2022年考研考博-考博英语-西安建筑科技大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号64

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-西安建筑科技大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题

TheAustrianmanufacturingindustryconsistsofafewlargeorganizations,manyofwhichoperateundergovernmentauspices.

问题1选项

A.supervisions

B.orientations

C.regulation

D.sponsorship

【答案】D

【解析】考查名词辨析。auspice“赞助，主办”；A选项supervision“监督，管理”；B选项orientation“方向；适应；向东方”；C选项regulation“管理；规则；校准”；D选项sponsorship“赞助；发起”。句意：奥地利的制造业由几个大型组织组成，其中许多是在政府的支持下运作的。auspice本身有“赞助”的意思，因此D选项正确。

2.单选题

Therewerenotickets（）forFriday’sperformance.

问题1选项

A.preferable

B.possible

C.considerable

D.available

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项preferable“更好的，更可取的；更合意的”；B选项possible“可能的；合理的；合适的”；C选项considerable“相当大的；重要的，值得考虑的”；D选项available“可获得的；可购买的；可找到的；有空的”。句意：周五的演出已没有票可购买。根据句中“Therewerenotickets没有票”可知“可购买的”符合语境，因此D选项正确。

3.单选题

Whentheyoungmandiedunexpectedly,ittookhealthexpertsseveralweeksofintensivelabworktoidentifytheculprit.

问题1选项

A.curl

B.curve

C.cause

D.curse

【答案】D

【解析】考查名词辨析。横线单词culprit意为“犯人，罪犯；元凶”；A选项“curl”意为“卷曲；卷发；螺旋状物”；B选项“curve”意为“曲线；弯曲；曲线球；曲线图表”；C选项“cause”意为“原因；事业；目标”；D选项“curse”意为“诅咒；咒骂；祸根”。句意：当这个年轻人意外死亡时，健康专家花了几个星期进行深入细致的实验室工作来确定罪魁祸首。由题干可知，theyoungmandiedunexpectedly（这个年轻人意外死亡了）所以健康专家肯定是要确定导致他死亡的原因，或者说元凶。由此可知，culprit在此处最可能是“元凶”的意思，四个选项中curse具有“祸根”的意思，与此相近。因此D选项符合题意。

4.单选题

Theacceptedcriteriaofadequatediethavebeenchallengedbynewdiscoveriesinnutrition.

问题1选项

A.formations

B.components

C.standards

D.ingredients

【答案】C

【解析】考查名词辨析。criteria“标准，条件”；A选项formation“形成；组成，（军）队形”；B选项component“成分；组件”；C选项standard“标准；水准”；D选项ingredient“原料；要素；组成部分”。句意：公认的充足饮食的标准受到营养学上的新发现的挑战。根据句中“adequatediet适当饮食”与“nutrition营养学”可知criteria在这里的意思为标准，因此C选项正确。

5.不定项选择题

Theageatwhichyoungchildrenbegintomakemoraldiscriminationaboutharmfulactionscommittedagainstthemselvesorothershasbeenthefocusofrecentresearchintothemoraldevelopmentofchildren.Untilrecently,childpsychologistssupportedpioneerdevelopmentalistJeanPiagetinhishypothesisthatbecauseoftheirimmaturity,childrenunderagesevendonottakeintoaccounttheintentionsofapersoncommittingaccidentalordeliberateharm,butrathersimplyassignpunishmentfortransgressionsonthebasisofthemagnitudeofthenegativeconsequencescaused.AccordingtoPiaget,childrenunderagesevenoccupythefirststageofmoraldevelopment,whichischaracterizedbymoralabsolutism(rulesmadebyauthoritiesmustbeobeyed)andimminentjustice(ifrulesarebroken,punishmentwillbemetedout).Untilyoungchildrenmature,theirmoraljudgmentsarebasedentirelyontheeffectratherthanthecauseofatransgression.However,inrecentresearch,Kenseyfoundthatsix-year-oldchildrennotonlydistinguishbetweenaccidentalandintentionalharm,butalsojudgeintentionalharmasnaughtier,regardlessoftheamountofdamageproduced.Bothofthesefindingsseemtoindicatethatchildren,atanearlieragethanPiagetclaimed,advanceintothesecondstageofmoraldevelopment,moralautonomy,inwhichtheyacceptsocialrulesbutviewthemasmorearbitrarythandochildreninthefirststage.

Kensey’sresearchraisestwokeyquestionsfordevelopmentalpsychologistsaboutchildrenunderageseven:dotheyrecognizejustificationsforharmfulactions,anddotheymakedistinctionsbetweenharmfulactsthatarepreventableandthoseactsthathaveunforeseenharmfulconsequences?Studiesindicatethatjustificationsexcusingharmfulactionsmightincludepublicduty,self-defense,andprovocation.Forexample,NesdalcandRuleconcludedthatchildrenwerecapableofconsideringwhetherornotanaggressor’sactionwasjustifiedbypublicduty;fiveyearoldsreactedverydifferentlyto“BonniewrecksAnn’spretendhouse”dependingonwhetherBonniedidit“sosomebodywon’tfalloverit”orbecauseBonniewanted“tomakeAnnfeelbad.”Thus,achildoffivebeginstounderstandthatcertainharmfulactions,thoughintentional,canbejustified:theconstraintsofmoralabsolutismnolongersolelyguidetheirjudgments.

Psychologistshavedeterminedthatduringkindergartenchildrenlearntomakesubtledistinctionsinvolvingharm.Darleyobservedthatamongactsinvolvingunintentionalharm,six-year-oldchildrenjustenteringkindergartencouldnotdifferentiatebetweenforeseeable,andthuspreventable,harmandunforeseeableharmforwhichtheperpetratorcannotbeblamed.Sevenmonthslater,however,Darleyfoundthatthesesamechildrencouldmakebothdistinctions,thusdemonstratingthattheyhadbecomemorallyautonomous.

1.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthepassageasawhole?

2.Darleyfoundthataftersevenmonthsofkindergartensixyearoldsacquiredtheabilityof（）.

3.Accordingtothepassage,PiagetandKenseywouldnothaveagreedon（）.

4.Theterm“publicduty”（inline5ofparagraph2）inthecontextofthepassagemeans（）.

5.Kensey’sfindingssupportwhichofthefollowingconclusionsaboutsix-year-oldchildren?

问题1选项

A.Anoutlineforfutureresearch.

B.Anexpandeddefinitionofcommonlymisunderstoodterms.

C.Ananalysisofadisputebetweentwotheorists.

D.Adiscussionofresearchfindingsinanongoinginquiry.

问题2选项

A.differentiatingbetweenforeseeableandunforeseeableharm

B.identifyingwiththeperpetratorofaharmfulaction

C.justifyingharmfulactionsthatresultfromprovocation

D.evaluatingthemagnitudeofnegativeconsequencesresultingfromthebreakingofrules

问题3选项

A.thekindsofexcuseschildrengiveforharmfulactstheycommit

B.theageatwhichchildrenbegintodiscriminatebetweenintentionalandunintentionalharm

C.theintentionschildrenhaveinperpetratingharm

D.thecircumstancesunderwhichchildrenpunishharmfulacts

问题4选项

A.thenecessitytoapprehendperpetrators

B.theresponsibilitytopunishtransgressors

C.anobligationtopreventharmtoanother

D.theassignmentofpunishmentforharmfulaction

问题5选项

A.Theyhavetheabilitytomakeautonomousmoraljudgments.

B.Theyregardmoralabsolutismasathreattotheirmoralautonomy.

C.Theydonotunderstandtheconceptofpublicduty.

D.Theymakearbitrarymoraljudgments.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:B

第4题:C

第5题:A

【解析】第1题:主旨大意题。结合选项和题干可知，本题需从全文整体分析。第一段中Kensey和Piaget两人提出了有关儿童心理发展的不同观点，随后的二三段都是在对Kensey的观点进行讨论和论证。A选项“Anoutlineforfutureresearch”意为“未来研究的大纲”，原文并未提及未来研究的大纲；B选项“Anexpandeddefinitionofcommonlymisunderstoodterms”意为“对常见误解术语的扩展定义”，原文不是对误解术语的扩展定义，是提出了两个不同观点；C选项“Ananalysisofadisputebetweentwotheorists”意为“对两个理论家之间争论的分析”，原文二三段主要论证了Kensey的观点，并没有就两者的争论进行分析；D选项“Adiscussionofresearchfindingsinanongoinginquiry”意为“对正在进行的调查中研究结果的讨论”，符合原文，此处指的就是对Kensey研究结果的讨论。因此D选项符合题意。

第2题:事实细节题。由sevenmonthsofkindergarten定位到文章最后一段最后一句“Sevenmonthslater,however,Darleyfoundthatthesesamechildrencouldmakebothdistinctions,thusdemonstratingthattheyhadbecomemorallyautonomous”，然而，七个月后，达利发现，同样是这些孩子已经可以做出两种区分，从而表明他们在道德上是自发的。由此可知，进入幼儿园七个月后，孩子们已经能区别可预见和不可预见的伤害。A选项“differentiatingbetweenforeseeableandunforeseeableharm”，意为“区分可预见和不可预见的伤害”，与原文相符；B选项“identifyingwiththeperpetratorofaharmfulaction”意为“辨认有害行为的作恶者”，原文未提及；C选项“justifyingharmfulactionsthatresultfromprovocation”意为“为因挑衅而导致的有害行为辩护”，原文是这不是Darley的研究发现，是针对Kensey观点的研究结果；D选项“evaluatingthemagnitudeofnegativeconsequencesresultingfromthebreakingofrules”意为“评估因违反规则而产生的负面后果的大小”，原文中这是Piaget的观点，不是Darley的发现。因此A选项符合题意。

第3题:判断推理题。结合选项和题干可知，本题需逐个分析各个选项。A选项“thekindsofexcuseschildrengiveforharmfulactstheycommit”意为“孩子们为他们所做的有害行为找的种种借口”，这只是针对Kensey观点的研究结果，但不代表二者就此有分歧；B选项“theageatwhichchildrenbegintodiscriminatebetweenintentionalandunintentionalharm”意为“儿童开始区分故意伤害和无意伤害的年龄”，与原文相符，原文第一段第四句，然而，Kensey发现，6岁的儿童能区分意外伤害和故意伤害。由此可推测这就是两者观点的不同之处；C选项“theintentionschildrenhaveinperpetratingharm”意为“孩子们实施伤害的意图”，原文两者争论的重点不是孩子实施伤害的意图，而是孩子究竟何时开始辨别有意与无意的伤害；D选项“thecircumstancesunderwhichchildrenpunishharmfulacts”意为“儿童惩罚有害行为的情形”，这是Nesdalc和Rule的研究发现，不是Piaget与Kensey之间的分歧。因此B选项符合题意。

第4题:判断推理题。由publicduty定位到文章第二段第三句“Forexample,NesdalcandRuleconcludedthatchildrenwerecapableofconsideringwhetherornotanaggressor’sactionwasjustifiedbypublicduty…”，例如，Nesdalc和Rule的结论是，儿童有能力考虑侵犯者的行为是否符合公共义务；五岁的孩子对邦妮破坏了安的假房子的反应非常不同，这取决于邦妮这么做是为了防止别人摔倒，还是因为邦妮想让安难过。由此可知，这个事例是对公共义务的解释，所以公共义务就是防止他人受损害的义务，如防止他人摔倒。A选项“thenecessitytoapprehendperpetrators”意为“逮捕罪犯的必要性”，与原文不符，原文未提及逮捕罪犯；B选项“theresponsibilitytopunishtransgressors”意为“惩罚犯规者的责任”，原文Nesdalc和Rule的结论中儿童并没有对犯规者进行惩罚；C选项“anobligationtopreventharmtoanother”意为“防止损害他人的义务”，与原文相符；D选项“theassignmentofpunishmentforharmfulaction”意为“对有害行为的惩罚分配”，该结论中并没有谈到惩罚。因此C选项符合题意。

第5题:判断推理题。由Kensey’sfindings定位到文章第一段最后一句“Bothofthesefindingsseemtoindicatethat…inwhichtheyacceptsocialrulesbutviewthemasmorearbitrarythandochildreninthefirststage”，这两项发现（Kensey的发现）似乎都表明，儿童比皮亚杰所说的更早进入道德发展的第二阶段，即道德自主。由此可知，儿童已经能自主做出道德判断。A选项“Theyhavetheabilitytomakeautonomousmoraljudgments”意为“他们有能力自主做出道德判断”，符合Kensey的理论；B选项“Theyregardmoralabsolutismasathreattotheirmoralautonomy”意为“他们把道德绝对主义看作是对他们道德自主权的威胁”，原文未提及道德绝对主义；C选项“Theydonotunderstandtheconceptofpublicduty”意为“他们不理解公共义务的概念”，与原文不符，就Nesdalc和Rule的结论而言，孩子已经理解公共义务的概念；D选项“Theymakearbitrarymoraljudgments”意为“他们武断地做出道德判断”，与原文不符，原文是进入道德自主阶段的儿童认为规则武断，而不是儿童武断地做出道德判断。因此A选项符合题意。

6.不定项选择题

Cripplinghealthcarebills,longemergency-roomwaitsandtheinabilitytofindaprimarycarephysicianjustscratchthesurfaceoftheproblemsthatpatientsfacedaily.

Primarycareshouldbethebackboneofanyhealthcaresystem.Countrieswithappropriateprimarycareresourcesscorehighlywhenitcomestohealthoutcomesandcost.TheU.S.takestheoppositeapproachbyemphasizingthespecialistratherthantheprimarycarephysician.

ArecentstudyanalyzedtheproviderswhotreatMedicarebeneficiaries.ThestartlingfindingwasthattheaverageMedicarepatientsaveatotalofsevendoctors—twoprimarycarephysiciansandfivespecialists―inagivenyear.Contrarytopopularbeliefthemorephysicianstakingcareofyoudon’tguaranteebettercare.Actuallyincreasingfragmentationofcareresultsinacorrespondingriseincostandmedicalerrors.

Howdidweletprimarycareslipsofar?Thekeyishowdoctorsarepaid.Mostphysiciansarepaidwhenevertheyperformamedicalservice.Themoreaphysiciandoes,regardlessofqualityoroutcome,thebetterheisreimbursed（返还费用）.Moreover,theamountaphysicianreceivesleansheavilytowardmedicalorsurgicalprocedures.Aspecialistwhoperformsaprocedureina30-minutevisitcanbepaidthreetimesmorethanaprimarycarephysicianusingthatsame30minutestodiscussapatient’sdisease.Combinethisfactwithannualgovernmentthreatstoindiscriminatelycutreimbursements,physiciansarefacedwithnochoicebuttoincreasequantitytoboostincome.

Primarycarephysicianswhorefusetocompromisequalityareeitherdrivenoutofbusinessortocash-onlypractices,furthercontributingtothedeclineofprimarycare.

Medicalstudentsarenotblindtothisscenario.Theyseehowheavilythereimbursementdeckisstackedagainstprimarycare.Therecentnumbersshowthatsince1997,newlygraduatedU.S.medicalstudentswhochooseprimarycareasacareerhavedeclinedby50%.Thistrendresultsinemergencyroomsbeingoverwhelmedwithpatientswithoutregulardoctors.

Howdowefixthisproblem?

Itstartswithreformingthephysicianreimbursementsystem.Removethepressureforprimarycarephysicianstosqueezeinmorepatientsperhour,andrewardthemforoptimallymanagingtheirdiseasesandpracticingevidence-basedmedicine.Makeprimarycaremoreattractivetomedicalstudentsbyforgivingstudentloansforthosewhochooseprimarycareasacareerandreconcilingthemarkeddifferencebetweenspecialistandprimarycarephysiciansalaries.

We’reatapointwhereprimarycareisneededmorethanever.Withinafewyears,thefirstwaveofthe76millionBabyBoomerswillbecomeeligibleforMedicare.Patientsolderthan85,whoneedchroniccaremost,willriseby50%thisdecade.

Whowillbetheretotreatthem?

1.Theauthor’schiefconcernaboutthecurrentU.S.healthcaresystemis（）.

2.Welearnfromthepassagethatpeopletendtobelievethat（）.

3.Facedwiththegovernmentthreatstocutreimbursementsindiscriminately,primarycarephysicianshaveto（）.

4.Whydomanynewmedicalgraduatesrefusetochooseprimarycareastheircareer?

5.Whatsuggestiondoestheauthorgiveinordertoprovidebetterhealthcare?

问题1选项

A.theinadequatetrainingofphysicians

B.thedecliningnumberofdoctors

C.theshrinkingprimarycareresources

D.theever-risinghealthcarecosts

问题2选项

A.themorecostlythemedicine,themoreeffectivethecure

B.seeingmoredoctorsmayresultinmorediagnosticerrors

C.visitingdoctorsonaregularbasisensuresgoodhealth

D.themoredoctorstakingcareofapatient,thebetter

问题3选项

A.increasetheirincomebyworkingovertime

B.improvetheirexpertiseandservice

C.makevariousdealswithspecialists

D.seemorepatientsattheexpenseofquality

问题4选项

A.Theyfindtheneedforprimarycaredeclining.

B.Thecurrentsystemworksagainstprimarycare.

C.Primarycarephysicianscommandlessrespect.

D.Theythinkworkinginemergencyroomstedious.

问题5选项

A.Bridgethesalarygapbetweenspecialistandprimarycarephysicians.

B.Extendprimarycaretopatientswithchronicdiseases.

C.Recruitmoremedicalstudentsbyofferingthemloans.

D.Reducethetuitionofstudentswhochooseprimarycareastheirmajor.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:D

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:A

【解析】第1题:推理判断题。由题干定位到文章第二段第一句“Primarycareshouldbethebackboneofanyhealthcaresystem.初级医疗保健应该是任何卫生保健系统的支柱。”与第三句“TheU.S.takestheoppositeapproachbyemphasizingthespecialistratherthantheprimarycarephysician.美国则采取了相反的做法，强调专家而不是初级保健医生。”及文章主要讲述的是“美国初级医疗资源的减少”这一内容可知C项“日益减少的初级保健资源”与原文相符。A项“医生培训的不足”，原文并没有相关表达；B项“医生数量的减少”，原文并没有相关表达；D项“不断上升的医疗保健费用”，原文并没有相关表达。因此C选项正确。

第2题:细节事实题。由题干定位到文章第三段第三句“Contrarytopopularbeliefthemorephysicianstakingcareofyoudon’tguaranteebettercare.与普遍的看法相反，照顾你的医生越多并不能保证更好的治疗。”可推知D项“照顾你的医生更多，更好”与原文相符。A项“药越贵，治疗越有效”，原文并没有相关表达；B项“看越多的医生可能导致越多诊断错误”，原文并没有相关表达；C项“定期看医生可确保身体健康”，原文并没有相关表达。因此D选项正确。

第3题:细节事实题。由题干定位到文章第四段最后一句“Combinethisfactwithannualgovernmentthreatstoindiscriminatelycutreimbursements,physiciansarefacedwithnochoicebuttoincreasequantitytoboostincome.这个事实加之政府每年威胁要不加区别地消减返还费用，让医生们别无选择，只能去增加看病的数量来增加收入。”可推知D项“以牺牲看病的质量来看更多的病人”与原文相符。A项“通过加班来提高他们的收入”，原文并没有相关表达；B项“完善他们的专业知识和服务”，原文并没有相关表达；C项“与专科医生做各种交易”，原文并没有相关表达。因此D选项正确。

第4题:细节事实题。由题干定位到文章第六段第一、二句“Medicalstudentsarenotblindtothisscenario.Theyseehowheavilythereimbursementdeckisstackedagainstprimarycare.医科学生并非对这种情况视而不见。他们看到报销制度对初级保健有多么不利。”可推知B项“当前的体系不利于初级保健”与原文相符。A项“他们发现对初级医疗保健的需求在减少”，原文并没有相关表达；C项“初级保健医生不受尊重”，原文并没有相关表达；D项“他们认为在急诊室工作乏味”，原文并没有相关表达。因此B选项正确。

第5题:细节事实题。由题干定位到文章第八段第一句“Itstartswithreformingthephysicianreimbursementsystem.首先要改革医生的返还费用体系”可推知A项“缩小专科医生和初级保健医生之间的工资差距”与原文相符。B项“向慢性病患者提供初级保健”，原文并没有相关表达；C项“通过提供贷款招收更多的医学生”，原文并没有相关表达；D项“减少选择初级保健专业的学生的学费”，原文并没有相关表达。因此A选项正确。

7.单选题

Brushingremoveslargerparticles,butdentistssuggestbrushingthebackofthetongueaswell,wherefoodresiduesandbacteria_______.

问题1选项

A.flourish

B.collaborate

C.embark

D.congregate

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项“flourish”意为“繁荣，茂盛；处于旺盛时期；炫耀”；B选项“collaborate”意为“合作；勾结，通敌”；C选项“embark”意为“上船（或飞机）；（使）上船（或登机）；从事”；D选项“congregate”意为“聚集”。句意：刷牙可以清除较大的颗粒，但牙医建议也要刷舌头后部，那里有食物残渣和细菌聚集。由题干可知，foodresiduesandbacteria（食物残渣和细菌），可以推测出是有这些东西的聚集，所以牙医建议也要刷舌头的后部。因此D选项符合题意。

8.单选题

AfricaandSouthAmericanaremovingawayfromeachotherasnewmaterialis（）intothefloorbetweenthem.

问题1选项

A.dejected

B.ejected

C.injected

D.projected

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项deject“使……沮丧；使……灰心”；B选项eject“喷射；驱逐，逐出”；C选项inject“注入；注射”；D选项project“计划；发射；放映”。句意：随着新材料被注入到非洲和南美之间的地板上，它们正在相互远离，因此C选项正确。

9.不定项选择题

Themarveloustelephoneandtelevisionnetworkthathasnowenmeshedthewholeworld,makingallmenneighbors,cannotbeextendedtospace.Itwillneverbepossibletoconversewithanyoneonanotherplanet.Evenwithtoday’sradioequipment,themessageswilltakeminutes―sometimeshours―ontheirjourney,becauseradioandlightwavestravelatthesamespeedof186,000milesasecond.

TwentyyearsfromnowyouwillbeabletolistentoafriendonMars,butthewordsyouhearwillhavelefthismouthatleastthreeminutesearlier,andyourreplywilltakeacorrespondingtimetoreachhim.Insuchcircumstances,anexchangeofverbalmessageispossible—butnotaconversation.

Toaculturewhichhascometotakeinstantaneouscommunicationforgranted,aspartofverystructureofcivilizedlife,this“timebarrier”mayhaveaprofoundpsychologicalimpact.Itwillbeaperpetualreminderofuniversallawsandlimitationsagainstwhichnotallourtechnologycaneverprevail.Foritseemsascertainasanythingcanbethatnosignal—stilllessanymaterialobject―cannevertravelfasterthanlight.

Thevelocityoflightistheultimatespeedlimit,beingpartoftheverystructureofspaceandtime.Withinthenarrowconfinesofthesolarsystem,itwillnothandicapustooseverely.Attheworst,thesewillamounttotwentyhours―thetimeittakesaradiosignaltospantheorbitofPluto,theouter-mostplanet.

Itiswhenwemoveoutbeyondtheconfinesofthesolarsystemthatwecomefacetofacewithanaltogethernewgroupofcosmicreality.Eventoday,manyotherwiseeducatedmen―likethosesavageswhocancounttothreebutlumptogetherallnumbersbeyondfour—cannotgrasptheprofounddistinctionbetweensolarandstellarspace.Thefirstisthespaceenclosingourneighboringworlds,theplanets,thesecondisthatwhichembracesthosedistantsuns,thestars,anditisliterallymillionsoftimesgreater.Thereisnotsuchabruptchangeofscaleintheterrestrialaffairs.

Manyconservativescientists,shockedbythesecosmicgulfs,havedeniedthattheycaneverbecrossed.Somepeopleneverlearn;thosewhosixtyyearsagolaughedatthepossibilityofflight,andtenyearsagolaughedattheideaoftraveltotheplanets,arenowquitesurethatthestarswillalwaysbeyondourresearch.Andagaintheyarewrong,fortheyhavefailedtograspthegreatlessonofourage—thatifsomethingispossibleintheory,andnofundamentalscientificlawsopposeitsrealization,thensoonerorlateritwillbeachieved.

Onedayweshalldiscoverareallyefficientmeansofpropellingourspacevehicles.Everytechnicaldeviceisalwaysdevelopedtoitslimitandtheultimatespeedforspaceshipsisthevelocityoflight.Theywillneverreachthatgoal,buttheywillgetverynearit.Andtheneareststarwillbelessthanfiveyearsofvoyagingfromtheearth.

1.Forlighttotravelacrossthesolarsystem,itwilltake（）.

2.Thefactthatitwillneverbepossibletoconversewithsomeoneonanotherplanetshowsthat（）.

3.Confrontedwiththenewgroupofcosmicreality,manyeducatedmen（）.

4.Conservativescientistswhodenythatcosmicgulfscaneverbecrossedwill（）.

5.Theauthorofthepassage,readerscaninfer,intendstoshowthe（）.

问题1选项

A.ayear

B.nearlyaday

C.twomonths

D.thirtyminutes

问题2选项

A.certainuniversallawscannotbeprevailedagainst

B.noobjectcanevertravelfasterthanlight

C.westernculturehasaspecialideaofcommunication

D.radiomessagedonottravelfastenough

问题3选项

A.becomeignorantsavagesagain

B.findthe“timebarrier”unbearable

C.willnotcombinesolarandstellarspace

D.cannotadapttotheabruptchangeofscale

问题4选项

A.laughattheveryideasofflight

B.learnalessonastheydidtenyearsago

C.findspacetravelbeyondtheirreach

D.opposethefundamentalscientificlaws

问题5选项

A.limitationsofourtechnology

B.vastnessofthecosmicreality

C.prospectofplanetarytravel

D.psychologicalimpactoftimeandspace

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:D

第3题:D

第4题:C

第5题:C

【解析】第1题:细节事实题。由题干定位到文章第四段中“...thesewillamounttotwentyhours—thetimeittakesaradiosignaltospantheorbitofPluto,theouter-mostplanet.这相当于20个小时——这是一个无线电信号跨越冥王星轨道所需的时间，冥王星是最外层的行星。”20小时几乎一天，可知B项与原文相符。A项“一年”，与原文不符；B项“几乎一天”；C项“两个月”，与原文不符；D项“三十分钟”，与原文不符，因此B选项正确。

第2题:细节事实题。由题干定位到文章第一段中“Itwillneverbepossibletoconversewithanyoneonanotherplanet.Evenwithtoday’sradioequipment,themessageswilltakeminutes—sometimeshours…和另一个星球上的人交谈是不可能的。即使使用今天的无线电设备，发送信息也需要几分钟，有时甚至几小时……”与第二段中“Insuchcircumstances,anexchangeofverbalmessageispossible—butnotaconversation.在这种情况下，口头信息的交换是可能的——但不是对话。”可推知D项与原文相符。A项“某些普遍的规律是不能被推翻的”，与原文不符；B项“没有任何物体的速度能超过光速”，与原文不符；C项“西方文化有一种特殊的沟通观念”，与原文不符；D项“无线电信息传播不够快”，因此D选项正确。

第3题:细节事实题。由题干定位到文章第五段中“Eventoday,manyotherwiseeducatedmen—likethosesavageswhocancounttothreebutlumptogetherallnumbersbeyondfour—cannotgrasptheprofounddistinctionbetweensolarandstellarspace…itisliterallymillionsoftimesgreater.Thereisnotsuchabruptchangeofscaleintheterrestrialaffair.即使在今天，许多受过教育的人——就像那些能数到三，却能把四以外的数字加在一起的野蛮人无法理解太阳和恒星空间的深刻区别一样……它实际上要大几百万倍。陆地事务中没有这样突然的规模变化”，可推知D项与原文相符。A项“再次成为无知的野蛮人”，与原文不符；B项“发现‘时间障碍’难以忍受”，与原文不符；C项“将不会把太阳和恒星的空间结合起来”，与原文不符；D项“不能适应规模的突变”，因此D选项正确。

第4题:细节事实题。由题干定位到文章第六段中“Somepeopleneverlearn;thosewhosixtyyearsagolaughedatthepossibilityofflight,andtenyearsagolaughedattheideaoftraveltotheplanets,arenowquitesurethatthestarswillalwaysbeyondourresearch.有些人永远学不会；那些六十年前嘲笑飞行的可能性，十年前嘲笑到行星上旅行的想法的人，现在相当肯定地认为恒星永远超出我们的研究范围。”可知C项与原文相符。A项“嘲笑飞行的想法”，与原文不符；B项“像他们十年前那样吸取教训”，与原文不符；C项“发现他们无法进行太空旅行”；D项“反对基本的科学规律”，与原文不符，因此C选项正确。

第5题:推理判断题。由题干定位到文章最后一段中“Theywillneverreachthatgoal,buttheywillgetverynearit.他们永远不会达到这个目标，但他们会非常接近这个目标。”这个表述说明了作者对星际旅行充满着期望，因此知C项正确。A项“我们技术的局限性”，与原文不符；B项“浩瀚的宇宙现实”，与原文不符；C项“星际旅行的前景”；D项“时间和空间的心理影响”，与原文不符，因此C选项正确。

10.单选题

Theexecutivemanagerdoesn’tliketoconsideropinionsdifferentfromhisown,whichmay_______hisjudgmentinbusinessactivities.

问题1选项

A.cripple

B.hurt

C.distract

D.distort

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项“cripple”意为“（使）跛；（使）残废；削弱；给……造成严重问题”；B选项“hurt”意为“使受伤；损害；使疼痛；使痛心”；C选项“distract”意为“转移；分心”；D选项“distort”意为“扭曲；使失真；曲解”。句意：这位行政经理不喜欢考虑与自己不同的意见，这可能会削弱他在商业活动中的判断力。由题干可知，doesn’tliketoconsideropinionsdifferentfromhisown（不喜欢考虑与自己不同的意见）说明这位经理害怕受到别人想法的影响干扰，从而削弱自己的判断力。因此A选项符合题意。

11.单选题

Substanceswhichallowlighttopassthroughthemwithoutobjectsontheothersidebeingclearlyseenaresaidtobe（）.

问题1选项

A.transparent

B.translucent

C.luminous

D.opaque

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项transparent“透明的；显然的；坦率的”；B选项translucent“半透明的”；C选项luminous“发光的；明亮的；清楚的”；D选项opaque“不透明的；不传热的；迟钝的”。句意：那些允许光通过而另一边的物体看不清楚的物质被称为半透明。因此B选项正确。

12.单选题

Heavyrainswerecausinginundationandmuchdamagethroughoutthecountry.

问题1选项

A.muchinconvenience

B.seriousconcern

C.overflowofwater

D.humanmisery

【答案】C

【解析】考查名词辨析。inundation“洪水”；A选项muchinconvenience“很多不便”；B选项seriousconcern“高度关注”；C选项overflowofwater“水的泛滥”；D选项humanmisery“人类的苦难”。句意：暴雨在整个国家造成洪水和很多损毁。由题干中的“Heavyrains暴雨”可推知inundation在这里有“洪水”的意思，因此C选项正确。

13.单选题

Assoonasweenteredthehouse,wefeltanintangiblesenseofgloomandhopelessness.

问题1选项

A.untouchable

B.unconscious

C.imponderable

D.unjustifiable

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词辨析。横线单词intangible意为“无形的，触摸不到的；难以理解的”；A选项“untouchable”意为“达不到的；不可批评的；不可捉摸的”；B选项“unconscious”意为“无意识的；失去知觉的；不省人事的；未发觉的”；C选项“imponderable”意为“无重量的；无法计算的”；D选项“unjustifiable”意为“不合道理的；不能分辩的；辩护不了的”。句意：我们一走进房子，就感到一种难以言喻的阴郁和绝望。由题干可知，senseofgloomandhopelessness（忧郁和绝望的感觉）是无法触摸的，所以可以推测出intangible在此处最可能是“触摸不到的”的意思，四个选项中untouchable具有“不可捉摸的”的意思，与此相近。因此A选项符合题意。

14.单选题

In1982,HitachiwasindictedforstealingconfidentialdocumentsfromIBM.Aspartofacourtsettlement,thecompanypaidIBMhundredsofmillionsofdollars.

问题1选项

A.condemnedfor

B.accusedof

C.disciplinedfor

D.disapprovedof

【答案】B

【解析】考查词组辨析。beindictedfor“因……被指控”；A选项becondemnedfor“因……被谴责”；B选项beaccusedof“被指控”；C选项bedisciplinedfor“因……受到处分或惩罚”；D选项bedisapprovedofdoingsth.的搭配不存在。句意：1982年，日立被指控从IBM窃取机密文件。作为法庭和解的一部分，该公司向IBM支付了数亿美元。题干说到“acourtsettlement庭外和解”，可推知indictedfor在这里有“因……被指控”的意思，因此B选项正确。

15.单选题

Thereceptionwasattendedbyvariousprominentmembersoftheidealcommunityandrepresentativesofregionalindustries.

问题1选项

A.congested

B.projecting

C.conspicuous

D.outstanding

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容词辨析。横线单词prominent意为“突出的，显著的；杰出的；卓越的”；A选项“congested”意为“堵塞的，拥挤的”；B选项“projecting”意为“突出来的；伸出的”；C选项“conspicuous”意为“显著的；显而易见的”；D选项“outstanding”意为“杰出的；显著的；未解决的；未偿付的”。句意：出席招待会的有理想社区的杰出人士和区域行业代表。由题干可知，and是并列连词，and前后意思相近。所以可推测出prominentmembers与representatives（代表）意思相近。由此可知，prominent在此处最可能是“杰出的，卓越的”的意思，四个选项中outstanding具有“杰出的”的意思，与此相近。因此D选项符合题意。

16.不定项选择题

Overthepastdecade,Americancompanieshavetriedhardtofindwaystodiscourageseniorsfromfeatheringtheirownnestsatexpenseoftheirshareholders.Thethreemostpopularreformshavebeenrecruitingmoreoutsidedirectorsinordertomakeboardsmoreindependent,linkingbosses’paytovariousperformancemeasures,andgivingbossesshareoptions,sothattheyhavethesamelong-terminterestsastheirshareholders.

ThesereformshavebeenwidelyadoptedbyAmerican’slargercompanies,andsurveyssuggestthatmanymorecompaniesarethinkingoffollowingtheirlead.Buthavetheydoneanygood?ThreepaperspresentedattheannualmeetingoftheAcademyofManagementinBostonthisweeksuggestnot.Asisusuallythecasewithboardroomtinkering,theconsequenceshavedifferedfromthoseintended.

Startwiththoseindependentboards.Onthefaceofit,dismissingtheboss’sfriendsfromtheboardandreplacingthemwithoutsiderslooksaperfectwaytomakeseniormanagersmoreaccountable.ButthatisnottheconclusionofastudybyProfessorJamesWestphal.Insteadhefoundthatbosseswithaboardroomfullofoutsidesspendmuchoftheirtimebuildingalliances,doingpersonalfavorsandgenerallypleasingtheoutsiders.

Alltoooften,theseseductionssucceed.Mr.Westphalfoundthat,toaremarkabledegree,“independent”boardspursuestrategiesthatarelikelytofavorseniormanagersratherthanshareholders.Suchcompaniesdiversifytheirbusiness,increasethepayofexecutivesandweakenthelinkbetweenpayandperformance.

Toassesstheimpactofperformancerelatedpay,Mr.Westphalaskedthebossesof103companieswithstatesofover$1billionwhatmeasurementswereusedtodeterminetheirpay.Themeasurementsvariedwidely,rangingfromsalestoearningspershare.Buttheresearcher’sbigdiscoverywasthatbossesattendtomeasuresthataffecttheirownincomesandignoreorplaydownotherfactorsthataffectacompany’soverall-success.

Inshort,bosses