语言学第四章

1、Chapter 4: Syntax:Decide whether each if;the following statements is True or False：L Syntax is a subfield of:linguisticsthat: studies the sentence structure of language, including the combination of morphemes into words.OlMGrammaticaL sentences ：ar亡 formed following, a set of syntactic iules.OlMSent

2、ences：are composed of sequence of words arranged in： a simple linear order, with one adding onto emotherfoilowing a simple arithmetic logics . 厂- - -4. Universally found in the - gra4. Universally found in the - grai4lKars of all human languages syntactic rules thatcomprise the system of internalize

3、d 1inguistic?knowledge of-a language speaker are known as 1 inguiStic competence.s丁 5. The syntactic rules ox-any language .are finite in numberB； but there is：- no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and. comprehend.one subordinatingIn a complex ./s

4、entence,： the two clauses hold unequal ;status, the other.one subordinatinganotheT without loss of b 。 夕.anotheT without loss of b 。 夕.、 V. P0、%grammaticality belong to :the same syntactic category 8. Minor lexica1categories are； open because these categories are not fixed andi / ： . V j7e t new mem

5、bers/arefallowed;for.究 * 形 ： 几 % In English syntactic analysis four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed; namely noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase and auxiliary phrase.In English* the subject -usually; precedes the verb and the direct object严 usually follows- the verb.I

6、L What is actually internalized in the mind of.s native speaker is .4 complete li st of words - and phrases .rather % than/grammatical knowledge.A noun hrasemustv contain a noun/: but other elements are optional.江t is believed that phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon generate s

7、entences at the：level of：D-structurG.TO-movement is. obligatory in . English which, -changes： a sentence from affirmativ to interrogative;II， Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which, begins with the letter given：A ssentence consists of a single clause -which contains；a subjectV%:八/!

8、and a predicate and stands alone :as its own sentence 16. A sis a st rue turally independent unit that usually comprises a numberHit16. A sis a st rue turally independent unit that usually comprises a numberHitof words -to form a，coHMlete statement question or command.of words -to form a，coHMw 17 A

9、s;may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedesthe predicate.The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase andwhich says some thirty about the subjec: is grammatically called ;：A c- sentence .Contains twof ：br more, clauses prit; of which is incorporated

10、into the;other.Inthe complex sentence, the：； incorporated or subordinate clause is normallycalled an eclause.Major lexical： categories are o categories in the sense that new words areconstantjy； added.A Condition on :ase：assignment states -that a case assignor and a caserecipient should stay adjacen

11、t to each other/Pare syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate in one way or another and contribute to significant linguistic： variations between 8 , 九 好* V . 八 M. I A* ： V * .*and among natural languages.*: *片* The theory of C Condition explains- the fact that noun：appear onl

12、y in subject and object positions. ,/j* . .Ill.There are four given choices for each statemenfljelow. Mark the choice thatcan best complete the statements25, - A sentence is consideredwhen it does not conform to the graiimcan best complete the statements25, - A sentence is consideredwhen it does not

13、 conform to the graiimaticalknowledge in the mind- of native * speakers A. recursive B. .grammaticalC. social.D. functional/ Phrase structure ；rules allow us to better understand .：how words and phrases form sentences.what constitutes ：the：grammatixdity of strings of wordshow people produce -and rec

14、ognize possible sentencesD All of the aiov0Syntactic- movement is；; die tert ed by rules traditionally called A- transformational, rules B generative-rulesC t phrase structure rules.x-bar theoryThe theory of case condition accounts for the fact that.A noun phrases appear only in.subject and object p

15、ositionsB noun phrases can be used to modify another noun phrasenoun phrase can be tisedr.in adverbial positionsnoun phrase can be moved t0 any place；if necessary.The sentence structure/ds largeB smallC finite：D infiniteThe * rules are the rules ：that group words and phrases to formgrammatical sente

16、nces.A. lexicalB morphological-C. linguisticD. combinational rules may changethe syntactic representation of a sentenceGenerativ匕 TOC o 1-5 h z %* 尸 * ： Transformational.D. Phrase structure X * .O* .，代 : 乂Define the following terms: e：syntax 3& Sentence 33L coordinate :sentence 38. syntactic categories39. grammatical relations.40； linguistic scompet亡nee 41- transformational rules：D-structureAnswer the.following- questions:What are the basic components ；o a :sentence?密. What;, are the majox* types：.o senten