2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国财政科学研究院考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号46

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国财政科学研究院考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题

Somuchdataindicatetheworld’sprogresstowardsmeetingtheMillenniumDevelopmentGoals(MDGs),asetoftargetsadoptedbyworldleadersattheUNmorethantenyearsago.Butthegoal-settingexercisehasfurtherpitfalls.Toooften,thegoalsarereducedtoworkingouthowmuchmoneyisneededtomeetaparticulartarget.Yetthecountriesthathavemademostprogressincuttingpovertyhavelargelydonesonotbyspendingpublicmoney,butbyencouragingfastereconomicgrowth.AsShantaDevarajan,theWorldBank’schiefeconomistforAfrica,pointsout,growthdoesnotjustmakemoremoneyavailableforsocialspending.Italsoincreasesthedemandforsuchthingsasschooling,andthushelpsmeetotherdevelopmentgoals.Yetthegoals,asdrawnup,madenomentionofeconomicgrowth.

Ofcoursegrowthbyitselfdoesnotsolvealltheproblemsofthepoor.Itisalsoclearthatwhilemoneyhelps,howitisspentandwhatitisspentonareenormouslyimportant.Forinstances,campaignersoftenaskformoretobespentonprimaryeducation.Butthroughoutthedevelopingworldteachersonthepublicpayrollareoftenabsentfromschool.Teacher-absenteeismratesarearound20%inruralKenya,27%inUgandaand14%inEcuador.

Inanycase,moneythatisallocatedforsuchservicesrarelyreachesitsintendedrecipients.Astudyfoundthat70%ofthemoneyallocatedfordrugsandsuppliesbytheUgandagovernmentin2000waslost;inGhana,80%wassiphonedoff.Moneyneedstobespent,therefore,notmerelyonbuildingmoreschoolsorhiringmoreteachers,butongettingthemtodowhattheyarepaidfor,andpreventingresourcesfromdisappearingsomewherebetweenthecentralgovernmentandtheirsupposeddestination.

Thegoodnewsisthatpolicyexperimentscarriedoutbygovernments,NGOs,academicsandinternationalinstitutionsareslowlybuildingupabodyofevidenceaboutmethodsthatwork.Alarge-scaleevaluationinAndhraPradeshinsouthernIndiawasshown,forexample,thatperformancepayforteachersisthreetimesaseffectiveatraisingpupil’stestscoresastheequivalentamountspentonschoolsupplies.

AndinUgandathegovernment,appalledthatmoneymeantforschoolswasnotreachingthem,tooktopublicizinghowmuchwasbeingallotted,usingradioandnewspaper.Moneywastagewasdramaticallyreduced.TheWorldBankhopestobringsuchinnovationstothenoticeofothergovernmentsduringthesummit,ifitcan.Forifthedriveagainstpovertysucceed,itwillowemoretosuchideasandwiderusethantotargetssetatUN-sponsoredsummits.

26.Accordingtothetext,whichofthefollowingmeritscan’twederivefromeconomicgrowth?

27.Teacher-absenteeismiscitedasexample________.

28.Accordingtotheauthor,weshould________whendealingwithallocatedmoney.

29.Onwhichofthefollowingwouldtheauthormostprobablyagree?

30.Wemayinferfromthelastparagraphthat________.

问题1选项

A.Itincreasesotherdemandssuchaseducation.

B.ItmayhelpthegovernmenttofulfillMillenniumDevelopmentGoals.

C.Fastergrowthwillliftthepooroutofpoverty.

D.Economicgrowthmaysolvesomeproblemsofthepoor.

问题2选项

A.tocallforgovernmentsapplyperformancepaytoteachers

B.tounderlinetheimportanceofmoneyshouldbespentonwhereitisneeded

C.tostatethattheallocatedmoneyshouldgetstaffstodowhattheyarepaidfor

D.toshowthatAfricancountrieshavealongwaytogobeforereachingtheUN’sgoalposts

问题3选项

A.avoidtheleakageofmoney

B.givetheanti-povertyplansthepriority

C.promoteeducationtoahigherlevel

D.improvepublicinfrastructurefirst

问题4选项

A.Economicgrowthdoesnotmakemoremoneyavailableforsocialspending.

B.MoneyleakageisabigproblemthatAfricaencounters.

C.MillenniumDevelopmentGoalsmayinvolveeachcountry’sGDPgrowth.

D.MillenniumDevelopmentGoalshavecometobeseenasapplyingtoeachdevelopingcountry.

问题5选项

A.theWorldBankplaysanimportantroleinhelpingUgandafixmoneyleakage

B.moneyleakageisrampantlyflourishinginUganda

C.MillenniumDevelopmentGoalsmayhavefailedinliftingthepooroutofpoverty

D.innovativeideasshouldcomebeforetargetssetbyUN

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:B

第5题:D

【解析】26.事实细节题。根据第二段第一、二句Ofcoursegrowthbyitselfdoesnotsolvealltheproblemsofthepoor.Itisalsoclearthatwhilemoneyhelps,howitisspentandwhatitisspentonareenormouslyimportant.（当然，增长本身并不能解决穷人的所有问题。同样明显的是，虽然钱有帮助，但如何花，花在什么地方非常重要。），可知经济增长对于脱贫有帮助，但是不能根治，C选项“更快的增长将使贫困人口摆脱贫困”不符合文章意思，所以正确，钱在脱贫上有帮助，D选项“经济增长可能解决穷人的一些问题”符合文章意思，故错误。A选项“增加了其他需求，如教育”：根据第一段倒数第二句Italsoincreasesthedemandforsuchthingsasschooling（它还增加了对教育等方面的需求），可知符合文章意思，故错误。B选项“可能有助于政府实现千年发展目标”：根据第一段第一句和第三句Somuchdataindicatetheworld’sprogresstowardsmeetingtheMillenniumDevelopmentGoals(MDGs)…Toooften,thegoalsarereducedtoworkingouthowmuchmoneyisneededtomeetaparticulartarget.（如此多的数据表明，世界在实现千年发展目标（MDGs）方面取得了进展……通常，目标被简化为计算需要多少钱来达到一个特定的目标。），可知符合文章意思，故错误。因此C选项正确。

27.推理判断题。根据第二段第二句Itisalsoclearthatwhilemoneyhelps,howitisspentandwhatitisspentonareenormouslyimportant.（同样明显的是，虽然钱有帮助，但如何花，花在什么地方非常重要。），这是这段的主要论点，老师缺勤的例子是为了证明如何花钱很重要，所以B选项“强调钱应该花在需要的地方的重要性”正确。A选项“要求政府对教师实行绩效工资”，C选项“说明拿了相应的工资就要做相应的工作”和D选项“表明非洲国家在达到联合国的目标之前还有很长的路要走”：不是这一段表达的重点，故错误。因此B选项正确。

28.观点态度题。根据第三段最后一句Moneyneedstobespent,therefore,notmerelyonbuildingmoreschoolsorhiringmoreteachers,butongettingthemtodowhattheyarepaidfor,andpreventingresourcesfromdisappearingsomewherebetweenthecentralgovernmentandtheirsupposeddestination.（因此，资金不应该仅仅花在建设更多的学校或雇佣更多的教师上，而应该花在让他们做他们该做的事情上，防止资源在中央政府和他们预期的目的地之间消失。），可知作者认为最应该做的是让金钱去到该去的地方发挥作用，所以A选项“不让钱流失（被挪用）”正确，C选项“提高教育水平”不是花钱的主要方向，故错误。B选项“优先考虑脱贫计划”：在这里范围太广不符合题意，故错误。D选项“优先建设公共设施”：文章没有提到，故错误。因此A选项正确。

29.观点态度题。根据第三段第二句Astudyfoundthat70%ofthemoneyallocatedfordrugsandsuppliesbytheUgandagovernmentin2000waslost;inGhana,80%wassiphonedoff.（一项研究发现，2000年乌干达政府分配给药品和供应品的资金有70%不见了；而在加纳，80%的资金被挪用。），可知非洲国家的资金流失现象严重，所以B选项“资金流失是非洲遇到的一个大问题”符合文章意思，正确。A选项“经济增长并没有使更多的钱用于社会支出”：根据第一段倒数第三句growthdoesnotjustmakemoremoneyavailableforsocialspending（经济增长不仅仅是为社会支出提供了更多资金），可知不符合文章意思，故错误。C选项“千年发展目标可能涉及每个国家的国内生产总值增长”和D选项“千年发展目标已被视为适用于每个发展中国家”：文章没有提到，故错误。因此B选项正确。

30.推理判断题。根据最后一段第三句TheWorldBankhopestobringsuchinnovationstothenoticeofothergovernmentsduringthesummit,ifitcan.Forifthedriveagainstpovertysucceed,itwillowemoretosuchideasandwiderusethantotargetssetatUN-sponsoredsummits.（如果可能的话，世界银行希望在峰会期间让其他国家的政府注意到这些创新。因为如果消除贫困的运动取得成功，它将更多地归功于这些想法和更广泛的应用，而不是在联合国主办的峰会上设定的目标。），可知世界银行鼓励创新的想法，而不是联合国设立的目标，所以D选项“创新的想法应该先于联合国设定的目标”正确。A选项“世界银行在帮助乌干达解决资金流失问题方面发挥了重要作用”和B选项“资金流失在乌干达经常发生”：根据第五段第一、二句AndinUgandathegovernment,appalledthatmoneymeantforschoolswasnotreachingthem,tooktopublicizinghowmuchwasbeingallotted,usingradioandnewspaper.Moneywastagewasdramaticallyreduced.（而在乌干达，政府因本应给学校的钱没有送到他们手中而感到震惊，于是通过广播和报纸来公布分配了多少钱。金钱浪费大大减少。），可知是政府发挥了作用，而不是世界银行，故A选项错误，资金流失因为政府的作为大大减少，故B选项错误。C选项“千年发展目标可能未能使穷人摆脱贫困”：最后一段没有提到，故错误。因此D选项正确。

2.翻译题

41.我们必须全面深化改革，以释放市场活力对冲经济下行压力。

42.尽管财政收入增速放缓，支出压力加大，但我们要坚持以人为本，持续增加民生投入。

43.在基础设施、公共事业等领域，应积极推广政府和社会资本合作模式。

44.我们要全面推进依法治国，加快建设法治政府、创新政府、廉洁政府和服务型政府。

45.中国节能环保市场潜力巨大，它可以成为新兴的支柱产业。

【答案】41.Inordertoinvigoratethemarkettooffsetdownwardeconomicpressure,wemustcomprehensivelydeepenreform.

42.Despitetheslowdowninthegrowthofgovernmentrevenueandincreasedpressureonexpenditures,wemustcontinuetoputpeoplefirst,sustainingincreasestospendinginareasthatareimportanttoimprovingstandardsofliving.

43.EffortsshouldbemadetopromotePublic-Private-Partnershipininfrastructure,publicutilitiesandotherareas.

44.Wewillfullypromotethelaw-basedgovernanceofthecountry;movemoreswiftlytobuildaninnovative,clean,service-orientedruleoflawgovernment.

45.ThereisenormouspotentialinChina’smarketforenergyconservationandenvironmentalprotection;energyconservationandenvironmentalprotectionindustrycandevelopintoanewpillaroftheeconomy.

3.单选题

Hecameallthewaytohelpher______thatshehaddrownedherselfinawell.

问题1选项

A.onlytofind

B.tofind

C.inordertofind

D.soastofind

【答案】A

【解析】考查固定搭配。句意：他一路赶来帮助她，却发现她投井自尽了。A选项onlytofind“结果却发现”；B选项tofind“发现”；C选项inordertofind“为了发现”；D选项soastofind“以便发现”。根据语境，A选项onlytofind“结果却发现”符合题意。因此A选项正确。

4.单选题

______divorceourselvesfromthemassesofthepeople.

问题1选项

A.Innotimeweshould

B.Innotimeshouldwe

C.Atnotimeweshould

D.Atnotimeshouldwe

【答案】D

【解析】考查部分倒装和固定搭配。句意：在任何时候我们都不应该脱离人民群众。innotime“立刻”，atnotime“绝不”，结合语境确定用atnotime；根据选项确定考查具有否定意义的词组放句首的部分倒装，其结构为否定意义的词组+助动词/情态动词/be动词+主语+其他，所以D选项Atnotimeshouldwe符合题意。因此D选项正确。

5.单选题

Sinceneithersidewasreadyto______whatwasnecessaryforpeace,hostilitywasresumedin1980.

问题1选项

A.precede

B.recede

C.concede

D.intercede

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项precede“领先”；B选项recede“后退；减弱”；C选项concede“让步”；D选项intercede“调解，调停”。句意：由于双方都不愿意对和平的必要条件______，1980年又恢复了敌对状态。根据语境，这里指双方不肯让步，C选项concede“让步”符合题意。因此C选项正确。

6.单选题

______advanceandretreatintheireternalrhythms,butthesurfaceoftheseaitselfisneveratrest.

问题1选项

A.Notonlywhenthetidesdo

B.Asthetidesnotonlydo

C.Notonlydothetides

D.Dothetidesnotonly

【答案】C

【解析】考查部分倒装。句意：不仅潮汐以它们永恒的节奏前进和后退，而且海面本身也从来没有静止过。根据题目和选项确定考查固定搭配notonly…but的部分倒装，notonly放在句首的倒装结构为notonly+助动词/情态动词/be动词+主语+其他，所以C选项Notonlydothetides符合题意。因此C选项正确。

7.单选题

ThesculpturallegacythatnewUnitedStates______itscolonialpredecessorswasfarfromarichone,andinfact,in1776sculpturesasanartformwasstillinthehandsofartisansandcraftspeople.

问题1选项

A.inheritedfrom

B.inheritedin

C.adaptedto

D.adoptedto

【答案】A

【解析】考查固定搭配。A选项inheritedfrom“从……继承……”；B选项inheritedin非固定搭配；C选项adaptedto“适应于”；D选项adoptedto“采用”。句意：新美洲从其殖民前辈那里______的雕塑遗产远不是丰富的，事实上，在1776年，雕塑作为一种艺术形式仍然在工匠和手艺人手中。根据语境，A选项inheritedfrom“从……继承……”搭配legacy“遗产”比较合理，意指从先辈那里继承的雕塑艺术遗产，符合题意。因此A选项正确。

8.单选题

______Ihavealreadymentioned,cardiosurgeryisoneoftheamazingnewsurgicaltechniquesthathavebeendevelopedinrecentyears.

问题1选项

A.Which

B.What

C.As

D.This

【答案】C

【解析】考查定语从句。句意：正如我已经提到的，心脏外科手术是近年来发展起来的令人惊奇的外科新技术之一。根据题干中两个完整的句子用逗号连接，以及选项中的引导词，可知考查非限制性定语从句。As引导非限制性定语从句时可放在句首，修饰后面的主句或主句的一部分，意思为“正如，像”，C选项符合题意。A选项which引导非限制性定语从句时放在所修饰部分或主句后面，不放在句首；B选项what不引导非限制性定语从句；D选项this为指示代词，不引导从句。因此C选项正确。

9.单选题

Womenhavesignificantadvantagesovermeninspacebecausetheyneedlessfoodandlessoxygenandthey_______radiationbetter.

问题1选项

A.standupto

B.standinfor

C.standupfor

D.standinwith

【答案】A

【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项standupto“经得起；抵抗；勇敢地面对”；B选项standinfor“代替”；C选项standupfor“拥护；坚持”；D选项standinwith“与……联合；同……分担”。句意：女性在太空中比男性有显著优势，因为她们需要更少的食物和更少的氧气，而且她们更能_______辐射。根据语境，standupto“经得起；抵抗”搭配radiation“辐射”比较合理，意指女性更能承受辐射。因此A选项正确。

10.翻译题

SectionAEnglishtoChinese(15points)

Directions:TranslatetheunderlinedpartofthefollowingtextintoChinese.WriteyourtranslationonyourANSWERSHEET.

56.Incomparisonwithmilitary,politicalandeconomicsecurity,ecologicalsecurityhasawiderinfluenceonthecommonpeoplelivinginacountry.Onceitsecologicalenvironmentisdestroyed,thefuturesurvivalofthewholenation,especiallythepoorwillbehorriblyundermined,anditwillbeextremelydifficultforageneration,oreventensofgenerationstoreclaimtheenvironmentonceecologicaldeteriorationgoesbeyondacertainthreshold.AlthoughprotectionoftheenvironmenthaslongbeenamatterofbasicstatepolicyfortheChinesegovernment,itisaundeniablefactthat,onthewhole,effortstoimprovetheenvironmenthavelargelyfailedtomatchdestructiveforcesworkingagainstthem.

57.Thisbookderiversfromdecadesofteachinginvariousschoolsacrossthecountry.Itisbasedonthebeliefthatphilosophyisagenuinelyexcitingsubject,accessiblenotonlytospecialistsandafewgiftedundergraduatemajorsbuttoeveryone.Everyoneisaphilosopherwhetherenrolledinaphilosophicalcourseornot.Thedifferenceisthatsomeonewhohasstudiedphilosophysystematicallyhastheadvantageofhavingencounteredstrongerandmorevariedargumentsthanmighthavebeenavailableotherwise.Whatisspecialaboutthisbookisthatisoffersintroductorystudentstheotherwiseopportunityofhavingdirectcontactwithsubstantialreadingsfromsignificantbooksonphilosophy,butwithouttheunreasonabledemandthattheyconfrontthesebooksinfull,whichareoftenincomprehensible.

58.What’sstrangeaboutmanisthathehasyettolearntosettledisputesbysomemeansotherthanwar.Notonlydoeswartakeaheavytolloflives,butleadstoincreasedtension.Theuseofsophisticatedweaponsisapttobringaboutdisasterstohumanhealthalthoughthereluctancetoeliminateweaponsofmassdestructiononthepartofthebigpowerswillnotnecessarilyendupwithconflicts.Thechancesarethatmanwillhavehisowncivilizationdestroyedifthenotionofthesurvivalofthefitteststillappliestotheinternationalcommunity.Wecannothelpwonderinghowmanyyearsitwilltakefortheworldtoeliminatewaronceforall.

SectionBChinesetoEnglish(20points)

Directions:TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.WriteyourtranslationonyourANSWERSHEET.

59.扩大内需是我国经济发展的长期战略方针和基本立足点，也是促进经济均衡发展的根本途径和内在要求。(5points)

60.近年来我国收入差距不断扩大已成为不争的事实，收入分配的公平问题越来越受到公众的高度关注。(5points)

61.实现义务教育均衡发展已经成为社会共识，但是，我国目前财政教育经费投入不足，教育资源分配结构也不合理，地区教育公共服务的提供依然存在较大的差异。(6points)

62.文化是某一特定人群所有传统、习俗、信仰和各种生活方式的总和。(4points)

【答案】SectionAEnglishtoChinese

56.一旦生态环境遭到破坏，整个国家，尤其是穷人将来的生存将会受到极大的损害，而且一旦生态恶化超过一定限度，那么一代人，甚至几十代人要想重新修复环境都极为困难。尽管保护环境一直是中国政府制定的一项基本国策，然而一个不可否认的事实是，总的来说，改善环境的种种努力很大程度上未能抵抗破坏环境的力量。

57.它基于以下观点：哲学的确是一门有趣的学科，不仅专家和有的具有天赋的本科生可以理解哲学，人人都可理解。不论是否上过哲学课，每个人都是哲学家。区别在于：系统学习过哲学的人具有这样的优势，他们遇到的论点要比以其他方式遇到的论点更有说服力、种类更多。该书的特点是：它使初学者有机会直接接触选自重要哲学著作并有实质内容的读物，但并不过分地要求学生必须通读这些很难读懂的书籍。

58.尽管大国不愿意销毁大规模杀伤性武器的心理不一定导致冲突，但尖端武器的使用会给人类健康带来灾难。如果适者生存（或优胜劣汰）这观念仍使用于国际社会，那么人类的文明就很可能遭到毁灭。我们不禁要问世界需要多少年才能彻底消灭战争。

SectionBChinesetoEnglish

59.Expansionofdomesticdemandisalong-termstrategicapproachinourcountry’seconomicdevelopmentandbasicstandpoint,andalsotopromotebalancedeconomicdevelopmentwithinthefundamentalapproachandtherequired.

60.Inrecentyears,thewideningofincomegaphasbecomeanindisputablefact,andthefairnessofincomedistributionhasbeenpaidmoreandmoreattentionbythepublic.

61.Ithasbecomeasocialconsensustorealizethebalanceddevelopmentofcompulsoryeducation.However,becausenationalexpenditureoneducationisinsufficient,andthedistributionstructureofeducationresourcesisunreasonable,therearestillgreatdifferencesintheprovisionofeducationalpublicservicesindifferentregions.

62.Cultureisthesumtotalofallthetraditions,customs,beliefs,andwaysoflifeofagivengroupofhumanbeings.

11.单选题

Packedlikesardinesintosweaty,claustrophobicsubwaycarriages,passengerscanbarelybreathe,______moveaboutfreely.

问题1选项

A.aswellas

B.disregardfor

C.letalone

D.notmentioning

【答案】C

【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项aswellas“也；不但……而且”；B选项disregardfor“漠视”；C选项letalone“更不用说；不打扰”；D选项notmentioning“没有提到”。句意：乘客像沙丁鱼一样挤在汗流浃背、幽闭恐怖的地铁车厢里，几乎无法呼吸，______自由走动。根据语境，这里是指车厢里面很挤，呼吸都困难，自由走动就更困难了，所以letalone“更不用说”符合题意。因此C选项正确。

12.单选题

IthasbeenaterribleafternoonforJane______ataboutsixo’clockinherfather’ssuddencollapseintounconsciousness.

问题1选项

A.converging

B.culminating

C.finalizing

D.releasing

【答案】B

【解析】考查定语从句。A选项converging“合并，汇聚”；B选项culminating“（以某种结果）告终；（在某一点）结束”，culminatein/withsth.；C选项finalizing“把（计划、旅行、项目等）最后定下来；定案”；D选项releasing“释放”。句意：对简来说，那是一个可怕的下午，她父亲在______六点钟左右陷入昏迷。B选项culminating“（以某种结果）告终；（在某一点）结束”符合语境中6点钟左右，意指这个下午的可怕在以父亲在6点左右陷入昏迷告终。因此B选项正确。

13.单选题

Whilethecompany’sCEOprofessestobeconfidentandurgesthedealforward,itsinvestorsareunlikelytobeso_______aboutitsprospects.Manywereuncomfortableatthewaythecorporationwasforcedtospendmuchofitscapitalinlastyear’sexpansion,andthisnewventureispotentiallyevenmorerisky.

问题1选项

A.apathetic

B.sanguine

C.apprehensive

D.anxious

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项apathetic“无动于衷的；缺乏兴趣的”；B选项sanguine“乐观的，充满希望的”；C选项apprehensive“忧虑的”；D选项anxious“担忧的；急切的”。句意：虽然该公司的首席执行官声称有信心并敦促该交易继续进行，但其投资者不太可能对其前景如此_______。根据while“虽然”，这里指CEO“首席执行官”和investors“投资者”态度相反，sanguine“乐观的，充满希望的”和confident“充满信心”意思相近，搭配unlikelyto符合题意。因此B选项正确。

14.翻译题

SectionAEnglishtoChinese(20points)

Directions:TranslatetheunderlinedpartofthefollowingtextintoChinese.WriteyourtranslationonyourANSWERSHEET.

IfRepublicansinCongressunitebehindDonaldTrump’sagenda,itwillnotbebecausetheyhavechangedtheirviewsoneconomics.WhateverMr.Trump’splansforbordertaxesandfiscalstimulus,mostRepublicansstillprofesstosupportfreetradeandloathegovernmentborrowing.(36)Instead,unityispossiblebecausetwoothergoalsbindthepresidentandhispartytogether.Thefirst,taxcuts,isausualpriorityfortheparty.Butthesecond,deregulation,onlyrecentlyrosetothesamestatus.Thecalltocutredtape（官样文章，冗长的法规条文）isnowanemotiverallyingcryforRepublicans—moreso,intheheartsofmanycongressmen,thanslashingdeficits.Deregulationwill,theyargue,unleasha“confidentAmerica”inwhichbusinessesthriveandwagessoar,leavingeconomists,withtheirexcusesforthe“newnormal”oflowgrowth,redfaced.Aretheyright?

(37)ThestraightforwardmotivationforRepublicans’deregulatoryagendaistheirdisdainforPresidentBarackObama’slegacy,muchofwhichwasinstalledthroughregulatoryfiat.TheAffordableCareAct,betterknownasObamacare,requiredbureaucratstowritethousandsofpagesofnewrules;theDodd-Frankfinancial-reformbilldidthesame.(38)Whenlegislationwasnotforthcoming,theexecutivebranchthrewitsweightaroundinstead.ItassertedthattheCleanAirActgaveitwide-rangingpowerstofightclimatechange,andthattheCleanWaterActletitcleanupmanymorepondsandriversthaneverbefore.

(39)Buttottingupcostsandbenefitsishardlystraightforward.Anagencywhichsupportsaregulationcanobviouslynudgethenumbersinafavorabledirection.Bureaucratsmustsometimesmakevaluejudgments.Forinstance,theObamaadministrationcountedbenefitstoforeigncountrieswhenweighinguprulestoreducecarbonemissions.

Inanycase,cost-benefitanalysisagesbadly.Withoutupdatingit,itisdifficulttoknowhowmucholdregulationsweighontheeconomy.OneMercatusworkingpaperplugsthenumberofrulesineachindustryintoacomplexmodeloftheeconomy.Itfindsthatruleswrittensince1980havedampenedgrowthbyabout0.8percentagepointsayear.

(40)Republicansliketoputaboutthatsortoffigure,butitstrikesmanyeconomistsasimplausiblylarge.Eventhosesympathetictoderegulationarehesitanttoforecastthegrowtheffectsofaregulatorybonfire,preferringtostressthebenefitsoftaxcuts.Democrats,meanwhile,arescathingabouttheideathatrollingbackregulationswouldpepuptheeconomymuch.JasonFurman,whoadvisedMr.Obama,addsupthecostsofObama-erarulesandsaysitis“impossible”toseehowyouwouldaddevenatenthofapercentagepointtogrowthbyundoingthem.(TheTrumpadministrationpromisesgrowthof3.5%-4%,upfrom1.6%in2016,partlyonthebackofderegulation.)

【答案】36.相反，由于另外两个目标将总统及其政党紧密联系，团结一致很有可能。第一，减税是共和党一贯主张的优先事项。但第二点放松管制，直到最近才上升到同样的地位。呼吁减少繁文缛节，是共和党人如今的一种有力战斗口号——在许多国会议员的心中，它比削减赤字更有分量。

37.共和党人放松管制议程的直接动机是蔑视巴拉克•奥巴马总统遗留政策，这其中大部分是通过监管法令而确立的。

38.当立法还没有出台时，行政部门就开始指手画脚，断言被《清洁空气法》赋予广泛权力以应对气候变化，而因为《清洁水法》清理了比以往任何时候都多的池塘和河流。

39.但合计成本和收益并不简单。支持监管的机构显然可以把数字推向有利的方向。政府官员有时必须做出主观价值判断。

40.虽然共和党人总是提这种数字，但许多经济学家认为这个数大得难以置信。即使那些赞同放松管制的人，也不愿去预测监管对经济增长的影响，而更愿意强调减税的好处。

15.单选题

Thereisaconspicuouslackofpublicdebateabouthowthisinsularcountryshould_______therealitythatmoreimmigrantsarecomingandthatthosealreadyherearechangingJapan.

问题1选项

A.abideby

B.accountfor

C.acton

D.adjustto

【答案】B

【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项abideby“遵守”；B选项accountfor“解释；对……负责”；C选项acton“对……起作用；按照……行事”；D选项adjustto“调整以适应”。句意：对于这个与世隔绝的国家来说，应该如何_______移民越来越多涌入并且正在改变日本这一现实，明显缺乏公开讨论。根据语境，accountfor“解释；对……负责”搭配reality“现实”比较合理，意思是解释为什么越来越多移民进入日本并且改变日本的现实。因此B选项正确。

16.翻译题

SectionBChinesetoEnglish(20points)

TranslatethefollowingtextintoEnglish.WriteyourtranslationonyourANSWERSHEET.

（40）土壤和土地资源支撑着全球可持续发展，它们还是我们与穷困、食品不安全和气候变化作斗争的关键元素。与其他自然资源复杂地交织在一起，土壤是水、能源和食品安全链条中（nexus）不可分割的组成部分。由于风沙和水的侵蚀，世界每年失去约240亿吨肥沃的土壤。

（41）土壤和土地的恶化（degradation）不仅是一个物理或生物化学问题，而且常常与社会经济各方面相联系。贫穷和被边缘化的人口通常最容易受土壤和土地恶化的影响，因为通常是他们拥有这些恶化的土地。

（42）为了使贫困的小规模农业耕种社区达到食品安全要求，并且根除（eradicate）极端贫困，我们需要处理与土地恶化相关的一系列复杂问题。土壤和土地恶化既是技术问题，也是管理（governance）问题。

【答案】40.Soilsandlandresourcesunderpinglobalsustainabledevelopment,andtheyarekeyelementsinourfightagainstpoverty,foodinsecurityandclimatechange.Intertwinedwithothernaturalresourcescomplicatedly,soilisanintegralpartofthewater,energy,andfoodsecuritynexus.Duetotheerosionofwindanddustaswellaswater,theworldlosesabout24billiontonsoffertilesoileveryyear.

41.Soilandlanddegradationnotonlyinvolvesphysicalorbiochemicalproblems,butalsooftenrelatedtosocialandeconomicaspects.Poorandmarginalizedpopulationsareusuallythemostvulnerabletosoilandlanddegradation,astheyareusuallytheoneswhoownthedeterioratedland.

42.Inorderforpoorsmall-scalefarmingcommunitiestomeetfoodsafetyrequirementsandtoeradicateextremepoverty,weneedtoaddressasetofcomplexissuesassociatedwithlanddegradation.Soilandlanddegradationisasmuchamatterofgovernanceasoftechnology.

17.单选题

Hewillsimplynotlistentoanybody;heis_______toargument.

问题1选项

A.imperceptible

B.impervious

C.impassable

D.blunt

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项imperceptible“（小得）无法察觉的”；B选项impervious“无动于衷的，不受影响的；不能渗透的”；C选项impassable“不能通行的（尤指因路况恶劣或被阻断）”；D选项blunt“直言的；不锋利的”。句意：任何人的话他都不听，他对争论_______。根据语境，这里指他不受别人所说的话的影响，所以impervious“不受影响的”符合题意。因此B选项正确。

18.单选题

OneoftheprincipalthemesofWalzer’scritiqueofliberalcapitalismisthatitisinsufficientlyegalitarian.Walzer’scaseagainsttheeconomicinequalitygeneratedbycapitalismandinfavorof“aradicalredistributionofwealth”ispresentedinawidelycitedessayentitled“InDefenseofEquality”.

ThemoststrikingfeatureofWalzer’scritiqueisthat,farfromrejectingtheprincipleofrewardaccordingtomerit,Walzerinsistsonitsvalidity.Peoplewhoexcelshouldreceivethesuperiorbenefitsappropriatetotheirexcellence.Butpeopleexhibitagreatvarietyofqualities—“intelligence,physicalstrength,agilityandgrace,artisticcreativity,mechanicalskill,leadership,endurance,memory,psychologicalinsight,thecapacityforhardwork—evenmoralstrength,sensitivity,theabilitytoexpresscompassion”.Eachdeservesitsproperrecompense,andhenceaproperdistributionofmaterialgoodsshouldreflecthumandifferencesasmeasuredonallthesedifferentscales.Yet,undercapitalism,theabilitytomakemoney(“thegreenthumbofbourgeoissociety”)enablesitspossessortoacquirealmost“everyothersortofsocialgood”,suchastherespectandesteemofothers.

ThecenterpieceofWalzer’sargumentistheinvocationofaquotationfromPascal’sPensees,whichconcludes:“Tyrannyisthewishtoobtainbyonemeanswhatcanonlybehadbyanother.”Pascalbelievesthatweowedifferentdutiestodifferentqualities.Sowemightsaythatinfatuationistheproperresponsetocharm,andawetheproperresponsetostrength.Inthislight,Walzercharacterizescapitalismasthetyrannyofmoney(oroftheabilitytomakeit).AndWalzeradvocatesasthemeansofeliminatingthistyrannyandofrestoringgenuineequality“theabolitionofthepowerofmoneyoutsideitssphere”.WhatWalzerenvisionsisasocietyinwhichwealthisnolongerconvertibleintosocialgoodswithwhichithasnointrinsicconnection.

Walzer’sargumentisapuzzlingone.Afterall,whyshouldthosequalitiesunrelatedtotheproductionofmaterialgoodsberewardedwithmaterialgoods?Isitnottyrannical,inPascal’ssense,toinsistthatthosewhoexcelin“sensitivity”or“theabilitytoexpresscompassion”meritequalwealthwiththosewhoexcelinqualities(suchas“thecapacityforhardwork”)essentialinproducingwealth?YetWalzer’sargument,howeverdeficient,doespointtooneofthemostseriousweaknessesofcapitalism—namely,thatitbringstopredominantpositionsinasocietypeoplewho,nomatterhowlegitimatelytheyhaveearnedtheirmaterialrewards,oftenlackthoseotherqualitiesthatevokeaffectionoradmiration.Someevenargueplausiblythatthisweaknessmaybeirremediable:inanysocietythat,likeacapitalistsociety,seekstobecomeeverwealthierinmaterialtermsdisproportionaterewardsareboundtoflowtothepeoplewhoareinstrumentalinproducingtheincreaseinitswealth.

16.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto________.

17.TheauthormentionsallofthefollowingasissuesaddressedbyWalzerEXCEPT________.

18.Thepassageprovidessufficientinformationtoanswerwhichofthefollowingquestions?

19.TheauthorimpliesthatWalzer’sinterpretationoftheprincipleofrewardaccordingtomeritisdistinctiveforits________.

20.Theauthorimpliesthatsensitivityisnotaqualitythat________.

问题1选项

A.arguethatWalzer’scritiqueofliberalcapitalismisthecornerstoneofWalzer’sthinking

B.presentmoreclearlythandoestheessay“InDefenseofEquality”thedistinctivefeaturesofWalzer’spolitico-economictheories

C.demonstratethatWalzer’scritiqueofliberalcapitalismisneitheroriginalnorpersuasive

D.outlineandtoexaminecriticallyWalzer’spositiononeconomicequality

问题2选项

A.properrecompenseforindividualexcellence

B.properinterpretationof“economicequality”

C.properlevelofasociety’swealth

D.groundsforcallingcapitalism“thetyrannyofmoney”

问题3选项

A.Whatweightinrelationtootherqualitiesshouldaqualitylikesensitivityhave,accordingtoWalzer,indeterminingtheproperdistributionofgoods?

B.WhichqualitydoesWalzerdeemtoohighlyvaluedunderliberalcapitalism?

C.Whicharethesocialgoodsthatare,accordingtoWalzer,outsidethereachofthepowerofmoney?

D.WhatdeficienciesinWalzer’sownargumentdoesWalzeracknowledge?

问题4选项

A.insistenceonmaximizingever