语言学复习大纲

1、语言学复习提纲其中包括书后习题答案和基于每章提出的问题， 期末考试卷分两部分：10 个名词解释二、 10 个问题。第一章一、解释名词：Design Features: the distinctive features of human language that essentially make human language distinguishable from language of animals.Diachronic:said of the study of development of language and languages over time.Phatic communio

2、n: said of talk used to establish atmosphere or maintain social contact. Competence: unconscious knowledge of the system of grammatical rules in a language. Parole: the concrete utterances of a speaker.Function: the role language plays in communication (e.g. to express ideas, attitudes) or in partic

3、ular social situations (e.g. religious, legal)Prescriptive: to make authoritarian statement about the correctness of a particular use of language. Duality : the structural organization of language into two abstract levels: meaningful units(e.g. words) and meaningless segments (e.g. sounds, letters)

4、Metalanguage: a language used for talking about language. Performance: the language actually used by people in speaking or writing. Synchronic: said of an approach that studies language at a theoretic“apl oint”in time. Descriptive: to make an objective and systematic account of the patterns and use

5、of a language or variety.Displacement:the ability of language to refer to contexts removed from the speaker s immediatsituation.Macro linguistics: a broad conception of linguistic enquiry, including psychological, cultural, etc. Language: the language system shared “aspeech community”.二、课后习题Can you

6、think of some words in English which are onomatopoeic?Bang; bark; roar; howl; buzz; bleat; mew; hiss;4.We cant deny that onomatopoeia needs arbitrariness. Before we feel a word is onomatopoeic, we should first know which sound the word imitates. In Chapter One, in order to imitate the noise of flyin

7、g mosquitoes, there are many choices like “murmurous”and “murderous”. They both bear more or less resemblance to the genuine natural sound, but “murmurous”is fortunately chosen to mean the noise while “murderous”is chosen to mean something quite different. They are arbitrary as signifiers.Yes, it is

8、 a case to illustrate non-arbitrariness about word order. When the two parts interchange, the focus and the meaning of the sentence is forced to change, the writers original intention is distorted. That is why systemic-functionalists and American functionalists think language is not arbitrary at the

9、 syntactic level.Traffic light does not have duality. Obviously, it is not double-level system. There is only on e-to-one relatio ns hip betwee n sig ns and meaning but the meaning un its cant be divided into smaller meaningless elements further. So the traffic light only has the primary level and l

10、acks the sec on dary level like ani mals calls.RedfstopGree nfgoYellowf get ready to go or stop7. Today I encountered an old friend who was my classmate when I was in elementary school where there was an apple orchard in which we slid to select ripe apples that8.On the whole, body Ianguage and facia

11、l expression lack most of the distinctive properties of human Ianguage such as duality, displacement, creativity and so on. Body Ianguage exhibits arbitrariness a little bit. For example, nod means OK/ ”YES for us but in Arabian world it is equal to saying NO”.Some facial expressions have non-arbitr

12、ariness because they are instinctive such as the cry and laugh of a new born infant.9. Yes, all huma n Ian guages are complicated systems of com muni cati on. It is decided by their shared desig n features.10 A dog sig nals its wish to be let in side the house by bark ing and sig nals the possibilit

13、y that it might bite momentarily by displaying its fangs.吃了吗？家里都好吧？这是去哪里啊？ 最近都挺好的？If some one is sn eez ing viole ntly, maybe your pare nts and gran dpare nts may say: Are you OK? ”，Do you need to see a doctor?”，Do you need some water?, Do you need a handkerchief? Do you have a cold? or something li

14、ke these to show their concerns.There are many expressions such ato tell you the truth, frankly speaking, as a matter of fact, to be precise, in other words, that is to saySuch expressions are used most frequently when we want to expatiate the meaning of former clauses in ano ther way in argume ntat

15、i on.(1) The Lat in rule is not uni versal. I n En glish, me is in formal and I is felt to be very formal.Whom is used in formal speech and in writi ng; who is more acceptable in in formal speech.Language does not have to follow logic reasoning. Here two negatives only make a more emphatic negative.

16、 This sentence is not acceptable in Standard English not because it is illogical, but because Ian guage cha nges and rejects this usage now.They are undoubtedly descriptive. Guidelines are not rules that can determine whether a sentenceis right or not. The guidelines advise you to avoid the use of p

17、articular words that are grammatically correct but offensive to some certain groups. Actually, they describe the way anti-sexist advocators speak and write.There are two meanings to ex. (1) a. The chicken meat is too hot. so it can be eaten at the mome nt; b, The chicke n feels so hot (maybe after s

18、ome intense aerobic exercises) that it catistart eati ng and n eeds to calm dow n first.The ambiguity of ex. (2) comes from flying planes”. It can be understood as the planes that isflying ”or ”to fly planes .”ethnic background, socioeconomic status, region of the country, and physical state (such a

19、s in toxicati on 醉酒 fatigue, distractio n, ill ness) vary from in dividual to in dividual.20. Arbitrariness and conventionality derive from the choice of the subject matter. For example, in the “The proof of the pudding is in the eating. ”The word “pudding”is selected arbitrarily, for we can use ano

20、ther word such as cheese instead of pudding without changing the associative meaning of the proverb. On the other hand, once such links between particular words and associative meaning are fixed, it becomes a matter of conventionality.22. Synchronic: 2.4.5Diachronic: 1.3三、回答问题：1 What is language?Lan

21、guage is the system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication .2 What is linguistics?Linguistics is the scientific study of language .List the design features of languageArbitrari nessList the design features of languageArbitrari nessdualitycreativitydisplaceme ntList the functions of

22、languageInformativeInterpersonal FunctionPerformativeWhat are the branches of linguistics?Phon eticscultural tran smissi ondiscretenessin tercha ngeabilityreflexivityPhatic CommunionRecreati onal FunctionMetalingual Function Emotive Function Semantics PragmticsAnthropologicalComputational Linguistic

23、sMorphologySyn taxWhat are the branches of macro linguistics?Psycholi nguisticsSocioli nguisticsWhats different between descriptive and prescriptiveP?19 1.9.1Whats the different between language and parole?Language: the linguistic competence of the speakerParole: actual phenomena or data of linguist

24、icsWhats the difference between synchronic and diachronic?A synchronic description takes a fixed instant as its point of observation. Diachronic linguistics is the study of a language through the course of its historyWhats the difference between competence and performancPe?21 1.9.4第二章、解释名词第二章Phoneti

25、cs: the study of hoe speech sounds are produced , transmitted, and perceived. It can bedivided into three main areas of study articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics and perceptual/auditory phonetics.Articulatory phonetics: the study of the production of speech sounds, or the study of how speech

26、sounds are produced/made.Phonology: the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of languages. It aims to discover theprinciples that govern the way sounds are organized in languages,and to explain the variations that occur.Speech organ:sthose parts of the human body involved in the production

27、of speech, also known as “I”“ vocal organs ”.Manner of articulation: ways in which articulation of consonants can be accomplished-The articulators may close off the oral tract for an instant or a relatively long period;They narrow the space considerably; orThey may simply modify the shape of the tra

28、ct by approaching each other.Place of articulation: the point where an obstruction to the flow of air is made in producing a consonant.narrowing which is so marked that air cant escape without producing audible frictionConsonant: a major category of sound segments, produced by a closure in the vocal

29、 tract, or by anarrowing which is so marked that air cant escape without producing audible frictionperceptual or auditory phoneticsnose.totally closed.perceptual or auditory phoneticsnose.totally closed.Vowel: a major category of sound segments, produced without obstruction of the vocal tract so tha

30、t air escapes in a relatively unimpeded way through the mouth or the noise.、回答问题What is difference between phonetics and phonology?Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted and perceived. Phonology is the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of language.What are the thre

31、e aspects of phonetics?Articulatory acoustic phonetics perceptual or auditorName three cavities in our vocal tractThe pharynx mouth nose.What are the three states of our vocal fords? Apart close together totally closed.What s difference between constants and vowels?The distinction between vowels and

32、 consonants lies in the obstruction of airstream.第三章第三章、解释名词Morpheme: It is the smallest unit of language in terms of the relationship between expression and content, a unit that canbt e divided in further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or

33、 grammatical.Compound: it refers to the words that consist of more than one lexical morpheme or the way to join two separate words to produce a single form, such as classroom, mailbox, fingerprint, sunburn.Inflection: it is the manifestation of grammatical relationship through the addition of inflec

34、tional affixes such as number, person, finiteness, aspect and cases to which they are attached. Affix : the collective term for the type of formative that can be used when added to another morpheme. Affixes in a language are limited in number, and are generally classifies into three subtypes, namely

35、, prefix, suffix and infix, depending on their position around the root or stem of a word.Derivation: it is the most common word-formation process to be found in the production of new English words. It is accomplished by means of a large number of affixes of English language, and shows the relations

36、hip between roots and affixes.Root: it refers to the base form of a word that can t be further atnlaolsyszeodf iwdiethnotiuty.That is to say, it is that part of the word that is left when all the affixes are removed.Stem: it is any morpheme or combinations of morphemes to which an inflectional affix

37、 can be added.Bound morpheme: it refers to those which canotccur alone and must appear with at least one other morpheme.Free morpheme: it refers to those which may occur alone or which may constitute words by themselves.Grammatical word: It refers to those which mainly work for constructing group, p

38、hrase, clause, clause complex, or even text, such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns. Grammatical words serve to link together different content parts. So they are known as Function Words.Lexical words: It refers to those which mainly work for referring to substance, action and quality