英语句子成分剖析课件

1、句子成分与句子基本类型句子句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的, 是表达一个完整概念的语言单位。句子开头的第一个字母要大写；结尾要有句号“.”、问号“?”或感叹号“”。Tom likes rock music.What are you doing now?How beautiful it is！句子成分构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语和插入语。Tom likes rock music.He likes reading in the reading room.The boy in the classroom is Tom. 基本句型句型一: 主语+

2、谓语(不及物动词) Birds fly. (鸟飞。)句型二: 主语+谓语+宾语 She likes English. (她喜欢英语。)句型三: 主语+系动词+表语 They are honest. (他们是诚实的。)基本句型句型四: 主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语 He gave Tom a book. 他给汤姆了一本书。句型五: 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语 I saw her dance. 我看见他跳舞。特殊句型: There be 句型 There is a baby. 这里有个小孩。句子成分之 主语主语是在句子中说明全句中心主题的部分。一般由名词、代词、不定式或者相当于名词的词或者短语

3、构成。一般放在句首。Walls have ears. He will take you to the hospital. Three plus four equals seven. 句子成分之 主语To see is to believe. (不定式)Smoking is not allowed in public places. (动名词)Whether or not they will come depends on the weather. (从句)句子成分之 谓语谓语说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或者“怎么样” , 有简单动词和动词短语构成。 We study hard.Action

4、speaks louder than words.The chance may never come again. Mary has been working at the dress shop since 1994句子成分之 表语表语位于系动词之后，说明主语“是什么”或者“怎么样”，由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式及短语来担当。My father is a professor. Whos that? Its me. Everything here is expensive. The match became very exciting.句子成分之 表语The story of my l

5、ife may be of help to others.Three times five is fifteen.His plan is to seek work in the city. My first idea was that you should hide your feelings. 句子成分之 宾语宾语在谓语之后，是动作、行为的对象，有名词、代词、不定式或者相当于名词的词、短语担任，它和及物动词一起说明主语做什么。She covered her face with her hands.We havent seen her for a long time. Do you mind

6、opening the window?句子成分之 宾语Give me four please. He wants to dream a nice dream. We need know what others are doing. We should care more about our friends. (介词+名词)宾语种类：双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语)You lend me your dictionary.My mother bought my brother a computer.复合宾语(宾语+宾语补足语)They elected him their monitor. I find

7、 the homework difficult to finish.句子成分之 宾语补足语英语有些及物动词, 除了要有宾语之外，还要加上宾语补足语, 才能使句子的意义完整。宾语和宾语补足语一起构成动词的复合结构。They elected me captain of the team. We try to make our country strong. We found everything in good order there.(介词短语)句子成分之 宾语补足语 I should advise you to get the chance. (to do 不定式) I saw him goi

8、ng upstairs. (doing现在分词)They found the house broken in. (done过去分词)句子成分之 定语 定语用来修饰名词或者代词。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不定式或者相当于形容词的词或者短语都可以担任定语。They are women workers. Toms father didnt write home until yesterday. (名词所有格)Mary is a beautiful girl.句子成分之 定语The play has three acts. This is her first trip to Europe.

9、(代词、数词、不定式)China is a developing country. (现在分词)I have nothing to eat. (不定式)Those who want to go to Tibet are to sign their names here. (定语从句)句子成分之 状语状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态的特征状语表示地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、伴随情况等。He did it carefully.Without his help, we couldnt work it out. (介词短语做条件状语。)句子成分之 状语(In orde

10、r) to catch up with my classmates, I must study hard. (不定式做目的状语)The best fish swim near the bottom. (地点状语)I left the village five years ago.I arrived late because of the traffic jam . (原因状语)句子成分之 状语He often comes to visit us. (副词)The fish can eat a person in two minutes, leaving only bones. (结果状语)Th

11、e students came into the classroom, singing and dancing. (伴随状语)If he goes, so will I. (条件状语)句子成分之 同位语放在名词后面, 与前面的名词指的是同一人或物。代词、名词、数词和从句都可以做同位语。We students should study hard. (名词)We all are students. (代词)This is Mr. Green, manager of our company. (名词短语)句子成分之 同位语We three will go there together. (数词做同位

12、语)The news that our team got the first place made everyone so excited. (that引导的从句就是news的内容) I met my best friend Tom at the station yesterday.主语谓语定语宾语同位语状语指出下列句中主语的中心词Theteacherwithtwoofhisstudentsiswalkingintotheclassroom. Thereisanoldmancominghere. Theusefuldictionarywasgivenbymymotherlastyear.Tod

13、otodayshomeworkwithoutthe teachershelpisverydifficult.指出下列句中的宾语 My brother hasnt done his homework. People all over the world speak English. How many new words did you learn last class? The old man sitting at the gate said that he was ill.一个完整的句子做宾语, 那么这个句子叫宾语从句。指出下列句中的表语The old man was feeling very

14、 tired.The leaves have turned yellow.Soon, they all became interested in the subject.His hope is to be a teacher.My dream is that I can be admitted into a key university.指出下列句中的定语1. What is your last name?2. I am afraid some people forgot to clean the floor. 3. Do you know the man standing at the do

15、or? 4. He likes the film which he saw last week.指出下列句中的宾语补足语 He asked her to take the boy out of school. She found it difficult to do the work. They call me Lily sometimes. I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus.指出下列句中的状语There was a big smile on her face.Every night he heard the noise upstairs.The man on the

16、 motorbike was traveling too fast.He began to learn English when he was eleven.基本句型一主语+谓语(不及物动词)Birds fly. (鸟飞。) 主语 谓语(不及物动词)Class begins. (开始上课。) 主语 谓语(不及物动词)He runs in the park. (他在公园跑步。) 主语 谓语 (地点状语)基本句型一发展公式She sings. (她唱歌)She sings well. (她唱歌唱得好。)She sang very well last night.She sang very well

17、 at the party last night. (在昨天的晚会上她唱歌唱得好。)She sang very well at the party held last night. (分词短语作定语修饰party)常见只能做不及物动词的词arrive 到达 come 来 go 去laugh 笑 sleep 睡觉stay待在 swim游泳 walk步行 work工作基本句型二主语+谓语+宾语She likes English. (她喜欢英语。)He read the book. (他读过那本书。)I know him very well. (代词做宾语)They want to go. (不定式

18、作宾语)He stopped writing. (动名词作宾语)基本句型二发展公式I like that story.I really like that story. (状语)I like that story very much. (状语)I like the story which he told us. (定语从句)基本句型三主语+系动词+表语He became a scientist. (他成了一名科学家主语 系动词 表语 His face turns red. (他的脸红了。)That book looks interesting. 那本书好像很有趣。It grew dark. (

19、天变黑了。)基本句型三发展公式He is a teacher.He is a teacher in that high school.He was a teacher in that high school ten years ago.He was a teacher in that high school when he was young. (状语从句)He who is standing three is a teacher (定语从句)基本句型四主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语He gave Tom a book. 主语 谓语 间宾 直宾主语+谓语+直接宾语+间接宾语He gave a

20、book to Tom. 主语 谓语 直宾 间宾动词后面加 tofeed 喂 give给 hand 交给lend 借给 offer提供 pass 递给promise答应 read 读 sell卖 refuse不允许 return还给 send寄给show 给看 bring 带给某人 teach 教 tell 告诉 take 拿throw 给看 write 给写信动词后面加 forbuy买 choose 选择 cook 做饭 get 得到 make 生产 pick捡起 save为某人节约 fetch为某人取来 leave 留给某人 call 为叫 book 为预定 find为找到 order 为

21、定制 play为某人演奏 sing 为某人歌唱to & forHe gave me a pen. (他把钢笔给了我。) He gave a pen to me.He will buy me some books. He will buy some books for me. (他将给我买一些书。)注意直接宾语是人称代词, 间接宾语是名词； I passed it to my mother.间接宾语是人称代词, 直接宾语是名词 I found spare books for him. (我为他找到了多余的书。)两个宾语都是人称代词时 Gave it to me. 基本句型五主语+谓语+宾语+宾语

22、补足语We call him Tom. (我们叫他汤姆。) 主 谓 宾 宾补Leave the door open.I saw him enter the hall.常跟复合宾语的动词复合宾语的动词：call, name, make, think, find, leaveI will make you captain.I found the movie interesting.He left the window open.省去小品词的情况在see, watch, look at, listen to, hear, feel, let, make(使得), have (使得)这些动词后面的宾语

23、补足语如果是由不定式担当, 则省去to, 但是变成被动语态时, to要还原。 I saw the pianist play the piano. The pianist was seen to play the piano.基本句型六There be 句型There be +某物/某人+某地表示某地有某物或某人There is a girl and two boys in the picture.There are two boys and a girl in the picture.Fill the blanks of the questionsThere _ three birds in

24、the tree.There _ a beautiful necklace on the table.There _ many books on the desk.There _ a lot of apples in the basket.There _a beautiful butterfly in the garden.There _ many students playing basketball on the campus.句子分类1)简单句 (Simple Sentence)2)并列句(Compound Sentence)3)复合句(Complex Sentence)句子结构 (一)

25、.简单句(Simple Sentence)1. 简单句只有一个主谓关系。2. 句子可能有两个或更多的主语, 也可 能有两个或更多的谓语,但是句子中的主谓关系只有一个。 Tom likes rock music. Tom and John are fond of rock music.(一).简单句(Simple Sentence) Tom sat down at his desk and began to do his homework.小结:1. S+V 2. S+V+O 3. S+V+P 4. S+V+IO+DO 5. S+V+O+OC(二)并列句(compound sentence):把

26、两个或几个简单句用并列连词或分号连接起来, 则成为一个并列句。并列句有两个或两个以上的主谓结构。这些主谓结构之间的关系是并列的、对等的。从语法上讲,所谓并列、对等是指任何一个主谓结构都能独立地表达意思,谁也不从属于谁。并列句She came to my house yesterday evening, and I went to hers. 昨晚她来我家了, 我却去她家了。 Everything in the world is outside you but health belongs to yourself. 一切都是身外之物,只用健康属于自己 You are in the right,

27、therefore we should support you .你是对的,所以我们该支持你。请用合适的并列连词把每组句子合并为一个并列句。1.He was tired. He went to bed.2.The dress is really beautiful. I cant afford it. He was tired, so he went to bed.The dress is really beautiful, but I cant afford it.3. Mary is cooking. John is greeting guests.Mary is cooking, and

28、/while John is greeting guests.3. 复合句 (Complex Sentence)主句+连词+从句连词+从句+主句 定语从句 名词性从句 状语从句主语从句 宾语从句表语从句同位语从句判断从句I hope that everything is all right.She was reading the newspaper when I came in.She is the girl who sings best of all.I want to live in a place where the air is fresh.句子分类 a)陈述句(Declarative

29、 Sentence) b)疑问句(Interrogative Sentence)c)祈使句(Imperative Sentence) d)感叹句(Exclamatory Sentence)句子用途 陈述句用来叙述一个事实或观点的句子叫陈述句。陈述句有肯定和否定两种形式, 一般用降调，句末用句号。陈述句的语序一般是“主语+谓语部分”, 或“主语+系动词+表语”。陈述句之肯定句 Plants grow well all the year round. 一年四季植物生长良好。 I felt the floor move. 我感到地板在移动。 That sounds a great idea! 听起来

30、这是一个极好的主意！陈述句之否定句主语+be动词/情态动词+not+实义动词+The villagers didnt allow them to do this. 村民们没有允许他们这样做。 He cant make anything out of nothing.巧妇难为无米之炊。陈述句之否定句We dont think there is anything of interest in your pictures.我们认为你的画没有什么有趣的地方。I dont believe its necessary to buy the bigger one. 我认为没有必要买容量大一点的。否定转移:

31、believe, expect, suppose, think, imagine, fancy, reckon 疑问句用来提出问题,句末须用问号。疑问句分为一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、反意疑问句和选择疑问句。一般疑问句(general question)一般疑问句用来询问一件事情或一个情况是否属实，需要用肯定词yes或否定词no来回答。“be/have/助动词或情态动词+主语+谓语”-Are you good at sailing? 你赛艇很行吧？ -Yes, in fact, Im on our city team. 是的, 事实上, 我是市赛艇队的。特殊疑问句(special question

32、)用来对句子某一部分提问的疑问句, 以疑问词开头。How shall I do it? 我怎样做呢？What time will you come?你什么时候来？When will we leave?我们什么时候离开?Where are you from? 你从什么地方来？Which do you want? 你要哪个？反意疑问句英语中，反意疑问句是由陈述句和附在其后的附加疑问句组成。其中附加疑问句是对陈述句所说的事实或观点提出疑问，起证实作用，一般用于证实说话者所说的事实或观点。翻译为“是吗”？陈述肯定+疑问否定？陈述否定+疑问肯定？1. 陈述肯定+疑问否定-You were moved b

33、y your students, werent you? -Yes, I were. -No, I werent.陈述否定+疑问肯定-She hasnt got up, has she? 她还没有起床，是吗？-Yes, she has. 不，她已经起来了。No, she hasnt. 是的，她还没起来。反意疑问句 (1)反意疑问句中问句部分的动词与陈述部分的动词在语气上成相反的对应关系，即：肯定+否定？ 否定+肯定？You cant do it, can you? 你不能做它，是吗？They are very late for the meeting, arent they? 他们开会迟到了，

34、不是吗？反意疑问句 (2)当陈述句中含有be动词、助动词、或是情态动词时，反问句部分由这些词加上主语人称代词构成。She is a lovely girl, isnt she? He will go home, wont he?She doesnt like to eat popcorn, does she?The baby wont sleep early, will it?关于havehave作“有”解时，可有两种形式。He has a new book, hasnt/doesnt he? 他有一本新书，是吗？He has a lot of money, hasnt/doesnt he?

35、他有很多钱，是吗？关于havehave 表示其它意思时, 如：“经历”、“吃”、“开会”时，只用do的相应形式。He seldom has lunch at school, does he ? 他在学校很少吃午饭，是吗？The students have a meeting once a week, dont they (不能用havent he?) He has supper at home every day, doesnt he? (不能用hasnt he?) 反意疑问句 (3)当陈述句中只含有行为动词时, 就用do的相应形式。You cleaned your house last we

36、ek, didnt you?Your father plays the computer very well, doesnt he?They look so happy today, dont they?反意疑问句 (4)反意疑问句的陈述部分带有 little, few, never, hardly, seldom, nobody, nothing, barely, scarcely 等否定意义的词时, 问句部分用肯定式。She never tells a lie, does she? He was seldom late, was he? 反意疑问句 (5)反意疑问句的陈述部分为I am时,

37、 问句部分习惯上用arent I?表示。I am a very honest man, arent I? 我是一个诚实的人，不是吗？ 反意疑问句 (6)陈述部分的主语为不定代词something, anything, nothing, everything时, 问句部分的主语用it。Something is wrong with the computer, isnt it? Nothing has happened to them, has it? 反意疑问句 (7)陈述部分的主语为不定代somebody(one), anybody(one), nobody(no one), everybod

38、y (one)时, 问句部分的主语用he或 they，这时问句动词的数应和he或 they一致。Someone has taken the seat, hasnt he? Everyone has done their best in the game, havent they? 每个人在比赛中已经尽力了，不是吗？反意疑问句 (8)省去主语的祈使句的反意疑问句，疑问部分用will you Go with me, will you/wont you? Dont do that again, will you? 反意疑问句 (9)Lets 开头的祈使句, 后用shall we (shant we)

39、 ?Let us开头的祈使句, 后用will you (wont you)?Lets go and listen to the music, shall we (shant we)?Let us wait for you in the reading-room, will you (wont you)?反意疑问句 (10)陈述部分为There (Here)+ be +主语时，问句部分用动词+there (here)?形式。There are two cakes on the plate, arent there? 碟子里有两块蛋糕，不是吗？Here is a story about Mark Twain, isnt here? 这是关于马克吐温的故事, 不是吗？反意疑问句 (11)think引导的宾语从句 A.主语是第一人称 I dont think he is bright, is he? We believe she can do it better, cant she?B. 如果主语不是第一人称则疑问部分与主句相对应构成反意疑问句 He thought they were wrong, didnt he? (不能说werent they?)选择疑问句 提供两种(或两种以上)情况，问对方选择哪一种，其结构可用一般疑问句，也可用特殊疑问句，在提供的情况之