2022年考研考博-考博英语-合肥工业大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号36

1、住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-合肥工业大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题Culture is the sum total of all the traditions, customs, beliefs, and ways of life of a given group of human beings. In this sense, every group has a culture, however savage, underdeveloped, or uncivilized it may se

2、em to us.To the professional anthropologist, there is no intrinsic superiority of one culture over another, just as to the professional linguist there is no intrinsic hierarchy among languages.People once thought of the languages of backward group as savage, underdeveloped forms of speech, consistin

3、g largely of grunts and groans. While it is possible that language in general began as a series of grunts and groans, it is a fact established by the study of “backward” languages that no spoken tongue answers that description today. Most languages of uncivilized groups are, by our most severe stand

4、ards, extremely complex, delicate, and ingenious pieces of machinery for the transfer of ideas. They fall behind our Western languages not in their sound patterns or grammatical structures, which usually are fully adequate for all language needs, but only in their vocabularies, which reflect the obj

5、ects and activities known to their speakers. Even in this department, however, two things are to be noted: 1. All languages seem to possess the machinery for vocabulary expansion either by putting together words already in existence or by borrowing them from other languages and adapting them to thei

6、r own system. 2. The objects and activities requiring names and distinctions in “backward” languages, while different from ours, are often surprisingly numerous and complicated. A Western language distinguishes merely between two degrees of remoteness (“this” and “that”); some languages of the Ameri

7、can Indians distinguish between what is close to the speaker, or to the person addressed, or removed from both, or out of sight, or in the past, or in the future.This study of language, in turn, casts a new light upon the claim of the anthropologists that all cultures are to be viewed independently,

8、 and without ideas of rank or hierarchy.1. The author says that grunt-and-groan forms of speech are found _.2. According to the author, languages, whether civilized or not, have _.3. The author says that professional linguists recognize that _.4. Which of the following is implied in the passage?问题1选

9、项A.nowhere todayB.among the Australian aboriginesC.among Eastern culturesD.among people speaking “backward” languages问题2选项A.the potential for expanding vocabularyB.their own sound patternsC.an ability to transfer ideasD.grammatical structures问题3选项A.Western languages are superior to Eastern languages

10、B.all languages come from grunts and groansC.the hierarchy of languages is difficult to understandD.there is no hierarchy of languages32. Which of the following is implied in the passage?问题4选项A.The study of languages has discredited anthropological studies.B.The study of languages has reinforced ant

11、hropologists in their view that there is no hierarchy among cultures.C.The study of languages is the same as the study of anthropologists.D.The study of languages casts a new light upon the claim of anthropologists.【答案】第1题:A第2题:A第3题:D第4题:B【解析】1.【试题答案】A【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“作者说，咕哝和呻吟的语言形式可以在中找到”。根据第三段中的第

12、二句While it is possible that language in general began as a series of grunts and groans, it is a fact established by the study of “backward” languages that no spoken tongue answers that description today.（虽然语言一般来说可能是从一系列的咕哝和呻吟开始的，但对“落后”语言的研究确立了这一事实，那就是如今没有哪种口语能与此描述相符）可知，咕哝和呻吟的语言形式在如今是找不到了，A项“在如今无处可寻”

13、正确；B项“澳大利亚土著居民中”和C项“在东方文化中”文中都没有提及；D项“在说落后语言的人中”，文中提到对“落后”语言的研究确立了“如今没有哪种口语能与此描述相符”这一事实，所以咕哝和呻吟的语言形式在说落后语言的人中也不会找到。因此，该题选择A项正确。2.【试题答案】A【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“作者认为，无论文明与否，语言都有”。根据第三段中的Most languages of uncivilized groups are, by our most severe standards, extremely complex, delicate, and ingenious pieces

14、 of machinery for the transfer of ideas. They fall behind our Western languages not in their sound patterns or grammatical structures, which usually are fully adequate for all language needs, but only in their vocabularies, which reflect the objects and activities known to their speakersAll language

15、s seem to possess the machinery for vocabulary expansion either by putting together words already in existence or by borrowing them from other languages and adapting them to their own system.（以我们最严格的标准来看，未开化群体的大多数语言都是极其复杂、精巧和巧妙的传递思想的机器。它们落后于我们的西方语言，不是在这些通常足以满足所有的语言需求的发音模式或语法结构上，而是在它们的词汇上，这些词汇反映了说话者所

16、知道的对象和活动所有的语言似乎都拥有扩大词汇量的机制，要么把现有的词汇组合在一起，要么从其他语言中借用它们，并将它们适应于自己的系统。）可知，无论文明与否，语言拥有扩大词汇量的机制，A项“扩大词汇量的潜力”符合题意；由此也可知，B项“它们自己的发音模式”和D项“语法结构”不正确；C项“传递思想的能力”为干扰项，语言虽然是传递思想的一种方式，但是词汇才是反映说话者所知道的对象和活动，这是以词汇为前提的。因此，该题选择A项正确。3.【试题答案】D【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“作者说，专业语言学家认识到”。根据文章第二段To the professional anthropologist, t

17、here is no intrinsic superiority of one culture over another, just as to the professional linguist there is no intrinsic hierarchy among languages.（对于专业的人类学家来说，一种文化并不比另一种文化有内在的优越性，就像对于专业的语言学家来说，语言之间没有内在的等级制度一样）可知，D项“没有语言的等级制度”符合题意；由此也可知C项“语言的层次体系很难理解”是错误的；A项“西方语言优于东方语言”，文中没有提到东方语言；B项“所有的语言都来自咕哝和呻吟”表

18、述太绝对。因此，该题选择D项正确。4.【试题答案】B【试题解析】细节推断题。题干意思是“这篇文章暗示了下列哪一项？”。根据文章最后一段的内容This study of language, in turn, casts a new light upon the claim of the anthropologists that all cultures are to be viewed independently, and without ideas of rank or hierarchy.（对语言的研究反过来又为人类学家的这一主张提供了新的解释，即所有的文化都可以独立看待，没有等级和等级观念

19、）可以推断，关于人类学家主张的文化没有等级观念的这一观点，语言的研究提供了新的解释，所以B项“对语言的研究加强了人类学家的观点，即文化之间不存在等级制度”是正确的；A项“语言研究败坏了人类学研究的声誉”和C项“研究语言就像研究人类学家一样”不能从文中找出相关信息；D项“对语言的研究使人们对人类学家的主张有了新的认识”是文中有的信息，并不需要从文章中推断出来，所以不符合题意。因此，该题选择B项正确。2.单选题He looked with rapture at the face of his newly born baby.问题1选项A.surpriseB.ecstasyC.woeD.kindne

20、ss【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。rapture表示“兴高采烈”；A项surprise“惊奇，诧异，突然袭击”，B项ecstasy“狂喜，入迷，忘形”，C项woe“困难，灾难，痛苦”，D项kindness“仁慈，好意，友好的行为”。句意：他欣喜地望着新生婴儿的脸。根据句意可知，B项的意思符合句子。因此，该题选择B项正确。3.单选题For every social situation, there is a _ time that you can hold a persons gaze without being intimate, rude, or aggressive.问题1选项A.pom

21、pousB.permissibleC.adoptiveD.complacent【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项pompous“自大的，浮夸的，华而不实的”，B项permissible“可允许的，获得准许的”，C项adoptive“采用的，有收养关系的”，D项complacent“自满的，得意的，满足的”。由修饰time的定语从句that you can hold a persons gaze without being intimate, rude, or aggressive“你可以凝视一个人，而不显得亲密、粗鲁或咄咄逼人”可知，“可允许的”符合句意。句意：对于任何一种社交场合，都有一

22、个允许的时间，你可以在不显得亲密、粗鲁或咄咄逼人的情况下凝视对方。因此，该题选择B项正确。4.单选题Snow began to fall at round about the beginning of the New Year and continued on and off for _ ten days.问题1选项A.appropriatelyB.exceedinglyC.approximatelyD.apprehensively【答案】C【解析】考查副词辨析。A项appropriately“适当地，合适地，相称地”，B项exceedingly“非常，极其，极度地”，C项approximat

23、ely“大约，近似地，近于”，D项apprehensively“担心地”。由ten days“10天”可知，“大约地”符合语境。句意：大约在新年伊始就下起了雪，断断续续下了大约十天。因此，该题选择C项正确。5.单选题Their secrets returned to _ them 12 years later when the bodies were discovered buried in the grounds.问题1选项A.highlightB.forgoC.fosterD.haunt【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。A项highlight“突出，强调，使显著”，B项forgo“放弃，停止

24、，对断念”，C项foster“促进，抚育（他人子女一段时间）”，D项haunt“常出没于，萦绕于，经常去”。该句的主语是their secrets“他们的秘密”，结合returned to“回来”可知，用haunt表示“萦绕于”符合语境。句意：12年后，当尸体被发现埋在地下时，他们的秘密再次困扰着他们。因此，该题选择D项正确。6.单选题Humans are forever forgetting that they cant control nature. Exactly 20 years ago, a Time magazine cover story announced that “scie

25、ntists are on the verge of being able to predict the time, place and even the size of earthquakes”. The people of quake ruined Kobe(神户) learned last week how wrong that assertion was.None of the methods raised two decades ago have succeeded. Even now, scientists have yet to discover a uniform warnin

26、g signal that precedes all quakes, let alone any sign that would till whether the coming quake is mild or a killer. Earthquake formation can be trigged by many factors, says Hiroo Kanamori, a seismologist at the California Institute of Technology. So, finding one all-purpose warning sign is impossib

27、le. One reason: Quakes start deep in the earth, so scientists cant study them directly.If a quake precursor were found, it would still be impossible to warn humans in advance of all dangerous quakes. Places like Japan and California are filled with hundreds, if not thousands, of minor faults (断层). I

28、t is impossible to place monitoring instruments on all of them. And these inconspicuous sites can be just as deadly as their better-known cousins like the San Andreas Fault (圣安得列斯断层). Both the Kobe and the 1994 Northridge quakes occurred on small faults.Prediction would be less important if scientis

29、ts could easily build structures to withstand tremors. While seismic engineering has improved dramatically in the past 10 to 15 year, every new quake reveals unexpected weaknesses in “quake resistant” structures, says Terry Tullis, a geophysicist at Brown University. In Kobe, for example, a highway

30、that opened only last year was damaged.In the Northridge earthquake, on the other hand, well-built structures generally did not collapse. But engineers have since found hidden problems in 120 steel-frame buildings that survived. Such structures are supposed to sway with the earth rather than crumple

31、. They may have swayed, but the quake also unexpectedly weakened the joints in their steel skeletons. If the shaking had been longer or stronger, the buildings might have collapsed.A recent report in Science adds yet more anxiety about life on the fault lines. Researchers ran computer simulations to

32、 see how quake-resistant buildings would fare in a moderate size tremor, taking into account that much of a quakes energy travels in a large “pulse” of focused shaking. The results: both steel-frame buildings and buildings that sit on insulating rubber pads suffered severe damage.More research will

33、help experts design stronger structures and possibly find quake precursors. But it is still a certainty that the next earthquake will prove once again that every fault cannot be monitored and every highway cannot be completely quakeproofed.1. Which of the following statements is true about Kobe?2. T

34、he authors focus in Para. 3 is on _.3. Its impossible to avoid damages in earthquakes because _.4. It is implied in the passage that _.5. The best title for this passage could be _.问题1选项A.Last weeks quake occurred on small faults.B.People there believe in scientists ability to predict earthquakes.C.

35、Buildings there swayed with the quake rather than crumpled.D.It can be expected that every fault can be monitored as a result of more research.问题2选项A.the need for more researchB.the impossibility to predict earthquakesC.the designing of stronger structures and the finding of quake precursorsD.the im

36、possibility of building completely quake-proofed structures3. Its impossible to avoid damages in earthquakes because _.问题3选项A.scientists cant study quakes that occur deep in the earth directlyB.its hard to build perfect “quake- resistant” structuresC.instruments cannot be placed on all of the minor

37、faultsD.all of the above4. It is implied in the passage that _.问题4选项A.well-erected structures do not collapseB.steel-frame building survive any earthquakeC.buildings in Northridge will probably collapse in a stronger earthquakeD.seismic engineering has improved enough for structures to resist quakes

38、5. The best title for this passage could be _.问题5选项A.Nature Is beyond Human ControlB.Earthquakes: Can We Bring Them under Control?C.New Methods and Stronger Structures to Predict and Withhold QuakesD.Cant We Predict Earthquakes?【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:D第4题:C第5题:B【解析】1.【试题答案】A【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“关于神户，下面哪个陈述是

39、正确的？”。第一段最后一句提到The people of quake ruined Kobe(神户) learned last week how wrong that assertion was.（上周遭受地震灾害的神户人了解到这个宣称错的多么离谱）可知，神户上周发生了地震；结合文章第三段最后一句Both the Kobe and the 1994 Northridge quakes occurred on small faults.（神户地震和1994年的北岭地震都发生在小断层上）可知，A项“上周的地震发生在小断层上”正确；B项“那里的人们相信科学家预测地震的能力”与原文相反；根据倒数第三段

40、最后两句They may have swayed, but the quake also unexpectedly weakened the joints in their steel skeletons. If the shaking had been longer or stronger, the buildings might have collapsed.（它们可能会摇晃，但地震也意外地削弱了它们钢骨架的关节。如果摇晃的时间更长或更强烈，建筑物可能会倒塌。）可知，C项“地震导致建筑物摇晃，而不是倒塌”错误；由文章最后一句话But it is still a certainty that

41、 the next earthquake will prove once again that every fault cannot be monitored（但可以肯定的是，下一次地震将再次证明，不可能每一个断层都被监测到）可知，D项“可以预测到的是由于更多的研究，每一个断层都可以监测到”表述错误。因此，该题选择A项正确。2.【试题答案】B【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“第三段中作者的重点是”。根据第三段第一句If a quake precursor were found, it would still be impossible to warn humans in advance of

42、 all dangerous quakes.（即使发现了地震前兆，也不可能在所有危险的地震之前警告人类）和第三句It is impossible to place monitoring instruments on all of them.（不可能把监测仪器都放在小断层上面）可以推知，想要预测地震是不可能的，因此B项“预测地震的不可能性”正确；A项“需要更多的研究”、C项“更强结构的设计和地震前兆的发现”和D项“建造完全抗震的结构的不可能性”在该段都没有提到。因此，该题选择B项正确。3.【试题答案】D【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“在地震中避免损害是不可能的，因为”。由文章第二段最后一句Q

43、uakes start deep in the earth, so scientists cant study them directly.（地震发生在地球深处，所以科学家不能直接研究它们）可知，A项“科学家不能直接研究发生在地球深处的地震”正确；由第四段第二句While seismic engineering has improved dramatically in the past 10 to 15 year, every new quake reveals unexpected weaknesses in “quake resistant” structures（尽管在过去的10到15年

44、里，地震工程有了显著的进步，但每一次新的地震都揭示出“抗震”结构意想不到的弱点）可知，B项“很难建造完美的抗震结构”正确；由第三段第三句It is impossible to place monitoring instruments on all of them.（不可能把监测仪器都放在小断层上面）可知，C项“仪器不能放置在所有的小断层上”也符合原文。因此，该题选择D项“以上所有”正确。4.【试题答案】C【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“这篇文章暗示”。根据第四段第二句While seismic engineering has improved dramatically in the pas

45、t 10 to 15 year, every new quake reveals unexpected weaknesses in “quake resistant” structures（尽管在过去的10到15年里，地震工程有了显著的进步，但每一次新的地震都揭示出“抗震”结构意想不到的弱点）可知，D项“地震工程已经改进到足以使结构抵御地震”错误；由第五段中的But engineers have since found hidden problems in 120 steel-frame buildings that survived. Such structures are supposed

46、 to sway with the earth rather than crumple.（但此后工程师们在幸存的120座钢框架建筑中发现了隐藏的问题。这些结构应该随地球摇摆而不是坍塌。）可知，B项“钢框架建筑可以在任何地震中存活下来”也错误；第五段第一句提到well-built structures generally did not collapse（建造良好的建筑物通常不会倒塌），但是A项“直立很好的结构不会倒塌”没有提及；由In the Northridge earthquake, on the other hand, well-built structures generally di

47、d not collapseThey may have swayed, but the quake also unexpectedly weakened the joints in their steel skeletons. If the shaking had been longer or stronger, the buildings might have collapsed.（另一方面，在北岭地震中，建造良好的建筑物通常不会倒塌它们可能会摇晃，但地震也意外地削弱了它们钢骨架的关节。如果摇晃的时间更长或更强烈，建筑物可能会倒塌。）可推断，C项“北岭的建筑物可能会在更强的地震中倒塌”符合题

48、意。因此，该题选择C项正确。5.【试题答案】B【试题解析】主旨大意题。题干意思是“这篇文章最好的标题是”。这篇文章主要讲的是人类就目前的情况而言无法准确预测地震以及无法非常有效的控制地震的问题；A项“自然是人类无法控制的”范围太大，故不选；C项“预测和抑制地震的新方法和更强的结构”太片面；D项“难道我们不能预测地震吗？”不符合文意，故排除；只有B项“地震：我们能控制它们吗？”符合文章的主旨大意。因此，该题选择B项正确。7.单选题The majority of the time you will feel no pain. However, after each session you coul

49、d possibly feel emotional, a mild headache, or fatigue.问题1选项A.depressionB.exhaustionC.faintnessD.anger【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项depression“沮丧；不景气；忧愁”；B选项exhaustion“枯竭；耗尽；疲惫”；C选项faintness“模糊；微弱；衰弱”；D选项anger“愤怒；怒气”。句意：大多数时候你不会感到疼痛。然而，在每个疗程之后，你可能会感到情绪波动，轻微的头痛或。exhaustion和faintness都会有疲惫的意思，exhaustion指一般的疲惫状态。f

50、aintness是指虚弱和疲倦并可能变得无意识的状态，情况较为严重。而根据关键信息a mild headache“轻微的头痛”连接词可知后面的单词也应该与表示身体状态的单词有关。因此B选项符合题意。8.单选题He was an hour late, but he _ himself in her eyes by giving her a huge bunch of flowers.问题1选项A.harassedB.redeemedC.crucifiedD.pestered【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A项harass“骚扰，（使）困扰（或烦恼）”，B项redeem“赎回，挽回，兑换”，C项c

51、rucify“折磨，十字架上钉死，克制”，D项pester“纠缠，烦扰，使烦恼”。根据but可知前后语义是转折的关系，由He was an hour late“他迟到了一个小时”可知，but he _ himself fin her eyes应该表示“挽回自己的形象”符合语境，redeem oneself表示“挽回声誉、形象，自赎”。句意：他迟到了一个小时，但他送了她一大束花，在她眼里挽回了自己的形象。因此，该题选择B项正确。9.单选题The old house at the end of the street has recently been _.问题1选项A.pulledB.demoli

52、shedC.erasedD.leveled【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A项pull“拉，拔，拖”，B项demolish“拆除，破坏，毁坏”，C项erase“抹去，擦除”，D项level“瞄准，拉平，变得平坦”。由old house“旧房子”可知，“拆除”符合语境。句意：这条街尽头的那幢旧房子最近已被拆除了。因此，该题选择B项正确。10.单选题Human migration: the term is vague. What people usually think of is the permanent movement of people from one home to another.

53、 More broadly, though, migration means all the waysfrom the seasonal drift of agricultural workers within a country to the relocation of refugees from one country to another.Migration is big, dangerous, compelling. It is 60 million Europeans leaving home from the 16th to the 20th centuries. It is so

54、me 15 million Hindus, Skihs, and Muslims swept up in a tumultuous shuffle of citizens between India and Pakistan after the partition of the subcontinent in 1947.Migration is the dynamic undertow of population change: everyones solution, everyones conflict. As the century turns, migration, with its i

55、nevitable economic and political turmoil, has been called “one of the greatest challenges of the coming century.”But it is much more than that. It is, as has always been, the great adventure of human life. Migration helped create humans, drove us to conquer the planet, shaped our societies, and prom

56、ises to reshape them again.“You have a history book written in your genes,” said Spencer Wells. The book hes trying to read goes back to long before even the first word was written, and it is a story of migration.Wells, a tall, blond geneticist at Stanford University, spent the summer of 1998 explor

57、ing remote parts of Transcaucasia and Central Asia with three colleagues in a Land Rover, looking for drops of blood. In the blood, donated by the people he met, he will search for the story that genetic markers can tell of the long paths human life has taken across the Earth. Genetic studies are th

58、e latest technique in a long effort of modern humans to find out where they have come from. But however the paths are traced, the basic story is simple: people have been moving since they were people. If early humans hadnt moved and intermingled as much as they did, they probably would have continue

59、d to evolve into different species. From beginnings in Africa, most researchers agree, groups of hunter-gatherers spread out, driven to the ends of the Earth.To demographer Kingsley Davis, two things made migration happen. First, human beings, with their tools and language, could adapt to different

60、conditions without having to wait for evolution to make them suitable for a new niche. Second, as populations grew, cultures began to differ, and inequalities developed between groups. The first factor gave us the keys to the door of any room on the planet; the other gave us reasons to use them.Over