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住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国财政科学研究院考试名师押题精选卷I(带答案详解)(图片可根据实际调整大小)题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题
Somuchdataindicatetheworld’sprogresstowardsmeetingtheMillenniumDevelopmentGoals(MDGs),asetoftargetsadoptedbyworldleadersattheUNmorethantenyearsago.Butthegoal-settingexercisehasfurtherpitfalls.Toooften,thegoalsarereducedtoworkingouthowmuchmoneyisneededtomeetaparticulartarget.Yetthecountriesthathavemademostprogressincuttingpovertyhavelargelydonesonotbyspendingpublicmoney,butbyencouragingfastereconomicgrowth.AsShantaDevarajan,theWorldBank’schiefeconomistforAfrica,pointsout,growthdoesnotjustmakemoremoneyavailableforsocialspending.Italsoincreasesthedemandforsuchthingsasschooling,andthushelpsmeetotherdevelopmentgoals.Yetthegoals,asdrawnup,madenomentionofeconomicgrowth.
Ofcoursegrowthbyitselfdoesnotsolvealltheproblemsofthepoor.Itisalsoclearthatwhilemoneyhelps,howitisspentandwhatitisspentonareenormouslyimportant.Forinstances,campaignersoftenaskformoretobespentonprimaryeducation.Butthroughoutthedevelopingworldteachersonthepublicpayrollareoftenabsentfromschool.Teacher-absenteeismratesarearound20%inruralKenya,27%inUgandaand14%inEcuador.
Inanycase,moneythatisallocatedforsuchservicesrarelyreachesitsintendedrecipients.Astudyfoundthat70%ofthemoneyallocatedfordrugsandsuppliesbytheUgandagovernmentin2000waslost;inGhana,80%wassiphonedoff.Moneyneedstobespent,therefore,notmerelyonbuildingmoreschoolsorhiringmoreteachers,butongettingthemtodowhattheyarepaidfor,andpreventingresourcesfromdisappearingsomewherebetweenthecentralgovernmentandtheirsupposeddestination.
Thegoodnewsisthatpolicyexperimentscarriedoutbygovernments,NGOs,academicsandinternationalinstitutionsareslowlybuildingupabodyofevidenceaboutmethodsthatwork.Alarge-scaleevaluationinAndhraPradeshinsouthernIndiawasshown,forexample,thatperformancepayforteachersisthreetimesaseffectiveatraisingpupil’stestscoresastheequivalentamountspentonschoolsupplies.
AndinUgandathegovernment,appalledthatmoneymeantforschoolswasnotreachingthem,tooktopublicizinghowmuchwasbeingallotted,usingradioandnewspaper.Moneywastagewasdramaticallyreduced.TheWorldBankhopestobringsuchinnovationstothenoticeofothergovernmentsduringthesummit,ifitcan.Forifthedriveagainstpovertysucceed,itwillowemoretosuchideasandwiderusethantotargetssetatUN-sponsoredsummits.
26.Accordingtothetext,whichofthefollowingmeritscan’twederivefromeconomicgrowth?
27.Teacher-absenteeismiscitedasexample________.
28.Accordingtotheauthor,weshould________whendealingwithallocatedmoney.
29.Onwhichofthefollowingwouldtheauthormostprobablyagree?
30.Wemayinferfromthelastparagraphthat________.
问题1选项
A.Itincreasesotherdemandssuchaseducation.
B.ItmayhelpthegovernmenttofulfillMillenniumDevelopmentGoals.
C.Fastergrowthwillliftthepooroutofpoverty.
D.Economicgrowthmaysolvesomeproblemsofthepoor.
问题2选项
A.tocallforgovernmentsapplyperformancepaytoteachers
B.tounderlinetheimportanceofmoneyshouldbespentonwhereitisneeded
C.tostatethattheallocatedmoneyshouldgetstaffstodowhattheyarepaidfor
D.toshowthatAfricancountrieshavealongwaytogobeforereachingtheUN’sgoalposts
问题3选项
A.avoidtheleakageofmoney
B.givetheanti-povertyplansthepriority
C.promoteeducationtoahigherlevel
D.improvepublicinfrastructurefirst
问题4选项
A.Economicgrowthdoesnotmakemoremoneyavailableforsocialspending.
B.MoneyleakageisabigproblemthatAfricaencounters.
C.MillenniumDevelopmentGoalsmayinvolveeachcountry’sGDPgrowth.
D.MillenniumDevelopmentGoalshavecometobeseenasapplyingtoeachdevelopingcountry.
问题5选项
A.theWorldBankplaysanimportantroleinhelpingUgandafixmoneyleakage
B.moneyleakageisrampantlyflourishinginUganda
C.MillenniumDevelopmentGoalsmayhavefailedinliftingthepooroutofpoverty
D.innovativeideasshouldcomebeforetargetssetbyUN
【答案】第1题:C
第2题:B
第3题:A
第4题:B
第5题:D
【解析】26.事实细节题。根据第二段第一、二句Ofcoursegrowthbyitselfdoesnotsolvealltheproblemsofthepoor.Itisalsoclearthatwhilemoneyhelps,howitisspentandwhatitisspentonareenormouslyimportant.(当然,增长本身并不能解决穷人的所有问题。同样明显的是,虽然钱有帮助,但如何花,花在什么地方非常重要。),可知经济增长对于脱贫有帮助,但是不能根治,C选项“更快的增长将使贫困人口摆脱贫困”不符合文章意思,所以正确,钱在脱贫上有帮助,D选项“经济增长可能解决穷人的一些问题”符合文章意思,故错误。A选项“增加了其他需求,如教育”:根据第一段倒数第二句Italsoincreasesthedemandforsuchthingsasschooling(它还增加了对教育等方面的需求),可知符合文章意思,故错误。B选项“可能有助于政府实现千年发展目标”:根据第一段第一句和第三句Somuchdataindicatetheworld’sprogresstowardsmeetingtheMillenniumDevelopmentGoals(MDGs)…Toooften,thegoalsarereducedtoworkingouthowmuchmoneyisneededtomeetaparticulartarget.(如此多的数据表明,世界在实现千年发展目标(MDGs)方面取得了进展……通常,目标被简化为计算需要多少钱来达到一个特定的目标。),可知符合文章意思,故错误。因此C选项正确。
27.推理判断题。根据第二段第二句Itisalsoclearthatwhilemoneyhelps,howitisspentandwhatitisspentonareenormouslyimportant.(同样明显的是,虽然钱有帮助,但如何花,花在什么地方非常重要。),这是这段的主要论点,老师缺勤的例子是为了证明如何花钱很重要,所以B选项“强调钱应该花在需要的地方的重要性”正确。A选项“要求政府对教师实行绩效工资”,C选项“说明拿了相应的工资就要做相应的工作”和D选项“表明非洲国家在达到联合国的目标之前还有很长的路要走”:不是这一段表达的重点,故错误。因此B选项正确。
28.观点态度题。根据第三段最后一句Moneyneedstobespent,therefore,notmerelyonbuildingmoreschoolsorhiringmoreteachers,butongettingthemtodowhattheyarepaidfor,andpreventingresourcesfromdisappearingsomewherebetweenthecentralgovernmentandtheirsupposeddestination.(因此,资金不应该仅仅花在建设更多的学校或雇佣更多的教师上,而应该花在让他们做他们该做的事情上,防止资源在中央政府和他们预期的目的地之间消失。),可知作者认为最应该做的是让金钱去到该去的地方发挥作用,所以A选项“不让钱流失(被挪用)”正确,C选项“提高教育水平”不是花钱的主要方向,故错误。B选项“优先考虑脱贫计划”:在这里范围太广不符合题意,故错误。D选项“优先建设公共设施”:文章没有提到,故错误。因此A选项正确。
29.观点态度题。根据第三段第二句Astudyfoundthat70%ofthemoneyallocatedfordrugsandsuppliesbytheUgandagovernmentin2000waslost;inGhana,80%wassiphonedoff.(一项研究发现,2000年乌干达政府分配给药品和供应品的资金有70%不见了;而在加纳,80%的资金被挪用。),可知非洲国家的资金流失现象严重,所以B选项“资金流失是非洲遇到的一个大问题”符合文章意思,正确。A选项“经济增长并没有使更多的钱用于社会支出”:根据第一段倒数第三句growthdoesnotjustmakemoremoneyavailableforsocialspending(经济增长不仅仅是为社会支出提供了更多资金),可知不符合文章意思,故错误。C选项“千年发展目标可能涉及每个国家的国内生产总值增长”和D选项“千年发展目标已被视为适用于每个发展中国家”:文章没有提到,故错误。因此B选项正确。
30.推理判断题。根据最后一段第三句TheWorldBankhopestobringsuchinnovationstothenoticeofothergovernmentsduringthesummit,ifitcan.Forifthedriveagainstpovertysucceed,itwillowemoretosuchideasandwiderusethantotargetssetatUN-sponsoredsummits.(如果可能的话,世界银行希望在峰会期间让其他国家的政府注意到这些创新。因为如果消除贫困的运动取得成功,它将更多地归功于这些想法和更广泛的应用,而不是在联合国主办的峰会上设定的目标。),可知世界银行鼓励创新的想法,而不是联合国设立的目标,所以D选项“创新的想法应该先于联合国设定的目标”正确。A选项“世界银行在帮助乌干达解决资金流失问题方面发挥了重要作用”和B选项“资金流失在乌干达经常发生”:根据第五段第一、二句AndinUgandathegovernment,appalledthatmoneymeantforschoolswasnotreachingthem,tooktopublicizinghowmuchwasbeingallotted,usingradioandnewspaper.Moneywastagewasdramaticallyreduced.(而在乌干达,政府因本应给学校的钱没有送到他们手中而感到震惊,于是通过广播和报纸来公布分配了多少钱。金钱浪费大大减少。),可知是政府发挥了作用,而不是世界银行,故A选项错误,资金流失因为政府的作为大大减少,故B选项错误。C选项“千年发展目标可能未能使穷人摆脱贫困”:最后一段没有提到,故错误。因此D选项正确。
2.翻译题
41.我们必须全面深化改革,以释放市场活力对冲经济下行压力。
42.尽管财政收入增速放缓,支出压力加大,但我们要坚持以人为本,持续增加民生投入。
43.在基础设施、公共事业等领域,应积极推广政府和社会资本合作模式。
44.我们要全面推进依法治国,加快建设法治政府、创新政府、廉洁政府和服务型政府。
45.中国节能环保市场潜力巨大,它可以成为新兴的支柱产业。
【答案】41.Inordertoinvigoratethemarkettooffsetdownwardeconomicpressure,wemustcomprehensivelydeepenreform.
42.Despitetheslowdowninthegrowthofgovernmentrevenueandincreasedpressureonexpenditures,wemustcontinuetoputpeoplefirst,sustainingincreasestospendinginareasthatareimportanttoimprovingstandardsofliving.
43.EffortsshouldbemadetopromotePublic-Private-Partnershipininfrastructure,publicutilitiesandotherareas.
44.Wewillfullypromotethelaw-basedgovernanceofthecountry;movemoreswiftlytobuildaninnovative,clean,service-orientedruleoflawgovernment.
45.ThereisenormouspotentialinChina’smarketforenergyconservationandenvironmentalprotection;energyconservationandenvironmentalprotectionindustrycandevelopintoanewpillaroftheeconomy.
3.单选题
Hecameallthewaytohelpher______thatshehaddrownedherselfinawell.
问题1选项
A.onlytofind
B.tofind
C.inordertofind
D.soastofind
【答案】A
【解析】考查固定搭配。句意:他一路赶来帮助她,却发现她投井自尽了。A选项onlytofind“结果却发现”;B选项tofind“发现”;C选项inordertofind“为了发现”;D选项soastofind“以便发现”。根据语境,A选项onlytofind“结果却发现”符合题意。因此A选项正确。
4.单选题
______divorceourselvesfromthemassesofthepeople.
问题1选项
A.Innotimeweshould
B.Innotimeshouldwe
C.Atnotimeweshould
D.Atnotimeshouldwe
【答案】D
【解析】考查部分倒装和固定搭配。句意:在任何时候我们都不应该脱离人民群众。innotime“立刻”,atnotime“绝不”,结合语境确定用atnotime;根据选项确定考查具有否定意义的词组放句首的部分倒装,其结构为否定意义的词组+助动词/情态动词/be动词+主语+其他,所以D选项Atnotimeshouldwe符合题意。因此D选项正确。
5.单选题
Sinceneithersidewasreadyto______whatwasnecessaryforpeace,hostilitywasresumedin1980.
问题1选项
A.precede
B.recede
C.concede
D.intercede
【答案】C
【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项precede“领先”;B选项recede“后退;减弱”;C选项concede“让步”;D选项intercede“调解,调停”。句意:由于双方都不愿意对和平的必要条件______,1980年又恢复了敌对状态。根据语境,这里指双方不肯让步,C选项concede“让步”符合题意。因此C选项正确。
6.单选题
______advanceandretreatintheireternalrhythms,butthesurfaceoftheseaitselfisneveratrest.
问题1选项
A.Notonlywhenthetidesdo
B.Asthetidesnotonlydo
C.Notonlydothetides
D.Dothetidesnotonly
【答案】C
【解析】考查部分倒装。句意:不仅潮汐以它们永恒的节奏前进和后退,而且海面本身也从来没有静止过。根据题目和选项确定考查固定搭配notonly…but的部分倒装,notonly放在句首的倒装结构为notonly+助动词/情态动词/be动词+主语+其他,所以C选项Notonlydothetides符合题意。因此C选项正确。
7.单选题
ThesculpturallegacythatnewUnitedStates______itscolonialpredecessorswasfarfromarichone,andinfact,in1776sculpturesasanartformwasstillinthehandsofartisansandcraftspeople.
问题1选项
A.inheritedfrom
B.inheritedin
C.adaptedto
D.adoptedto
【答案】A
【解析】考查固定搭配。A选项inheritedfrom“从……继承……”;B选项inheritedin非固定搭配;C选项adaptedto“适应于”;D选项adoptedto“采用”。句意:新美洲从其殖民前辈那里______的雕塑遗产远不是丰富的,事实上,在1776年,雕塑作为一种艺术形式仍然在工匠和手艺人手中。根据语境,A选项inheritedfrom“从……继承……”搭配legacy“遗产”比较合理,意指从先辈那里继承的雕塑艺术遗产,符合题意。因此A选项正确。
8.单选题
______Ihavealreadymentioned,cardiosurgeryisoneoftheamazingnewsurgicaltechniquesthathavebeendevelopedinrecentyears.
问题1选项
A.Which
B.What
C.As
D.This
【答案】C
【解析】考查定语从句。句意:正如我已经提到的,心脏外科手术是近年来发展起来的令人惊奇的外科新技术之一。根据题干中两个完整的句子用逗号连接,以及选项中的引导词,可知考查非限制性定语从句。As引导非限制性定语从句时可放在句首,修饰后面的主句或主句的一部分,意思为“正如,像”,C选项符合题意。A选项which引导非限制性定语从句时放在所修饰部分或主句后面,不放在句首;B选项what不引导非限制性定语从句;D选项this为指示代词,不引导从句。因此C选项正确。
9.单选题
Womenhavesignificantadvantagesovermeninspacebecausetheyneedlessfoodandlessoxygenandthey_______radiationbetter.
问题1选项
A.standupto
B.standinfor
C.standupfor
D.standinwith
【答案】A
【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项standupto“经得起;抵抗;勇敢地面对”;B选项standinfor“代替”;C选项standupfor“拥护;坚持”;D选项standinwith“与……联合;同……分担”。句意:女性在太空中比男性有显著优势,因为她们需要更少的食物和更少的氧气,而且她们更能_______辐射。根据语境,standupto“经得起;抵抗”搭配radiation“辐射”比较合理,意指女性更能承受辐射。因此A选项正确。
10.翻译题
SectionAEnglishtoChinese(15points)
Directions:TranslatetheunderlinedpartofthefollowingtextintoChinese.WriteyourtranslationonyourANSWERSHEET.
56.Incomparisonwithmilitary,politicalandeconomicsecurity,ecologicalsecurityhasawiderinfluenceonthecommonpeoplelivinginacountry.Onceitsecologicalenvironmentisdestroyed,thefuturesurvivalofthewholenation,especiallythepoorwillbehorriblyundermined,anditwillbeextremelydifficultforageneration,oreventensofgenerationstoreclaimtheenvironmentonceecologicaldeteriorationgoesbeyondacertainthreshold.AlthoughprotectionoftheenvironmenthaslongbeenamatterofbasicstatepolicyfortheChinesegovernment,itisaundeniablefactthat,onthewhole,effortstoimprovetheenvironmenthavelargelyfailedtomatchdestructiveforcesworkingagainstthem.
57.Thisbookderiversfromdecadesofteachinginvariousschoolsacrossthecountry.Itisbasedonthebeliefthatphilosophyisagenuinelyexcitingsubject,accessiblenotonlytospecialistsandafewgiftedundergraduatemajorsbuttoeveryone.Everyoneisaphilosopherwhetherenrolledinaphilosophicalcourseornot.Thedifferenceisthatsomeonewhohasstudiedphilosophysystematicallyhastheadvantageofhavingencounteredstrongerandmorevariedargumentsthanmighthavebeenavailableotherwise.Whatisspecialaboutthisbookisthatisoffersintroductorystudentstheotherwiseopportunityofhavingdirectcontactwithsubstantialreadingsfromsignificantbooksonphilosophy,butwithouttheunreasonabledemandthattheyconfrontthesebooksinfull,whichareoftenincomprehensible.
58.What’sstrangeaboutmanisthathehasyettolearntosettledisputesbysomemeansotherthanwar.Notonlydoeswartakeaheavytolloflives,butleadstoincreasedtension.Theuseofsophisticatedweaponsisapttobringaboutdisasterstohumanhealthalthoughthereluctancetoeliminateweaponsofmassdestructiononthepartofthebigpowerswillnotnecessarilyendupwithconflicts.Thechancesarethatmanwillhavehisowncivilizationdestroyedifthenotionofthesurvivalofthefitteststillappliestotheinternationalcommunity.Wecannothelpwonderinghowmanyyearsitwilltakefortheworldtoeliminatewaronceforall.
SectionBChinesetoEnglish(20points)
Directions:TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.WriteyourtranslationonyourANSWERSHEET.
59.扩大内需是我国经济发展的长期战略方针和基本立足点,也是促进经济均衡发展的根本途径和内在要求。(5points)
60.近年来我国收入差距不断扩大已成为不争的事实,收入分配的公平问题越来越受到公众的高度关注。(5points)
61.实现义务教育均衡发展已经成为社会共识,但是,我国目前财政教育经费投入不足,教育资源分配结构也不合理,地区教育公共服务的提供依然存在较大的差异。(6points)
62.文化是某一特定人群所有传统、习俗、信仰和各种生活方式的总和。(4points)
【答案】SectionAEnglishtoChinese
56.一旦生态环境遭到破坏,整个国家,尤其是穷人将来的生存将会受到极大的损害,而且一旦生态恶化超过一定限度,那么一代人,甚至几十代人要想重新修复环境都极为困难。尽管保护环境一直是中国政府制定的一项基本国策,然而一个不可否认的事实是,总的来说,改善环境的种种努力很大程度上未能抵抗破坏环境的力量。
57.它基于以下观点:哲学的确是一门有趣的学科,不仅专家和有的具有天赋的本科生可以理解哲学,人人都可理解。不论是否上过哲学课,每个人都是哲学家。区别在于:系统学习过哲学的人具有这样的优势,他们遇到的论点要比以其他方式遇到的论点更有说服力、种类更多。该书的特点是:它使初学者有机会直接接触选自重要哲学著作并有实质内容的读物,但并不过分地要求学生必须通读这些很难读懂的书籍。
58.尽管大国不愿意销毁大规模杀伤性武器的心理不一定导致冲突,但尖端武器的使用会给人类健康带来灾难。如果适者生存(或优胜劣汰)这观念仍使用于国际社会,那么人类的文明就很可能遭到毁灭。我们不禁要问世界需要多少年才能彻底消灭战争。
SectionBChinesetoEnglish
59.Expansionofdomesticdemandisalong-termstrategicapproachinourcountry’seconomicdevelopmentandbasicstandpoint,andalsotopromotebalancedeconomicdevelopmentwithinthefundamentalapproachandtherequired.
60.Inrecentyears,thewideningofincomegaphasbecomeanindisputablefact,andthefairnessofincomedistributionhasbeenpaidmoreandmoreattentionbythepublic.
61.Ithasbecomeasocialconsensustorealizethebalanceddevelopmentofcompulsoryeducation.However,becausenationalexpenditureoneducationisinsufficient,andthedistributionstructureofeducationresourcesisunreasonable,therearestillgreatdifferencesintheprovisionofeducationalpublicservicesindifferentregions.
62.Cultureisthesumtotalofallthetraditions,customs,beliefs,andwaysoflifeofagivengroupofhumanbeings.
11.单选题
Packedlikesardinesintosweaty,claustrophobicsubwaycarriages,passengerscanbarelybreathe,______moveaboutfreely.
问题1选项
A.aswellas
B.disregardfor
C.letalone
D.notmentioning
【答案】C
【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项aswellas“也;不但……而且”;B选项disregardfor“漠视”;C选项letalone“更不用说;不打扰”;D选项notmentioning“没有提到”。句意:乘客像沙丁鱼一样挤在汗流浃背、幽闭恐怖的地铁车厢里,几乎无法呼吸,______自由走动。根据语境,这里是指车厢里面很挤,呼吸都困难,自由走动就更困难了,所以letalone“更不用说”符合题意。因此C选项正确。
12.单选题
IthasbeenaterribleafternoonforJane______ataboutsixo’clockinherfather’ssuddencollapseintounconsciousness.
问题1选项
A.converging
B.culminating
C.finalizing
D.releasing
【答案】B
【解析】考查定语从句。A选项converging“合并,汇聚”;B选项culminating“(以某种结果)告终;(在某一点)结束”,culminatein/withsth.;C选项finalizing“把(计划、旅行、项目等)最后定下来;定案”;D选项releasing“释放”。句意:对简来说,那是一个可怕的下午,她父亲在______六点钟左右陷入昏迷。B选项culminating“(以某种结果)告终;(在某一点)结束”符合语境中6点钟左右,意指这个下午的可怕在以父亲在6点左右陷入昏迷告终。因此B选项正确。
13.单选题
Whilethecompany’sCEOprofessestobeconfidentandurgesthedealforward,itsinvestorsareunlikelytobeso_______aboutitsprospects.Manywereuncomfortableatthewaythecorporationwasforcedtospendmuchofitscapitalinlastyear’sexpansion,andthisnewventureispotentiallyevenmorerisky.
问题1选项
A.apathetic
B.sanguine
C.apprehensive
D.anxious
【答案】B
【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项apathetic“无动于衷的;缺乏兴趣的”;B选项sanguine“乐观的,充满希望的”;C选项apprehensive“忧虑的”;D选项anxious“担忧的;急切的”。句意:虽然该公司的首席执行官声称有信心并敦促该交易继续进行,但其投资者不太可能对其前景如此_______。根据while“虽然”,这里指CEO“首席执行官”和investors“投资者”态度相反,sanguine“乐观的,充满希望的”和confident“充满信心”意思相近,搭配unlikelyto符合题意。因此B选项正确。
14.翻译题
SectionAEnglishtoChinese(20points)
Directions:TranslatetheunderlinedpartofthefollowingtextintoChinese.WriteyourtranslationonyourANSWERSHEET.
IfRepublicansinCongressunitebehindDonaldTrump’sagenda,itwillnotbebecausetheyhavechangedtheirviewsoneconomics.WhateverMr.Trump’splansforbordertaxesandfiscalstimulus,mostRepublicansstillprofesstosupportfreetradeandloathegovernmentborrowing.(36)Instead,unityispossiblebecausetwoothergoalsbindthepresidentandhispartytogether.Thefirst,taxcuts,isausualpriorityfortheparty.Butthesecond,deregulation,onlyrecentlyrosetothesamestatus.Thecalltocutredtape(官样文章,冗长的法规条文)isnowanemotiverallyingcryforRepublicans—moreso,intheheartsofmanycongressmen,thanslashingdeficits.Deregulationwill,theyargue,unleasha“confidentAmerica”inwhichbusinessesthriveandwagessoar,leavingeconomists,withtheirexcusesforthe“newnormal”oflowgrowth,redfaced.Aretheyright?
(37)ThestraightforwardmotivationforRepublicans’deregulatoryagendaistheirdisdainforPresidentBarackObama’slegacy,muchofwhichwasinstalledthroughregulatoryfiat.TheAffordableCareAct,betterknownasObamacare,requiredbureaucratstowritethousandsofpagesofnewrules;theDodd-Frankfinancial-reformbilldidthesame.(38)Whenlegislationwasnotforthcoming,theexecutivebranchthrewitsweightaroundinstead.ItassertedthattheCleanAirActgaveitwide-rangingpowerstofightclimatechange,andthattheCleanWaterActletitcleanupmanymorepondsandriversthaneverbefore.
(39)Buttottingupcostsandbenefitsishardlystraightforward.Anagencywhichsupportsaregulationcanobviouslynudgethenumbersinafavorabledirection.Bureaucratsmustsometimesmakevaluejudgments.Forinstance,theObamaadministrationcountedbenefitstoforeigncountrieswhenweighinguprulestoreducecarbonemissions.
Inanycase,cost-benefitanalysisagesbadly.Withoutupdatingit,itisdifficulttoknowhowmucholdregulationsweighontheeconomy.OneMercatusworkingpaperplugsthenumberofrulesineachindustryintoacomplexmodeloftheeconomy.Itfindsthatruleswrittensince1980havedampenedgrowthbyabout0.8percentagepointsayear.
(40)Republicansliketoputaboutthatsortoffigure,butitstrikesmanyeconomistsasimplausiblylarge.Eventhosesympathetictoderegulationarehesitanttoforecastthegrowtheffectsofaregulatorybonfire,preferringtostressthebenefitsoftaxcuts.Democrats,meanwhile,arescathingabouttheideathatrollingbackregulationswouldpepuptheeconomymuch.JasonFurman,whoadvisedMr.Obama,addsupthecostsofObama-erarulesandsaysitis“impossible”toseehowyouwouldaddevenatenthofapercentagepointtogrowthbyundoingthem.(TheTrumpadministrationpromisesgrowthof3.5%-4%,upfrom1.6%in2016,partlyonthebackofderegulation.)
【答案】36.相反,由于另外两个目标将总统及其政党紧密联系,团结一致很有可能。第一,减税是共和党一贯主张的优先事项。但第二点放松管制,直到最近才上升到同样的地位。呼吁减少繁文缛节,是共和党人如今的一种有力战斗口号——在许多国会议员的心中,它比削减赤字更有分量。
37.共和党人放松管制议程的直接动机是蔑视巴拉克•奥巴马总统遗留政策,这其中大部分是通过监管法令而确立的。
38.当立法还没有出台时,行政部门就开始指手画脚,断言被《清洁空气法》赋予广泛权力以应对气候变化,而因为《清洁水法》清理了比以往任何时候都多的池塘和河流。
39.但合计成本和收益并不简单。支持监管的机构显然可以把数字推向有利的方向。政府官员有时必须做出主观价值判断。
40.虽然共和党人总是提这种数字,但许多经济学家认为这个数大得难以置信。即使那些赞同放松管制的人,也不愿去预测监管对经济增长的影响,而更愿意强调减税的好处。
15.单选题
Thereisaconspicuouslackofpublicdebateabouthowthisinsularcountryshould_______therealitythatmoreimmigrantsarecomingandthatthosealreadyherearechangingJapan.
问题1选项
A.abideby
B.accountfor
C.acton
D.adjustto
【答案】B
【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项abideby“遵守”;B选项accountfor“解释;对……负责”;C选项acton“对……起作用;按照……行事”;D选项adjustto“调整以适应”。句意:对于这个与世隔绝的国家来说,应该如何_______移民越来越多涌入并且正在改变日本这一现实,明显缺乏公开讨论。根据语境,accountfor“解释;对……负责”搭配reality“现实”比较合理,意思是解释为什么越来越多移民进入日本并且改变日本的现实。因此B选项正确。
16.翻译题
SectionBChinesetoEnglish(20points)
TranslatethefollowingtextintoEnglish.WriteyourtranslationonyourANSWERSHEET.
(40)土壤和土地资源支撑着全球可持续发展,它们还是我们与穷困、食品不安全和气候变化作斗争的关键元素。与其他自然资源复杂地交织在一起,土壤是水、能源和食品安全链条中(nexus)不可分割的组成部分。由于风沙和水的侵蚀,世界每年失去约240亿吨肥沃的土壤。
(41)土壤和土地的恶化(degradation)不仅是一个物理或生物化学问题,而且常常与社会经济各方面相联系。贫穷和被边缘化的人口通常最容易受土壤和土地恶化的影响,因为通常是他们拥有这些恶化的土地。
(42)为了使贫困的小规模农业耕种社区达到食品安全要求,并且根除(eradicate)极端贫困,我们需要处理与土地恶化相关的一系列复杂问题。土壤和土地恶化既是技术问题,也是管理(governance)问题。
【答案】40.Soilsandlandresourcesunderpinglobalsustainabledevelopment,andtheyarekeyelementsinourfightagainstpoverty,foodinsecurityandclimatechange.Intertwinedwithothernaturalresourcescomplicatedly,soilisanintegralpartofthewater,energy,andfoodsecuritynexus.Duetotheerosionofwindanddustaswellaswater,theworldlosesabout24billiontonsoffertilesoileveryyear.
41.Soilandlanddegradationnotonlyinvolvesphysicalorbiochemicalproblems,butalsooftenrelatedtosocialandeconomicaspects.Poorandmarginalizedpopulationsareusuallythemostvulnerabletosoilandlanddegradation,astheyareusuallytheoneswhoownthedeterioratedland.
42.Inorderforpoorsmall-scalefarmingcommunitiestomeetfoodsafetyrequirementsandtoeradicateextremepoverty,weneedtoaddressasetofcomplexissuesassociatedwithlanddegradation.Soilandlanddegradationisasmuchamatterofgovernanceasoftechnology.
17.单选题
Hewillsimplynotlistentoanybody;heis_______toargument.
问题1选项
A.imperceptible
B.impervious
C.impassable
D.blunt
【答案】B
【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项imperceptible“(小得)无法察觉的”;B选项impervious“无动于衷的,不受影响的;不能渗透的”;C选项impassable“不能通行的(尤指因路况恶劣或被阻断)”;D选项blunt“直言的;不锋利的”。句意:任何人的话他都不听,他对争论_______。根据语境,这里指他不受别人所说的话的影响,所以impervious“不受影响的”符合题意。因此B选项正确。
18.单选题
OneoftheprincipalthemesofWalzer’scritiqueofliberalcapitalismisthatitisinsufficientlyegalitarian.Walzer’scaseagainsttheeconomicinequalitygeneratedbycapitalismandinfavorof“aradicalredistributionofwealth”ispresentedinawidelycitedessayentitled“InDefenseofEquality”.
ThemoststrikingfeatureofWalzer’scritiqueisthat,farfromrejectingtheprincipleofrewardaccordingtomerit,Walzerinsistsonitsvalidity.Peoplewhoexcelshouldreceivethesuperiorbenefitsappropriatetotheirexcellence.Butpeopleexhibitagreatvarietyofqualities—“intelligence,physicalstrength,agilityandgrace,artisticcreativity,mechanicalskill,leadership,endurance,memory,psychologicalinsight,thecapacityforhardwork—evenmoralstrength,sensitivity,theabilitytoexpresscompassion”.Eachdeservesitsproperrecompense,andhenceaproperdistributionofmaterialgoodsshouldreflecthumandifferencesasmeasuredonallthesedifferentscales.Yet,undercapitalism,theabilitytomakemoney(“thegreenthumbofbourgeoissociety”)enablesitspossessortoacquirealmost“everyothersortofsocialgood”,suchastherespectandesteemofothers.
ThecenterpieceofWalzer’sargumentistheinvocationofaquotationfromPascal’sPensees,whichconcludes:“Tyrannyisthewishtoobtainbyonemeanswhatcanonlybehadbyanother.”Pascalbelievesthatweowedifferentdutiestodifferentqualities.Sowemightsaythatinfatuationistheproperresponsetocharm,andawetheproperresponsetostrength.Inthislight,Walzercharacterizescapitalismasthetyrannyofmoney(oroftheabilitytomakeit).AndWalzeradvocatesasthemeansofeliminatingthistyrannyandofrestoringgenuineequality“theabolitionofthepowerofmoneyoutsideitssphere”.WhatWalzerenvisionsisasocietyinwhichwealthisnolongerconvertibleintosocialgoodswithwhichithasnointrinsicconnection.
Walzer’sargumentisapuzzlingone.Afterall,whyshouldthosequalitiesunrelatedtotheproductionofmaterialgoodsberewardedwithmaterialgoods?Isitnottyrannical,inPascal’ssense,toinsistthatthosewhoexcelin“sensitivity”or“theabilitytoexpresscompassion”meritequalwealthwiththosewhoexcelinqualities(suchas“thecapacityforhardwork”)essentialinproducingwealth?YetWalzer’sargument,howeverdeficient,doespointtooneofthemostseriousweaknessesofcapitalism—namely,thatitbringstopredominantpositionsinasocietypeoplewho,nomatterhowlegitimatelytheyhaveearnedtheirmaterialrewards,oftenlackthoseotherqualitiesthatevokeaffectionoradmiration.Someevenargueplausiblythatthisweaknessmaybeirremediable:inanysocietythat,likeacapitalistsociety,seekstobecomeeverwealthierinmaterialtermsdisproportionaterewardsareboundtoflowtothepeoplewhoareinstrumentalinproducingtheincreaseinitswealth.
16.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto________.
17.TheauthormentionsallofthefollowingasissuesaddressedbyWalzerEXCEPT________.
18.Thepassageprovidessufficientinformationtoanswerwhichofthefollowingquestions?
19.TheauthorimpliesthatWalzer’sinterpretationoftheprincipleofrewardaccordingtomeritisdistinctiveforits________.
20.Theauthorimpliesthatsensitivityisnotaqualitythat________.
问题1选项
A.arguethatWalzer’scritiqueofliberalcapitalismisthecornerstoneofWalzer’sthinking
B.presentmoreclearlythandoestheessay“InDefenseofEquality”thedistinctivefeaturesofWalzer’spolitico-economictheories
C.demonstratethatWalzer’scritiqueofliberalcapitalismisneitheroriginalnorpersuasive
D.outlineandtoexaminecriticallyWalzer’spositiononeconomicequality
问题2选项
A.properrecompenseforindividualexcellence
B.properinterpretationof“economicequality”
C.properlevelofasociety’swealth
D.groundsforcallingcapitalism“thetyrannyofmoney”
问题3选项
A.Whatweightinrelationtootherqualitiesshouldaqualitylikesensitivityhave,accordingtoWalzer,indeterminingtheproperdistributionofgoods?
B.WhichqualitydoesWalzerdeemtoohighlyvaluedunderliberalcapitalism?
C.Whicharethesocialgoodsthatare,accordingtoWalzer,outsidethereachofthepowerofmoney?
D.WhatdeficienciesinWalzer’sownargumentdoesWalzeracknowledge?
问题4选项
A.insistenceonmaximizingever
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