原文不符合，原文没有提到为公正的结果设定标准。因此A选项正确。

2.事实细节题。根据题干定位到第一段Ifwetaketherulesofsubstantivelaw(torts,contracts,property,andsoforth)asappliedtothefacts(thestateoftheworld)asthecriteriaforjustoutcomes,thentheidealprocedurewoulddiscernthetruthaboutthefactsandapplythelawtothosefactswithone-hundredpercentaccuracy.（如果我们把适用于事实（世界状况）的实体法规则（侵权行为、合同、财产等）作为公正结果的标准，那么理想的程序将辨别事实的真相和法律适用于那些事实，准确率百分之百）可知A选项“辨明事实的真相”,，B选项“正确地将法律适用于事实”以及C选项“保证正确的结果”对应原文，D选项“即使适用的实体法不同，也不一样”原文未提及。因此D选项符合题意。

3.事实细节题。根据题干定位到第二段Anoutcomethatincludesadamageawardthatreflectsanaccurateapplicationofthesubstantivelawtothefactsmightnonethelessbeunjustiftheplaintiffwhowasentitledtoprevailhadtopaymoreinattorneys’feesthanthevalueofthejudgment.（但是，如果有权胜诉的原告支付的律师费高于判决的价值，那么包括损害赔偿裁决在内的结果可能是不公正的，因为损害赔偿裁决反映了实体法对事实的准确适用）可知A选项“一种不公正的判决，原告必须支付比判决价值更多的钱”有提及；第二段Adisputeresolutionsystemthatachievedone-hundredpercentaccuracywouldbeviewedasmonstrouslyunfairifitrequiredeachdisputanttodevoteherentirelifetoapainstakingprocessoffact-findingandconsumedthegreatbulkofthesocialproducttofinancetheenterprise.（一个百分之百准确的纠纷解决系统，如果要求每一个纠纷人一生都致力于一个艰苦的事实调查过程，并消耗大量的社会产品为企业融资，那么它将被视为极其不公平的）可知B选项“一个终生的事实调查过程，以达到100%的准确性”，D选项“社会产品消费支持该系统”在原文中有提及；C选项“一个企业生产的大量产品”原文未涉及。因此C选项符合题意。

4.推理判断题。根据题干定位到最后一段Proceduralperfectionisunattainable:noconceivablesystemofprocedurecanguaranteeperfectaccuracy.Approachingproceduralperfectionisunaffordable:asystemthatachievedthehighestpossibledegreeofaccuracywouldbeintolerablycostly.（程序的完善是不可能实现的：任何一个可以想象的程序体系都不能保证完美的准确性。接近程序上的完美是负担不起的：一个达到尽可能高的准确度的系统将是难以忍受的代价），结合第二段最后一句evenfromtheexpostperspectiveafairproceduremust,ataminimum,strikeafairorreasonablebalancebetweenthebenefitsofaccurateoutcomesandthecostsimposedbythesystemofprocedures（即使从事后的角度来看，公平程序至少必须在准确结果的利益与程序制度所施加的费用之间达成公平或合理的平衡）可知尽可能高的准确度的系统是指准确结果的利益与程序制度所施加的费用之间达成高度平衡，则公平的程序只有在保持利益和成本之间的平衡时才能存在，选B选项“公平的程序只有在保持利益和成本之间的平衡时才能存在”；A选项“程序的完美是无法达到的”，C选项“接近程序的完美是无法承受的”以及D选项“没有程序系统可以保证完美的准确性”都是最后一段直接给出的信息，而不是推测得出的，不符合题意。因此B选项正确。

12.单选题

It’susuallythecasethatpeopleseldombehaveina___waywheninafuriousstate.

问题1选项

A.stable

B.rational

C.legal

D.credible

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项stable“稳定的，牢固的；稳重的，沉稳的；持久的”；B选项rational“合理的；理性的”；C选项legal“法律的；合法的；法定的；依照法律的”；D选项credible“可靠的，可信的”。句意：通常情况下，人们在暴怒状态下很少会做出___行为。本句表达“很少有人在暴怒时能做出理性的行为”，因此B选项正确。

13.单选题

Theyuse___salestacticstodefeattheirmajorcompetitor.

问题1选项

A.immoral

B.immortal

C.unscrupulous

D.ambitious

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项immoral“不道德的（生活作风上的道德上的错误）；邪恶的；淫荡的”；B选项immortal“不朽的；神仙的；长生的”；C选项unscrupulous“肆无忌惮的；寡廉鲜耻的；不讲道德的（不诚实或不公平）”；D选项ambitious“野心勃勃的；有雄心的；热望的；炫耀的”。句意：他们使用___销售策略来击败主要的竞争对手。本句表达“肆无忌惮的销售策略”，指不诚信、不公平的销售手段，和生活作风无关。因此C选项正确。

14.单选题

Ⅵ.Internationalenvironmentallawseemstohavereachedanimpasse.Thisishardlysurprising:thecomplexityofenvironmentalproblems,evenwhenconsideredapartfromunderlyingsocial,political,andeconomicfactors,isstaggering.Scientificunderstandingsofenvironmentaldegradationanditscausesevolverapidly.Theunderlyingcausesofsuchdegradationareveryoftenactivitiesthatbringsignificantsocialandeconomicbenefits,withtheresultthatpoliticalauthoritieshavenowishtoprohibitorstrictlyregulatethem;incentivestructuresmayoftenconstituteamorepromisingavenue.Thecomplexityofquestionsabouthumanimpactsontheenvironmentandhowtodecreaseormitigatethemcallsforahighdegreeofspecialization,whileatthesametimerequiringcoordinatedactiononanumberoffronts.Inlightofthesechallenges,internationalenvironmentallawhasfollowedatrajectorythatseemsinevitable:fromgeneralruleswhosevaguenessoftenimpededtheirusefulnesstohighlyspecialized,technicalregimesfocusedonnarrowly-definedphenomenaandinteractingwitheachotherinaratherhesitantandclumsyfashion,andmorerecentlytotheaccelerationoftransnational,includingnon-state,regimebuilding.Itbecomesincreasinglydifficulttodiscerntheparticularcontributionthatlawcanmaketoenvironmentalprotectionasittakesontheroleofhandmaidentoscience,economics,politics,ethics,andothersocialsystems.

Inhisdiscussionsofthemanagerialmindsetandthedemoralizationoflaw,Koskenniemifrequentlymakesreferencetoenvironmentallaw,notablytothecarvingoutofimplementationandcomplianceproceduresfromthegenerallawofstateresponsibility,totheincreasedresorttosoftlaw,andtotheheavyrelianceonequitablebalancing.Abriefsketchofthearchitectureofinternationalenvironmentallawrevealsvague,generalprinciplesatoneend;highlydetailedandtechnicalrulesandstandardsarticulatedatthelevelofspecializedregimesattheotherend;andaseriesofpotentiallyusefulbutunderspecified—and,unfortunately,largelyuninfluential—proceduralrulesbetweenthetwo.Furthermore,alargenumberofgeneralprinciplesandregime-specificstandardstaketheformofsoftlaw.Attemptstofleshoutaseriesofgeneralrightsandobligationsforstates(andpotentiallyforotheractors,aswell)havebeenongoing,butthoseeffortsseemtohavefalteredwiththepublicationbytheInternationalLawCommission(ILC)ofthe2001DraftArticlesonPreventionofTransboundaryHarmfromHazardousActivitiesandthe2006DraftPrinciplesontheAllocationofLossinthecaseofTransboundaryHarmarisingoutofHazardousActivities.

1.InternationalenvironmentallawseemstohavereachedanimpasseNOTbecause___.

2.Internationalenvironmentallawhasfollowedapathfrom___to___.

3.Koskenniemiusesenvironmentallawtoillustrate___.

4.Betweenthetwoendsofinternationalenvironmentallaware___.

问题1选项

A.thecomplexityofenvironmentalproblems

B.theunderlyingcausesofthedegradationareveryoftenactivitiesthatbringsignificantsocialandeconomicbenefits

C.scientificunderstandingsofenvironmentaldegradationanditscausesevolverapidly

D.politicalauthoritieshavenowishtostrictlyregulateenvironment

问题2选项

A.generalrules,clumsyfashion

B.generalrules,interactingwitheachother

C.generalrules,highlyspecializedregimes

D.generalrules,science,economics,politics,ethics,andothersocialsystems

问题3选项

A.generallawofstateresponsibility

B.thedemoralizationoflaw

C.theincreasedresorttosoftlaw

D.theheavyrelianceonequitablebalancing

问题4选项

A.seriesofproceduralrules

B.generalprinciples

C.highlydetailedandtechnicalrulesandstandards

D.largelyuninfluentialrules

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:B

第4题:A

【解析】1.事实细节题。根据题干定位到第一段Scientificunderstandingsofenvironmentaldegradationanditscausesevolverapidly.Theunderlyingcausesofsuchdegradationareveryoftenactivitiesthatbringsignificantsocialandeconomicbenefits,withtheresultthatpoliticalauthoritieshavenowishtoprohibitorstrictlyregulatethem;incentivestructuresmayoftenconstituteamorepromisingavenue.（对环境退化及其原因的科学认识迅速演变。这种退化的根本原因往往是带来重大社会和经济利益的活动，其结果是政治当局无意禁止或严格管制这些活动；激励结构往往构成一种更有前途的途径）可知D选项“政治当局不希望严格管理环境”是国际环境法似乎陷入了僵局的结果，B选项“退化的根本原因往往是那些带来重大社会和经济利益的活动”和C选项“对环境退化及其原因的科学认识迅速演变”是国际环境法似乎陷入了僵局的原因；第一段Thisishardlysurprising:thecomplexityofenvironmentalproblems,evenwhenconsideredapartfromunderlyingsocial,political,andeconomicfactors,isstaggering.（这不足为奇：环境问题的复杂性，即使撇开潜在的社会、政治和经济因素考虑，也是惊人的）可知A选项“环境问题的复杂性”是国际环境法似乎陷入了僵局的原因。因此D选项符合题意。

2.事实细节题。根据题干定位到原文第一段Inlightofthesechallenges,internationalenvironmental