2022年考研考博-考博英语-华东交通大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号94

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-华东交通大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题

Thetopmanagersarefullof（）towardthesalesvolumeofmobilephonesnextyear.

问题1选项

A.curiosity

B.optimism

C.passion

D.attitude

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项curiosity“好奇心，求知欲”，B选项optimism“乐观，乐观主义”，C选项passion“激情，热情”，D选项attitude“态度，看法”，句意：高级经理们对明年的手机销量非常乐观。因此，B选项符合句意。

2.单选题

Manythingsmakepeoplethinkartistsareweirdandtheweirdestmaybethis:artists’onlyjobistoexploreemotions,andyettheychoosetofocusontheonesthatfeelbad.

Thiswasn’talwaysso.Theearliestformsofart,likepaintingandmusic,arethosebestsuitedforexpressingjoy.Butsomewhereinthe19thcentury,moreartistsbeganseeinghappinessasinsipid,phonyor,worstofall,boringaswewentfromWordsworth’sdaffodilstoBaudelaire’sflowersofevil.

Youcouldarguethatartbecamemoreskepticalofhappinessbecausemoderntimeshaveseensuchmisery.Butit’snotasifearliertimesdidn’tknowperpetualwar,disasterandthemassacreofinnocents.Thereason,infact,maybejusttheopposite:thereistoomuchdamnhappinessintheworldtoday.

Afterall,whatistheonemodernformofexpressionalmostcompletelydedicatedtodepictinghappiness?Advertising.Theriseofanti-happyartalmostexactlytrackstheemergenceofmassmedia,andwithit,acommercialcultureinwhichhappinessisnotjustanidealbutanideology.

Peopleinearliererasweresurroundedbyremindersofmisery.Theyworkeduntilexhausted,livedwithfewprotectionsanddiedyoung.IntheWest,beforemasscommunicationandliteracy,themostpowerfulmassmediumwasthechurch,whichremindedworshippersthattheirsoulswereinperilandthattheywouldsomedaybemeatforworms.Givenallthis,theydidnotexactlyneedtheirarttobeabummertoo.

TodaythemessagesyouraverageWesternerisbombardedwitharenotreligiousbutcommercial,andforeverhappy.Fast-foodeaters,newsanchors,textmessengers,allsmiling,smiling.Ourmagazinesfeaturebeamingcelebritiesandhappyfamiliesinperfecthomes.Andsincethesemessageshaveanagenda—tolureustoopenourwallets—theymaketheveryideaofhappinessseemunreliable.“Celebrate!”commandedtheadsforthearthritisdrugCelebrex,beforewefoundoutitcouldincreasetheriskofheartattacks.

Butwhatweforget—whatoureconomydependsonisforgetting—isthathappinessismorethanpleasurewithoutpain.Thethingsthatbringthegreatestjoycarrythegreatestpotentialforlossanddisappointment.Today,surroundedbypromisesofeasyhappiness,weneedsomeonetotellusasreligiononcedid,Mementomori:rememberthatyouwilldie,thateverythingends,andthathappinesscomesnotindenyingthisbutinlivingwithit.It’samessageevenmorebitterthanaclovecigarette,yet,somehow,abreathoffreshair.

1.BycitingtheexampleofpoetsWordsworthandBaudelaire,theauthorintendstoshowthat（）

2.Theword“bummer”(Line4.paragraph5)mostprobablymeanssomething（）.

3.Intheauthor’sopinion,advertising（）.

4.Wecanlearnfromthelastparagraphthattheauthorbelieves（）

5.Whichofthefollowingistrueofthetext?

问题1选项

A.poetryisnotasexpressiveofjoyaspaintingormusic.

B.artgrowoutofbothpositiveandnegativefeeling.

C.artisthavechangedtheirfocusofinterest.

D.poetstodayarelessskepticalofhappiness.

问题2选项

A.unpleasant

B.religious

C.entertaining

D.commercial

问题3选项

A.emergesinthewakeoftheanti-happypart

B.createsanillusionofhappinessratherthanhappinessitself

C.replacethechurchasamajorsourceofinformation

D.isacauseofdisappointmentforthegeneralpublic

问题4选项

A.happinessmoreoftenthannotendsinsadness.

B.theanti-happyartisdistastefulbyrefreshing.

C.miseryshouldbeenjoyedratherthandenied.

D.theanti-happyartflourisheswheneconomybooms.

问题5选项

A.Massmediaareinclinedtocoverdisastersanddeaths.

B.Artprovidesabalancebetweenexpectationandreality.

C.Peoplefeeldisappointedattherealitiesofmorality.

D.Religiononcefunctionedasareminderofmisery.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:B

第4题:B

第5题:D

【解析】1.判断推理题。题目问的是：作者以诗人华兹华斯和波德莱尔为例，意在说明什么？根据关键词“WordsworthandBaudelaire”定位到第二段最后一句Butsomewhereinthe19thcentury,moreartistsbeganseeinghappinessasinsipid,phonyor,worstofall,boringaswewentfromWordsworth’sdaffodilstoBaudelaire’sflowersofevil.（但是在19世纪的某个时候，越来越多的艺术家开始认为幸福是平淡的、虚假的，或者更糟糕的是，令人厌烦的，这点可以从威廉•华兹华斯的《水仙花》到波德莱尔把鲜花描述为邪恶的转变之中看出。）本段前面的内容还提及“最早的艺术形式，如绘画和音乐，是最适合表达快乐的”，前后形成对比构成了转折关系，作者是想表达艺术家们改变了他们的关注点，过去的艺术形式是表达幸福和快乐，现在是虚假的幸福。所以选项C正确。

2.词义推断题。题目问的是：下面哪一个词与“bummer”意思相近？根据题干信息定位到第五段最后两句IntheWest,beforemasscommunicationandliteracy,themostpowerfulmassmediumwasthechurch,whichremindedworshippersthattheirsoulswereinperilandthattheywouldsomedaybemeatforworms.Givenallthis,theydidnotexactlyneedtheirarttobeabummertoo.（在西方的大众传媒和教育普及之前，最强大的传播媒介就是教堂，它提醒信徒，他们的灵魂处于危险之中，他们总有一天会成为蠕虫的食物。考虑到这一切，他们并不需要自己的艺术也成为一个失败者。）关键词在于“too”，由此可推测“bummer”的意思与上一句有关联，表示的是消极负面的意义，所以选项A与之意思最为接近。

3.细节事实题。题目问的是：作者认为广告是怎样的？根据第六段的倒数第二句Andsincethesemessageshaveanagenda—tolureustoopenourwallets—theymaketheveryideaofhappinessseemunreliable.（而且，由于这些信息都有一个目的——引诱我们打开钱包——它们使幸福的概念看起来并不可靠。）由此可知，B选项“制造幸福的幻觉，而不是幸福本身”正确。

4.判断推理题。题目问的是：我们可以从最后一段了解到，作者相信什么？根据本段的最后一句It’samessageevenmorebitterthanaclovecigarette,yet,somehow,abreathoffreshair.（这——指的是反幸福的艺术——是一个比丁香香烟更苦涩的信息，但不知怎的，却是一股新鲜空气。）由此可知，B选项与原文表述一致，所以正确。

5.判断推理题。题目问的是：下列哪一个选项是正确的？A选项：大众媒体倾向于报道灾难和死亡；B选项：艺术提供了期望和现实之间的平衡；C选项：人们对道德的现实感到失望；D选项：宗教曾起到提醒痛苦的作用。选项A、B、C在原文均没有信息提及，只有D选项在原文最后一段提及，所以选项D正确。

3.单选题

Manyobjectsindailyusehaveclearlybeeninfluencedbyscience,buttheirformandfunction,theirdimensionsandappearanceweredeterminedbytechnologists,artisans,designers,inventors,andengineers—usingnonscientificmodesofthought.Manyfeaturesandqualitiesoftheobjectsthatatechnologistthinksaboutcannotbereducedtounambiguousverbaldescriptions;theyaredealtwithinthemindbyavisual,nonverbalprocess.InthedevelopmentofWesterntechnology,ithasbeennonverbalthinking,byandlarge,thathasfixedtheoutlinesandfilledinthedetails,androcketsexistnotbecauseofgeometryorthermodynamics,butbecausetheywerefirstapictureinthemindsofthosewhobuiltthem.

Thecreativeshapingprocessofatechnologist’smindcanbeseeninnearlyeveryartifactthatexists.Forexample,indesigningadieselengine,atechnologistmightimpressindividualwaysofnonverbalthinkingonthemachinebycontinuallyusinganintuitivesenseofrightnessandfitness.Whatwouldbetheshapeofthecombustionchamber?Whereshouldbethevalvesplayed?Shouldithavealongorshortpiston?Suchquestionshavearangeofanswersthataresuppliedbyexperience,byphysicalrequirements,bylimitationsofavailablespace,andnotleastbyasenseofform.Somedecisions,suchaswallthicknessandpindiameter,maydependonscientificcalculations,butthenonscientificcomponentofdesignremainsprimary.

Designcourses,then,shouldbeanessentialelementinengineeringcurricula.Nonverbalthinking,acentralmechanisminengineeringdesign,involvesperceptions,thestockintradeoftheartist,notthescientist.Becauseperceptiveprocessesarenotassumedtoentail“hardthinking”,nonverbalthoughtissometimesseenasaprimitivestageinthedevelopmentofcognitiveprocessandinferiortoverbalormathematicalthought.ButitisparadoxicalthatwhenthestaffoftheHistoricAmericanEngineeringRecordwishedtohavedrawingsmadeofmachinesandisometric(等距)viewsofindustrialprocessesforitshistoricalrecordofAmericanengineering,theonlycollegestudentswiththerequisiteabilitieswerenotengineeringstudents,butratherstudentsattendingarchitecturalschools.

Ifcoursesindesign,whichinastronglyanalyticalengineeringcurriculumprovidethebackgroundrequiredforpracticalproblemsolving,arenotprovided,wecanexpecttoencountersillybutcostlyerrorsoccurringinadvancedengineeringsystems.Forexample,earlymodelsofhighspeedrailroadcarsloadedwithsophisticatedcontrolswereunabletooperateinasnowstormbecauseafansuckedsnowintotheelectricalsystem.Absurdrandomfailuresthatplagueautomaticcontrolsystemsarenotmerelytrivialaberrations,theyareareflectionofthechaosthatresultswhendesignisassumedtobeprimarilyaprobleminmathematics.

1.Accordingtotheauthor,whatistheuseofnonscientificthinking?

2.Itcanbeinferredthattheengineeringcurricula（）.

3.Bysaying“paradoxical”inthethirdparagraph,theauthorpointsoutthat（）.

4.Whichofthefollowingisprobablyinaccordancewiththeauthor’sidea?

问题1选项

A.Criticalthinkingmaybederivedfromnonscientificthinking.

B.Manyfeaturesandqualitiesofanobjectcanbeimagined.

C.Manyobjectsarecreatedwithclearverbaldescriptions.

D.Peoplefromdifferenttradesmaybenefitfromnonscientificthinking.

问题2选项

A.arestrongdespitetheabsenceofnonscientificmodesofthinking

B.shouldnotemphasizenonverbalthinkinginallcourses

C.arethoughttoincludeverbalormathematicalcourse

D.canbestrengthenedwhentheyincludecoursesindesign

问题3选项

A.engineeringstudentsdonotunderstandthehistoryofAmericanengineering

B.engineeringstudentsshouldknowmorethanarchitecturalstudents

C.engineeringstudentsshouldperceiveanddesignbetterthanarchitecturalstudentsdo

D.engineeringstudentsneglecttheimportanceofdrawings

问题4选项

A.Mathematicalthinkingisessentialtoanydesigncourse.

B.Nonverbalthinkinghasitsadvantagesoverotherperceptiveprocesses.

C.Engineeringdesigndemandsscientificthought.

D.Artistsplayaprimitiveroleinengineeringwork.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:D

第3题:C

第4题:B

【解析】1.推理判断题。由题干关键词“nonscientificthinking”可以定位到文章第一段第一句buttheirformandfunction,theirdimensionsandappearanceweredeterminedbytechnologists,artisans,designers,inventors,andengineers—usingnonscientificmodesofthought.（但它们的形式和功能、尺寸和外观是由技术人员、工匠、设计师、发明家和工程师用非科学的思维模式决定的。），说明各个行业的人都可以用到非科学的思维模式。因此D选项“不同行业的人可能从非科学思维中受益”正确。A选项“批判性思维可能来源于非科学思维”，文中没有提及批判性思维，所以A错误。B选项“一个物体的许多特征和品质是可以想象的”不是说的非科学性思维的用处，所以B错误。C选项“许多对象都是用清晰的语言描述创建的”，由原文Manyfeaturesandqualitiesoftheobjectsthatatechnologistthinksaboutcannotbereducedtounambiguousverbaldescriptions（技术专家思考的对象的许多特征和品质不能简化为明确的语言描述），说明不能用清晰的语言描述创建，所以C错误。

2.推理判断题。由题干关键词“engineeringcurricula”可以定位到文章第三段第一句Designcourses,then,shouldbeanessentialelementinengineeringcurricula.（因此，设计课程应该是工程课程的一个基本元素。），说明设计课程对于工程学课程来说很重要。因此D选项“如果工程学课程包括设计课的话，课程会得到加强”正确。A选项“尽管缺乏非科学的思维模式，但仍然很强大”，由原文Nonverbalthinking,acentralmechanisminengineeringdesign,involvesperceptions,thestockintradeoftheartist,notthescientist.（非语言思维是工程设计的核心机制，它涉及到感知，是艺术家而非科学家的惯用手段。）可知工程学课程包含了非科学思维，所以A错误。B选项“不应在所有课程中强调非语言思维”，C选项“被认为包括语言或数学课程”在文中没有提及，所以B，C错误。

3.语义推测题。由题干关键词“paradoxical”可以定位到文章第三段第四句ButitisparadoxicalthatwhenthestaffoftheHistoricAmericanEngineeringRecordwishedtohavedrawingsmadeofmachinesandisometricviewsofindustrialprocessesforitshistoricalrecordofAmericanengineering,theonlycollegestudentswiththerequisiteabilitieswerenotengineeringstudents,butratherstudentsattendingarchitecturalschools.（但自相矛盾的是，当《美国工程历史记录》的工作人员希望让人画出机器的图纸和工业过程的等距视图，用于其对美国工程的历史记录时，具备必要能力的大学生却不是工科生，而是就读于建筑学院的学生。），说明要求非语言思维的工程专业学生本应该有更好的感知和设计能力，但他们却不如建筑学院的学生，这是自相矛盾的。因此C选项“工程专业的学生应该比建筑专业的学生更好地感知和设计”正确。A选项“工程专业的学生不了解美国工程的历史”，B选项“工程专业的学生应该比建筑专业的学生懂得更多”，D选项“工程专业的学生忽视了图纸的重要性”都不是作者想指出的内容，所以A，B，D错误。

4.观点态度题。A选项“数学思维对任何设计课程都是必不可少的”，由原文theyareareflectionofthechaosthatresultswhendesignisassumedtobeprimarilyaprobleminmathematics.（当设计被认为主要是一个数学问题时，它们反映了产生的混乱。），说明数学思维对于设计来说不是必不可少的，所以A错误。C选项“工程设计需要科学的思想”，由原文可知作者强调的是非科学思维，所以C错误。D选项“艺术家在工程工作中扮演着原始的角色”在文中没有提及所以D错误。B选项“非语言思维比其他知觉过程有优势”，由原文可知在很多方面都需要用到非语言思维，说明作者认为非语言思维是有优势的，所以B选项最能代表作者的观点。

4.单选题

A:Lee,haveyouseenthatnewvampiremovieeveryone’stalkingabout?

B:No,Ihaven’t,I（）horrorfilms.

问题1选项

A.loathe

B.discard

C.resolve

D.contest

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项loathe“讨厌”；B选项discard“抛弃”；C选项resolve“决定”；D选项contest“竞争”。句意：A：李，你看过人人都在谈论的那部最新的吸血鬼电影了吗?B：我没看过，我讨厌恐怖片。本句表示讨厌恐怖片。因此A选项正确。

5.单选题

Undertheguidanceoftheirteacher,thepupilsarebuildingamodelboat（）bysteam.

问题1选项

A.towed

B.pressed

C.tossed

D.propelled

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项towed“拖，拉”；B选项pressed“按，压”；C选项tossed“抛，扬起”；D选项propelled“推进，推动”。句意：在老师的指导下，学生们正在制作一艘由蒸汽推动的模型船。本句表示推进船的动力，因此D选项正确。

6.单选题

Inthelightofthecurrentsituation,Ihavetoreviewmyplans.

问题1选项

A.Throwinglighton

B.Inlinewith

C.Inaccordancewith

D.Intermsof

【答案】C

【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项Throwinglighton“阐明”；B选项Inlinewith“符合”；C选项Inaccordancewith“依照”；D选项Intermsof“在……方面”。句意：鉴于目前的形势，我得重新考虑我的计划。划线部分Inthelightof是根据、按照的意思。因此C选项正确。

7.单选题

Someeducatorstrytoputstudentsofsimilarabilitiesintothesameclassbecausetheybelievethiskindof（）groupingisadvisable.

问题1选项

A.homogeneous

B.instantaneous

C.spontaneous

D.anonymous

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项homogeneous“同性质的”；B选项instantaneous“瞬间的”；C选项spontaneous“无意识的”；D选项anonymous“匿名的”。句意：有些教育工作者试图把能力相似的学生分到同一个班级，因为他们认为这种同质的分组是可取的。本句表示把能力相似的学生分到一个班是一种同质性的分组。因此A选项正确。

8.单选题

Ihavenoideaoffashion,somychoiceofclothesseemsquitearbitrary.

问题1选项

A.assertive

B.decisive

C.optional

D.tasteful

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项assertive“肯定的”；B选项decisive“决定性的”；C选项optional“随意的”；D选项tasteful“有品位的”。句意：我对时尚一窍不通，所以我对衣服的选择似乎很随意。划线部分arbitrary是随意的意思。因此C选项正确。

9.单选题

Immigrationofficialshavetobeverycarefulindecidingwhetherto（）alloronlysomeofthoseillegalimmigrants.

问题1选项

A.dissolve

B.deport

C.distract

D.detect

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项dissolve“解散，使溶解”，B选项deport，“驱逐出境，放逐”，C选项“转移，分散”，D选项detect“察觉，发现”。句意：移民官员在决定是将全部非法移民驱逐出境还是仅将部分非法移民驱逐出境时必须非常谨慎。因此,B选项符合句意。

10.单选题

Whilestillcatching-uptomeninsomespheresofmodernlife,womenappeartobewayaheadinatleastoneundesirablecategory.“Womenareparticularlysusceptibletodevelopingdepressionandanxietydisordersinresponsetostresscomparedtomen,”accordingtoDr.Yehuda,chiefpsychiatristatNewYork’sVeteran’sAdministrationHospital.

Studiesofbothanimalsandhumanshaveshownthatsexhormonessomehowaffectsthestressresponse,causingfemalesunderstresstoproducemoreofthetriggerchemicalsthandomalesunderthesameconditions.Inseveralofthestudies,whenstressed-outfemaleratshadtheirovaries(thefemalereproductiveorgans)removed,theirchemicalresponsesbecameequaltothoseofthemales.

Addingtoawoman’sincreaseddoseofstresschemicals,areherincreased“opportunities”forstress.“It’snotnecessarilythatwomendon’tcopeaswell.It’sjustthattheyhavesomuchmoretocopewith,”saysDr.Yehuda.“Theircapacityfortoleratingstressmayevenbegreaterthanmen’s,”sheobserves,“it’sjustthatthey’redealingwithsomanymorethingsthattheybecomewornoutfromitmorevisiblyandsooner.”

Dr.Yehudanotesanotherdifferencebetweenthesexes.“Ithinkthatthekindsofthingsthatwomenareexposedtotendtobeinmoreofachronicorrepeatednature.Mengotowarandareexposedtocombatstress.Menareexposedtomoreactsofrandomphysicalviolence.Thekindsofinterpersonalviolencethatwomenareexposedtotendtobeindomesticsituations,by,unfortunately,parentsorotherfamilynumbers,andtheytendnottobeone-shotdeals.Thewear-and-tearthatcomesfromtheselongerrelationshipscanbequitedevastating.”

AdelineAlvarezmarriedat18andgavebirthtoason,butwasdeterminedtofinishcollege.“Istruggledalottogetthecollegedegree.Iwaslivinginsomuchfrustrationthatthatwasmyescape,togotoschool,andgetaheadanddobetter.”Later,hermarriageendedandshebecameasinglemother.“It’sthehardestthingtotakecareofateenager,haveajob,paytherent,paythecarpayment,andpaythedebt.Ilivedfrompaychecktopaycheck.”

NoteveryoneexperiencesthekindsofseverechronicstressesAlvarezdescribes.Butmostwomentodayarecopingwithalotofobligations,withfewbreaks,andfeelingthestrain.Alvarez’sexperiencedemonstratestheimportanceoffindingwaystodiffusestressbeforeitthreatensyourhealthandyourabilitytofunction.

1.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs？

2.Dr.Yehuda’sresearchsuggeststhatwomen（）

3.AccordingtoParagraph4,thestresswomenconfronttendstobe（）

4.Thesentence“Ilivedfrompaychecktopaycheck.”(Line4,Para.5)showsthat（）

5.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

问题1选项

A.Womenaremoreexperiencedthanmenincopingwithstress.

B.Menandwomenshowdifferentinclinationswhenfacedwithstress.

C.Womenarebiologicallymorevulnerabletostress.

D.Womenarestillsufferingmuchstresscausedbymen.

问题2选项

A.havelimitedcapacityfortoleratingstress.

B.needextradosesofchemicalstohandlestress.

C.areexposedtomorestress.

D.aremorecapableofavoidingstress.

问题3选项

A.domesticandtemporary.

B.durableandfrequent.

C.irregularandviolent.

D.trivialandrandom.

问题4选项

A.Alvarezcaredaboutnothingbutmakingmoney.

B.Alvarezgotpaychecksfromdifferentjobs.

C.Alvarez’ssalarybarelycoveredherhouseholdexpenses.

D.Alvarezpaidpracticallyeverythingbycheck.

问题5选项

A.StrainofStress:NoWayOut?

B.ResponsestoStress:GenderDifference

C.StressAnalysis:WhatChemicalsSay

D.GenderInequality:WomenUnderStress

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:C

第3题:B

第4题:C

第5题:D

【解析】1.判断推理题。题目问的是：根据前两段的内容，下列哪一项是正确的？根据原文第一段的第二句Womenareparticularlysusceptibletodevelopingdepressionandanxietydisordersinresponsetostresscomparedtomen…（与男性相比，女性在面对压力时特别容易患上抑郁症和焦虑症）以及第二段第一句Studiesofbothanimalsandhumanshaveshownthatsexhormonessomehowaffectthestressresponse,causingfemalesunderstresstoproducemoreofthetriggerchemicalsthandomalesunderthesameconditions.（对动物和人类的研究表明，性激素会以某种方式影响应激反应，使处于压力下的女性比处于相同条件下的男性产生更多的触发化学物质。）由此可知，C选项“从生理上来看，女性更容易受到压力的影响”表述正确。故本题正确答案为C选项。

2.判断推理题。题目问的是：Dr.Yehuda的研究表明女性……。根据原文第三段第一句Addingtoawoman’sincreaseddoseofstresschemicals,areherincreased“opportunities”forstress.（女性压力大的原因除了是因为激素增加导致压力大外，还因为增加了造成压力的“机会”。）由此可知，C选项“会承受更多的压力”正确。因此本题正确答案为C选项。

3.细节事实题。题目问的是：根据第四段的内容，女性面临的压力往往是？根据第四段第二句…womenareexposedtotendtobeinmoreofachronicorrepeatednature.（女性所面临的压力更多是慢性或重复性的性质。）由此可知，B选项的“持久的，频繁的”符合原文表述。A选项“家庭内部的，暂时性的”；C选项“不规律的，暴力的”；D选项“琐碎的，偶然的”均不正确。

4.语义推断题。题目问的是：“我生活在不停的支票支付中”是什么意思？根据原文第五段的内容可知，Alvarez作为单身母亲，有很大的生活压力，她要照顾十几岁的孩子，还要工作，付房租，付汽车费用，还要还债务。由此可见，她的工资早已捉襟见肘，难以支撑家庭开支。选项C与原文表述一致，所以正确。

5.主旨大意题。题目问的是：这篇文章最恰当的标题是？本文通过讲述两性在生理以及实际生活中的差异，描述了女性在压力面前的表现，侧重分析了女性压力大的主要原因。A选项没有集中于体现男女之间的差异，因此A选项错误；B选项只是表明男女之间在压力方面存在差异，并未侧重表现女性要面对更多压力；C选项表示只是属于造成压力的其中一个因素，不能概括文章全部内容。因此本题正确答案为D选项。

11.单选题

TheplanetVenus,likeEarth,spinsonitsown（）asitorbitstheSun.

问题1选项

A.splinter

B.index

C.axis

D.trace

【答案】C

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项splinter“碎片”；B选项index“指数”；C选项axis“轴线”；D选项trace“痕迹”。句意：金星和地球一样，绕着太阳公转，也绕着自己的轴心自转。本句表示自转轴。因此C选项正确。

12.单选题

Iamnot（）withmyroommatebutIhavetosharetheroomwithher,becauseIhavenowhereelsetolive.

问题1选项

A.concerned

B.compatible

C.considerate

D.complied

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项concerned“有关的”；B选项compatible“兼容的，能共处的”；C选项considerate“体贴的，考虑周到的”；D选项complied（comply的过去分词形式）“遵照，顺从”。根据句意可知，因为我无处可去所以不得不和室友住在一起，由but可知，我和室友应该是无法和谐共处。becompatiblewith为固定搭配，意为“适合，一致”。所以选项B正确。

13.单选题

Manyyoungpeopleinvolvedinforcedmarriageshavetofacea（）,thatis,theylovetheirparentsbuttheyalsowanttopursuetruelove.

问题1选项

A.dilemma

B.confrontation

C.doctrine

D.conflict

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项dilemma“进退两难”，B选项confrontation“争执，对抗”，C选项doctrine“教义，学说，信条”，D选项conflict“争执，分歧”，句意:许多卷入逼婚的年轻人不得不面对一个两难的境地，即他们爱父母，但也想追求真爱。因此，A选项符合句意。

14.单选题

WhenI（）mysenses,Ifoundmyselfwrappedupinbedinmylittleroom,withGrandmabendingoverme.

问题1选项

A.wokeup

B.tookto

C.pickedup

D.cameto

【答案】D

【解析】考查固定搭配。cometoone’ssense意为“清醒过来；恢复理性”。句意：当我回过神来，发现自己正裹在小房间的床上，奶奶正俯身看着我。选项D符合语境。

15.单选题

Ifsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonwork-forceskills,Americanfirmshaveaproblem.Human-resourcemanagementisnottraditionallyseenascentraltothecompetitivesurvivalofthefirmintheUnitedStates.Skillacquisitionisconsideredanindividualresponsibility.Labourissimplyanotherfactorofproductiontobehired-rentedatthelowestpossiblecost-muchasonebuysrawmaterialsorequipment.

Thelackofimportanceattachedtohuman-resourcemanagementcanbeseeninthecorporatehierarchy.InanAmericanfirmthechieffinancialofficerisalmostalwayssecondincommand.Thepostofheadofhuman-resourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjob,offattheedgeofthecorporatehierarchy.TheexecutivewhoholdsitisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficer(CEO).Bywayofcontrast,inJapantheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementiscentral-usuallythesecondmostimportantexecutive,aftertheCEO,inthefirm’shierarchy.

WhileAmericanfirmsoftentalkaboutthevastamountsspentontrainingtheirworkforces,infacttheyinvestlessintheskillsoftheiremployeesthandoeitherJapaneseorGermanfirms.Themoneytheydoinvestisalsomorehighlyconcentratedonprofessionalandmanagerialemployees.Andthelimitedinvestmentsthataremadeintrainingworkersarealsomuchmorenarrowlyfocusedonthespecificskillsnecessarytodothenextjobratherthanonthebasicbackgroundskillsthatmakeitpossibletoabsorbnewtechnologies.

Asaresult,problemsemergewhennewbreakthroughtechnologiesarrive.IfAmericanworkers,forexample,takemuchlongertolearnhowtooperatenewflexiblemanufacturingstationsthanworkersinGermany(astheydo),theeffectivecostofthosestationsislowerinGermanythanitisintheUnitedStates.Moretimeisrequiredbeforeequipmentisupandrunningatcapacity,andtheneedforextensiveretraininggeneratescostsandcreatesbottlenecksthatlimitthespeedwithwhichnewequipmentcanbeemployed.Theresultisaslowerpaceoftechnologicalchange.Andintheendtheskillsofthebottomhalfofthepopulationaffectthewagesofthetophalf.Ifthebottomhalfcan’teffectivelystafftheprocessesthathavetobeoperated,themanagementandprofessionaljobsthatgowiththeseprocesseswilldisappear.

1.WhichofthefollowingappliestothemanagementofhumanresourcesinAmericancompanies?

2.Whatisthepositionoftheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementinanAmericanfirm?

3.ThemoneymostAmericanfirmsputintrainingmainlygoesto（）.

4.Accordingtothepassage,thedecisivefactorinmaintainingafirm’scompetitiveadvantageis（）.

5.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?

问题1选项

A.Theyhirepeopleatthelowestcostregardlessoftheirskills.

B.Theyattachmoreimportancetoworkersthanequipment.

C.Theyseethegainingofskillsastheiremployees’ownbusiness.

D.Theyonlyhireskilledworkersbecauseofkeencompetition.

问题2选项

A.Hehasnosayinmakingimportantdecisionsinthefirm.

B.Hispostislikelytodisappearwhennewtechnologiesareintroduced.

C.Heisdirectlyunderthechieffinancialexecutivesinthefirms.

D.Heisoneofthemostimportantexecutivesinthefirms.

问题3选项

A.workerswhocanoperatenewequipment

B.topexecutives

C.workerswholackbasicbackgroundskills

D.technologicalandmanagerialstaff

问题4选项

A.theattachmentofimportancetothebottomhalfoftheemployees

B.therationalcompositionofprofessionalandmanagerialemployees

C.theintroductionofnewtechnologies

D.theimprovementofworkers’basicskills

问题5选项

A.Thehuman-resourcemanagementstrategiesofAmericanfirmsaffecttheircompetitivecapacity.

B.Extensiveretrainingisindispensabletoeffectivehuman-resourcemanagement.

C.Theheadofhuman-resourcemanagementmustbeinthecentralpositioninafirm’shierarchy.

D.AmericanfirmsaredifferentfromJapaneseandGermanfirmsinhuman-resourcemanagement.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:D

第5题:A

【解析】1.细节事实题。题目问的是：下面哪一项适用于美国公司的人力资源管理？根据原文第一段第三句Skillacquisitionisconsideredanindividualresponsibility.（技能的获得被认为是个人的责任。）由此可知，C选项“公司认为员工获得技能是他们自己的事”符合原文。

2.细节事实题。题目问的是：在美国公司中人力资源管理主管的地位怎样？根据原文第二段第三、四句Thepostofheadofhuman-resourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjob,offattheedgeofcorporatehierarchy.TheexecutivewhoholdsitisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficer(CEO).（人力资源管理主管这一职位通常是一项专门的工作，处于公司等级制度的边缘。持有该职位的主管在重大战略决策上不需要征询他的意见，他也没有机会晋升为首席执行官。）由此可知，美国公司人力资源管理的主管在管理层中是非常没有地位的，在重大决策中是没有发言权的，所以A选项“他在公司里做重要决定时没有发言权”正确。

3.细节事实题。题目问的是：大多数美国公司投入培训的资金主要用于什么？根据文章第三段第二句Themoneytheydoinvestisalsomorehighlyconcentratedonprofessionalandmanagerialemployees.（他们投资的资金也更多地集中在专业人员和管理人员身上。）由此可知，D选项“技术和管理人员”正确。

4.细节事实题。题目问的是：保持一个公司竞争优势的决定性因素是什么？文章首段第一句话指出Ifsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonwork-forceskills,Americanfirmshaveaproblem.（如果持续的竞争优势取决于劳动者的技能，那么美国公司就有麻烦了。）而第三段又提到thebasicbackgroundskillsthatmakeitpossibletoabsorbnewtechnologies.（基本技能使得吸收掌握新技术成为可能。）由此可知，D选项“提高工人的基本技能”符合原文，所以正确。

5.主旨大意题。文章主要谈论如果竞争的优势取决于工人的技术，那么美国的公司就遇到麻烦了。美国公司不正确的人才管理战略，使它们的竞争能力受到了挑战。所以A选项“美国公司的人力资源管理策略影响了它的竞争力”正确。

16.单选题

It’stimeyou（）somereadingortheotherstudentswillleaveyoubehind.

问题1选项

A.gotdownto

B.adaptedto

C.heldonto

D.attendedto

【答案】A

【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项gotdownto“开始认真”；B选项adaptedto“适应于”；C选项heldonto“坚持”；D选项attendedto“注意”。句意：你该认真读书了，否则其他学生就会把你甩在后面。本句表示开始认真读书。因此A选项正确。

17.翻译题

在西方，启蒙思想的支撑源于人们对于客观规律的认知，如哥白尼的“日心说”、牛顿的“万有引力”、伽利略的“宇宙论”等，认为整个宇宙中的一切物体都遵守同一定律，进而冲破千年的宗教束缚，将这一一理性思考引入了人类社会，从而开创了一个不断进取的新时代。在中国，几千年的封建农业社会，使得科技落后、法治传统缺乏，只是受到近代西方启蒙思想(包括马克思主义)的影响，才引入了科学、民主、法治的概念，开始与世界文明接轨。

【答案】Inthewest,theenlightenmentofthesupportfromthepeoplefortheobjectivelawsofcognition,suchasCopernicus’heliocentrictheory,“gravity”ofNewton,Galileo’s“cosmology”etc,thinkthateverythingintheuniversearesubjecttothesamelaw,toshakeofftheyokeofthereligioninonethousandwillbetheonetothinkrationallytheintroductionofhumansociety,whichopenedaneweraofcontinuousimprovement.InChina,thethousandsofyearsoffeudalagriculturalsocietymadescienceandtechnologybackwardandthetraditionofruleoflawlacking.Itwasonlyundertheinfluenceofmodernwesternenlightenmentthoughts(includingMarxism)thattheconceptsofscience,democracyandruleoflawwer