语言影响思维-外语学习对中国人思维造成的影响

1、语言影响思维外语学习对中国人思维造成的影响abstratthispaperpresentsaarefulanalysisftherelatinsbeteenthughtandlanguage,hihprvidestheprenditinfrtheexplratinintheresthapters.therehavebeenanyarguentsfrtheexplratinbeteenthughtandlanguage.angtheisthefausspair-hrfhypthesis,hihprpseslinguistideterinisandlinguistirelativity.frthi

2、shypthesisededuethatsineeverylanguagehasafrandntfrsarethesae,ntultureshavingdifferentlanguagesanhaveidentialviesftherld.haptertfthisthesisakesaparativestudyfthethinkingstylesfthehineseandenglishinfuraspets:figurativethinkingvs.abstratthinking,prehensivethinkingvs.analytialthinking,subjet-enteredthin

3、kingvs.bjet-enteredthinkingasellasstraightthinkingvs.nversethinking.thughtisthebasisflanguageandlanguagehastdependnthughtfritsntent;atthesaetie,languageprvidesthebestinstruentfrtheexpressinanduniatinfthught.theillustratinftherelatinbeteenthughtandlanguageplaesusinabetterpsitintlarifythatlanguageinfl

4、uenesthught,partiularlyhenglishstudyinguldinfluenehinesesthught.keyrdslanguage;thught;spair-hrfhypthesis;englishstudy【摘要】迄今为止，有许多关于思维和语言两者之间关系的争论，其中最著名的就是萨丕尔-沃尔夫假设，它提出了语言决定论和语言相对论的观点。从这个假设中，我们可以推导出，由于每种语言都有自己的形式，没有两种语言的形式是一模一样的，因此具有不同语言的不同文化对世界可能有不同的看法。不同民族的思维方式虽相似之处颇多，但又各具特点。因此，本文的第二局部着重从四个方面对汉、英两种

5、语言所表达的逻辑思维进展了分析和比照，即:具象思维和抽象思维;综合思维和分析思维;主体思维和客体思维以及顺向思维和逆向思维。语言是表达和传播思维的最正确工具。思维作用于语言，语言也作用于思维。阐释过思维与语言的关系之后，我们可以更好的分析语言对思维的影响，特别是英语学习对中国人的思维产生的影响。【关键词】语言；思维；萨丕尔-沃尔夫假设；英语学习1.intrdutintherehavebeenanyarguentsfrtheexplratinbeteenthughtandlanguage.angtheisthefausspair-hrfhypthesis1,hihprpseslinguistid

6、eterinisandlinguistirelativity.putinanextreefr,thishypthesisfllsthatsineeverylanguagehasafrandntfrsarethesae,ntultureshavingdifferentlanguagesanhaveidentialviesftherld.thughtisthebasisflanguageandlanguagehastdependnthughtfritsntent,atthesaetie,languageprvidesthebestinstruentfrtheexpressinanduniatinf

7、thught.theillustratinftherelatinbeteenthughtandlanguageplaesusinabetterpsitintlarifythatlanguageinfluenesthught,partiularlyhenglishstudyinguldinfluenehinesesthught,frhinesepeplehavebeenstudyingenglishfrveryalngtieandalsteverystudentinhinesehaststudyit.havinglearnedtheenglishfr10years,thehinesestuden

8、tsaybeinfluenedbythelanguageinthught.herepresentsthehypthesisthatenglishstudyinguldinfluenehinesepeplesthughtinseaspets.2.languageandthught2.1hatislanguage?dernlinguistshaveprpsedvariusdefinitinsflanguage,andsefthearequtedbel:“languageisapurelyhuanandnn-instintiveethdfuniatingideas,etinsanddesiresby

9、eansfvluntarilyprduedsybls.(sapir,1921)2languageis“theinstitutinherebyhuansuniateandinteratitheahtherbyeansfhabituallyusedral-auditryarbitrarysybls.(hall,1968)3“frnniillnsiderlanguagetbeaset(finiterinfinite)fsentenes,eahfiniteinlengthandnstrutedutfafinitesetfeleents.(hsky,1957)4eahfthesedefinitinsha

10、sitsnspeialephasis,andisntattallyfreefrliitatins.hever,thereareseiprtantharateristisfhuanlanguagelinguistshaveagreedn;thestnlyaepteddefinitinflanguageis:“languageisasystefarbitraryvalsyblsusedfrhuanuniatin.5slanguageisaspeialtlfrhuanbeingstuniate.itispssessedbyhuanbeingsandallspepletsaythingstneanth

11、erandtexpressthughtsandneeds.inshrt,languageisauniquesystefuniatinanditisthernerstnefsiety.2.2hatisthught?“thughtisafuntinfhuanbrain,andisagnitiveativityfrhuantunderstandthebjetiverld.thughtisapressthatusestheneptins,judgentandreasningtrefletthebjetiverld.thughtanpressallkindsfinfratinthatenterstheh

12、uansbrain,therefreeanrefletthenaturefthingsandanslveprbleshenethink.6“thughtisaperrpressfthinking.xfrdadvanedlearnersenglish-hineseditinary,2002,p1588thughtisapressthatinfratinentersthebrainandisanalyzed,synthesized,judgedandinferrednthebasisfpresentatinandnept.afterthespkenandrittenlanguageeintbein

13、gtheinfratinhihentersthehuansbrainesstfrlanguageeitherbyheardrbyseenthushateuldthinkisstlybasednthetstylesflanguageandsetiesledbyhatearetld.thatistsay,ithuttheinfratinenteringhuansbrainthereisnthughtrthinkingesintbeing.2.3therelatinshipbeteenlanguageandthught2.3.1hubldtsvieshilhelvnhubldt,afausgeran

14、diplatandshlar,statestherelatinshipbeteenlanguageandthughtasthefllingvies:“thespiritualtraitsandthestruturefthelanguagefapeplearesintiatelyblendedthat,giveneitherfthet,neshuldbeabletderivethetherfrittthefullestextent.languageistheutardanifestatinfthespiritfpeple;theirlanguageistheirspirit,andtheirsp

15、iritistheirlanguage;itisdiffiulttiagineanytthingsreidential.7“languagehasthefuntinffringthught.vhubldt,ageranphilspherandlinguist,pintedutthatpepleusuallyseeuniatinasthepriaryfuntinflanguage.hever,pepleusthavethententfruniatinbefretheystarttuniate,andthefratinfthisntentislselyassiatedithlanguage,rtb

16、erespeifi,pepleuselanguagetexpressthught,yetlanguageis,attheverybeginning,invlvedinthefratinfthught,justashesaid,languageisthefrativerganfthught.8“hubldtsaidthatiftheslefuntinflanguageistexpressandnveythughtsandfeelings,thenlanguageillntbeabslutelyneessaryfrhuanbeings,beausetheyanalsusethersyblsrean

17、stexpresstheselves(thughntseffetiveaslanguage).9frtheabveitanakeanlusinthatlanguageisntnlythefuntinfrhuantexpressanduniatebutalshasthefuntinfrhuanstfrthught.theextentfnearnessbeteenlanguageandthughtaybeexaggerated,butitpintsutrightlythentinthatthetinteratitheahther.hebelievesthatlanguageinesfrspirit

18、andthenreatsupnspirit.rever,heputthestudiesintthespeifiulturalbakgrundandviesthatnnatinanavidinjetingtheirsubjetivensiusnessinttheirlanguagetfraspeialrldvieinthelanguage,hihuldinturnrestritpepleslanguageusage.thatistsaythelanguagehatpeplesayingntainsthethinkingatin.flledbythisvie,eaygettheideathatdi

19、fferentpeplespeakdifferentlybeausetheythinkdifferently,andtheythinkdifferentlybeausetheirlanguagesfferthedifferentaystexpressthesurrundingrld.thestiprtantpartisthelanguageanprvidesrtsfthinkingaysinthispaper.2.3.2thesapir-hrfhypthesishubldtsvientheinseparabilityflanguageandthughtislaterpikedupbyedard

20、sapirandhisstudentbenjainleehrfintheunitedstates.thepleentustbethestfaustheryndisussingtherelatinbeteenlanguageandthughtinthisfield.sineitsineptininthe1920sand1930s,thesapir-hrfhypthesishasausedntrversyandspanedresearhinavarietyfdisiplinesinludinglinguistis,psyhlgy,philsphy,anthrplgy,andeduatin.thes

21、apir-hrfhypthesislaisthatthestruturefthelanguageneusuallyusesinfluenestheannerinhihnethinksandbehaves.henheasrkingasafireinsuraneriskassessr,hentiedthattheaypeplebehavedtardthingsasftendangeruslyrrelatedttheaythesethingserealled.frexaple,thesightfthesigneptyneptygaslinedrusuldprptpassersbyttssigaret

22、tebuttsintthesedrus,ntrealizingthatthereaininggaslinefueseptyevkedaneutralspae,freefdanger.“hrfnludedthatthereasnhydifferentlanguagesanleadpepletdifferentatinsisbeauselanguagefilterstheirpereptinandtheaytheyategrizeexperiene.10“duringthe1930s,edardsapirsstudentbenjainleehrfprtedthefllingideas,hihhav

23、eetbeknnasthetenetsfthesapir-hrfianhypthesis:1)therldviesfaultureareebdiedinthelanguagefrsfthatulture.2)thesyntatiandseantifrsfalanguagedeterinethught,andtherefre:3)differenesinthughtangulturesareduetdifferenesinthelinguistifrsftheulturesinquestin.11“thesapir-hrfhypthesistherizesthatthughtsandbehavi

24、raredeterined(rareatleastpartiallyinfluened)bylanguage.edardsapirandbenjainleehrfbrughtattentinttherelatinshipbeteenlanguage,thught,andulture,butneitherfthefrallyrtethehypthesisnrsupprteditithepirialevidene,butthrughathrughstudyftheirritingsabutlinguistis,researhershavefundtainideas.first,astrngther

25、yflinguistideterinisthatstatesthatthelanguageyuspeakdeterinestheaythatyuillinterprettherldarundyu(rtheaynethinksisdeterinedbythelanguagenespeaks).send,aeaktheryflinguistirelativitythatstatesthatlanguageerelyinfluenesyurthughtsabuttherealrld(rdifferenesanglanguagesustberefletedinthedifferenesintherld

26、viesftheirspeakers).12thereisnenughperfulsupprtfrthestrngversinthelinguistideterinisbeausepeplehavefundthatthethughthasbeenfredfrerthanthelanguage,thatistsaythethughtesfirstandthereexistthenn-verbalthught.frtheeakversinhihisalsalledlinguistirelativityistherereasnableandanbeadpted.“instases,theyexist

27、ithandinflueneeahther:huangnitiveabilityandevelptaveryhighlevelandstillanbeexpressedbylanguage.thereisnthughtthatgesbeyndtheexpressinflanguage.eanhile,languageisbyneanspassiveasitisdeterinedbythught.instead,itinfluenespeplesdesfthinkingtseextent.13“therefre,therelatinshipbeteenthughtandlanguageis:la

28、nguagedeterinesthught(linguistideterinis)andthereisnliittthestruturaldiversityflanguages(linguistirelativity),ashrfnluded.helaiedthat:.itasfundthatthebakgrundlinguistisyste(intherrds,thegraar)feahlanguageisnterelyareprduinginstruentfrviingideasbutratherisitselftheshaperfideas,theprgraandguidefrthein

29、dividualsentalativity,frhisanalysisfipressins,frhissynthesisfhisentalstkintrade.frulatinfideasisntanindependentpress,stritlyratinalintheldsense,butispartfapartiulargraar,anddiffers,frslightlytgreatly,beteendifferentgraars.14thedifferentgraarsreatethedifferentideas,aybeeanfurtherunderstanditiththefll

30、ingrds:“s,frexaple,ardingthrf,hereasenglishspeakersneiveftieasalinear,bjetivesequenefeventsendedinasystefpast,present,andfuturetenses(frexaple,heranrheillrun),radisretenuberfdaysasendedinardinalnuerals(frexaple,tendays),thehpineivefitasintensityandduratinintheanalysisandreprtingfexperiene(frexaple,a

31、ri=heranrstateentffat,arikni=heranrstateentffatfrery).siilarlytheystayedtendaysbeesinhpitheystayeduntiltheeleventhdayrtheyleftafterthetenthday.15“hrfinsiststhattheenglishlanguagebindsenglishspeakerstanetnianviefbjetifiedtie,neatlybundedandlassifiable,idealfrrerd-keeping,tiesaving,lk-punhing,thatutsu

32、prealityintaftersanduntils,butisinapablefexpressingtieasayli,unitaryhle.byntrast,thehpilanguagedesntregardtieaseasurablelength,butasarelatinbeteenteventsinlateness,akindfeventingreferredtinanbjetiveay(asduratin)andinasubjetiveay(asintensity).nthingissuggestedabuttieinhpiexepttheperpetual“gettinglate

33、rfitriteshrf.thusituldbeverydiffiult,hrfargues,franenglishandahpiphysiisttunderstandeahthersthinking,giventheajrdifferenesbeteentheirlanguages.despitethegeneraltranslatabilityfrnelanguagetanther,thereillalaysbeaninensurableresiduefuntranslatableultureassiatediththelinguististruturesfanygivenlanguage

34、.16eanseethebestexapleintheabvetthesapir-hrfhypthesisanduldbetterunderstandhlanguageinfluenethught.but,eayakeantherhypthesisthatifthehpianttlearnrtunderstandtheenglishexpressinftie(thetieneptins)firsttheyustlearntheenglishlanguagestruturesandgraar.aybeitisapleentfrthetbuildupthetiesyste,andfurtherre

35、thehpiuldviethetieinaneay.thrughstudyingthefreignerlanguagetheyandevelptheirntherynnlyintie.sdesurhinesestudentslearningenglishlanguage.3.linguistilgisfhineseandenglishthethinkingstylesftheeastandtheestaredifferent:easternerstendtseeksaenessfrdifferenehileesternersarelikelytfinddifferenefrsaeness.ta

36、ertaindegree,trueinthatthethinkingstylesandvieinganglesbeteentheeastandtheestisdifferent.asaatterffat,asearlyasthe19thentury,thegeranaterialistiphilspherfeuerbah(费尔巴哈)pintedutthat“easternerstendtnegletdisrepanyinnsistenyhileesternerstendtignrensistenyindisrepany.17thenherenearthdeseasternthinkingdif

37、ferfresternthinking?frdeadespeplehavebeentryingtdihtizethethinkingstyles.easternthinkingisdesribedashlisti,dialetial,figurative,subjetiveandfuzzy.byntrast,esternthinkingisanalytial,abstrat,bjetiveandpreise.hineselanguageisdevelpingtardsfuzziness,bsurityandgeneralizatin,hereasesternlanguageistardspre

38、isinandnretin.thehineseshlar,jiayuxinghldstheviesthatesternthinkingisharaterizedbylgi,analysisandlinearity,hileeasternthinkingisknnfritsintegrityfintuitivepereptinandharniusdialetis.esternersareaptatanalysisandreasning,asaresult,theirthinkingpatternislinear;easternersareprinentinhlistithinking,asthe

39、yareiaginativeandrelyrenintuitin,therefretheirthinkingpatternisratherirular.stillthereareshlarshhldanntlgialpintfvieandbelievethateasternersephasizetheverallnsnaneasellasallthingsfreatinareintegratedithe;inntrast,esternersareratinal,analytialandanalgial,hihisbestanifestedbythegreekviepintanisthegaug

40、ersfthinkingpatterns,easternthinkingisradiatinghileesternsisratherperspetive,theknledgefhihightbefgreathelptusinfurtherinvestigatingthelgialprinipleunderlyingthestruturingfthehineseandenglishlanguages.fulei，theell-knntranslatr,thinksthat“easternthinkingdiffersfrthatfthees

41、tinthateasternersephasizeprehensin,indutinandipliatin,hereasesternersattahgreatiprtanetsubtle,preiseandin-depthanalysisasellasprehensivedesriptin.183.1figurativethinkingvs.abstratthinkingtheabve-entinedstylesfthinkinganbefundinallnatins,butingttheirpartiularhistrialandulturalreasns,differentnatinsig

42、htbeprinentfnestylefthinking.generallyspeaking,hineseisfeaturedbynretestylefthinkinginntrasttesternersabstratthinking.thetdifferentthinkingstylesarediretlyrefletednsenteneandvabulary.inhinese,renretenunsareused,buttheaseisquitedifferentinenglish,herereabstratnunsarefund.aniprtantreasnhyhineseinfigur

43、ativethinkingisthataltfnretefrsareusedtexpressabstratnepts,givingreadersthebeingnrete,definite,diretandluidipressin.hileenglishlikestuseabstratnunsinenglishsentenes.thesenunseaningisnnfigurativeandgeneralanduldstrikethereeiversasabstrat,indistint,bsureandisty.hineseshlaranglibelievedthes-allednunsin

44、hineseareslightlydifferentfrtheirunterpartsinenglishintersfdentatinandnntatin.generallyspeaking,hinesenuns,exeptfrthseusedinsuhfieldsasphilsphy,siene,eny,plitis,et.,usuallydentenrete,tangiblethingsthatanbesensedbythefivesensefaulties.angalspintedutthatstritlyspeaking,nunsderivedfradjetives,suhaskind

45、ness,isd,huility,yuth,asellasthsederivedfrverbs,likeinvitatin,veent,hie,arrival,assistane,disvery,et.,anfindnequivalentsinhinesevabulary.figurativethinkingrequiresthebinatinfiageandeaning,hiheansthatanreteiagearriesapartiulareaningandtheybinetexpressnepts,feelingsandiages.tdthis,abstratthinking,innt

46、rast,usuallyresrtstnepts,judgentsandpreisereasning.e.g.:(1)枯藤老树昏鸦;小桥流水人家;古道西风瘦马;?天净沙秋思?(元)马致远translatedversin:erldtreesreathedithrttenvineflyeveningrs;neathtinybridgebesideatalearstreafls;nanientradinesternbreezealeanhrseges;intheriginalhinese,theldtree(老树)，rttenvine(枯藤)，eveningr(昏鸦)andtinybridge(小桥

47、)，et.,thseiagesareputtgether,ithnvertnnetivesinbeteen,tpresentthereadersithatranquilandleisurepiture.thetranslatedversinisfaithfulttheriginalpebyretainingthesenreteiages;hever,seartiles(the,a),prepsitins(er,neath,ith,in,et.)andverbs(fly,fl,g,et.)areaddedinthetranslatedversintindiatetherelatinshipsan

48、gtheseiages,teettherequireentsnrigrusabstratthinkinginenglishasellasnsyntaxt.3.2prehensivethinkingvs.analytialthinkingbthfthetstylesfthinkingarefundinallnatins.hever,duettheipatexertedbytheirrespetivetraditinfulture,thehinesenatintendstbereprehensiveintheirthinkinghereasesternnatinsarereanalytial.as

49、tbasifrsfthinking,prehensivethinkingandanalytialthinkinghavetheirrespetiveadvantages:tanalyzeistbreakupthehleintanypartsinrdertgetdntthereftargetedbjet;tsynthesizeiststudythetargetedbjetinaprehensiveaybybiningthepartshihaybeseeislatedinttheintegratedhle.analysisplayedakeyrleintheestablishentanddevel

50、pentfdernsienes,despitethefatthatsysteizatinasalsinservie.inasense,dernsienesuldnthaveeintbeinghaditntbeenfranalytialthinking,raditinalhinesephilsphy,theyvieedtheheaven,theearthandanasahleandthe

51、harnybeteenanandnatureastheirnstantpursuit.thus,analytialethdsarelessvaluedandthehinesenatintendsttakethehlesituatinintnsideratinandbservetheuniversefraprehensivepintfvie.thesetdifferentstylesfthinkinghaveexertedtheirrespetiveipatnthesyntatialstruturesfenglishandhinese.duettheinfluenefanalytialthink

52、ing,theenglishlanguageisendedithdistinthangesfrdfrs,variedgraatialfrsandflexiblesentenerders;inntrast,rdsalstdnthangeinfrinhineseandgraatialrequireentsareusuallyetbylexialeans.hatisre,phrasesandlausesareusuallyarrangedinhrnlgialrderrinlgialsequene.parataxisinthehineselanguagebestanifeststhisphenenn:

53、prpsitinsarerdinativelyarrangedneafterantherithnnnetivesindiatingthesyntatirelatinsbeteenthe.hinesesentenes,inststylesfthelanguage,tendtbeshrtandseeinglylselynnetedithnnetingrdsitted,buttheeaninganbedeidedfrthentext.ftenties,ertainebersfasentene(usuallythesubjetfalauserthesentene)areitted,andthesent

54、eneisstillintelligiblethinesereaders.e.g.:(2)我买了六支钢笔，(这六支钢笔)一共三十元，(我)拿回家一看，(这六支钢笔)都用过的了。ibughtsixpensfr30yuan.hentakinghe,ifundtheyereused.iththenealedrittedsubjetsfthelauses(“这六支钢笔and“我)，theriginalhinese,hihanbetakenasnesentene,psesndiffiultyinunderstandingtahinesereader.rever,nnnetivesarefundinthe

55、senteneandtheeaningasellasthehrnlgialsequeneisself-evidentfrthentext.inntrast,thetranslatedenglishversin,hihnsistsftsentenes,anntdithuttheseittedsubjets,andatie-arkerhenisalsaddedtindiatethetiesequeneasellasthesubrdinaterelatinshipbeteenthetie-adverbiallauseandtheainlause.3.3subjet-enteredthinkingvs

56、.bjet-enteredthinkingitsgenerallyaeptedthathineseultureissubjet-rientedhileesternultureentersnthebjet.lazi，funderftais,heldthattheaysfenarenditinedbythsefearth;theaysfearthbythsefheaven;theaysfheavenbythsefta;andtheaysftabytheself-s.eniusalssaid,ikneverythingabuttheuniverse.“qianu，aasterfhinesenatin

57、alulture,adehispenetratingrearkthathineseulture,ithitsephasisnhuanitarianis,ishuan-rientedinessene,andhasgivenbirthtthesubjet-rientedthinkingstylefthehinesenatin.thatstsay,enterntheselvesinakingbservatin,analysisandreasningpeple.19inesternulture,hever,pepletakethebjetsandnatureastheenterftheirresear

58、h,hihplaesgreatiprtanenthebservatinandstudyfthebjetiveiththeabsluteauthritynature.esternershldthatanisendedandtransendentalpervernatureandis,nthestrengthfhisintelligeneandsiene,tnquerandtransfrnatureandputnatureathisservie.theprverbknledgeisstrengthbestillustratesthisperseverantspiritfpursuitandexpl

59、ratin,hihtakestheuniverseasitst-be-nqueredantagnist.suhntinhasfatheredthebjet-rientedstylefthinking,naelythebjetivenatureisthefusfallansexplratryativities,hisbservatin,analysisandreasning.duetthedifferentthughtpatternenglishlikesthepassivefr.itisverynfrtheusethepassiveexpressin.hile,thehineseusually

60、usedthepassivefrtgetheriththeagentftheatin;therisethentinalpassiveisusedinstead.“inenglish,nthetherhand,hentheagentrderftheatinexpressedbytheprediateverbistephasized,eakeitthesubjetfthesentene,hihisthusintheativefr.rhenthesubjetftheatinistbeephasized,eakethebjetftheverbalatinthesubjetfthesenteneandt