Lesson 3 小作文各类题型分析课件

1、Lesson 3 小作文各类题型分析饼图（Pie Chart）1. 派图介绍单派双派多派3派图的写作技巧图中找类别按类分段4派图词汇基础: 占据RepresentOccupy Stand for Account for 5派图主语替换技巧On average,11% of all households, comprising almost two million people, were in this position. However,those consisting of only one parent or a single adult had almost double this p

2、roportion of poor people, with 21% and 19% respectively.Couplesgenerally tended to be better off, with lower poverty levels for couples without children (7%) than those with children (12%). It is noticeable that for both types of household with children,a higher than average proportionwere living in

3、 poverty at this time.Older peoplewere generally less likely to be poor, though once again the trend favored elderly couples (only 4%) rather than single elderly people (6%).派图主语替换技巧总结起来那些变来变去的主语无非就是：百分数，代词，名词，比重(或趋势)。整体+局部The following two pie charts illustrate the energy use in the U.S.A.Write a r

4、eport for a university lecturer describing the information given in the pie charts below. 1011Xiamen NOS IELTS Research CenterP1The following two pie charts illustrate the energy use in the U.S.A.The two pie charts describe the data of the energy use and the residential energy use in detail in the U

5、nited States. 12P3According to the second pie chart, it clearly shows that heating and air conditioning account for the largest proportion (62%) in the residential energy use while the small appliances makes up the least proportion (10%). The heating water and miscellaneous ( including cooking) cons

6、titutes 15% and 13% respectively. 14P4From the chart, we may have a basic understanding of the situation of energy use in the United States.-Paraphrase on the introduction1517The proportion of population in the world18线图（Line Graph） 线图审图技巧趋势描述速度描述极点/交点/起点/重点的描述20线图的写作技巧趋势描述多样化句式一: 变化主体/图画中主体+趋势动词+副词

7、+时间区间 Eg: The number of aged people over 65 increased significantly from 1940-2000. The number of aged people over 65 dropped slightly from 1960-1980. 句式二: There be + 形容词 + 表示趋势的名词 + in+ 变化的主体+ 时间区间 Eg: There was a significant increase in the number of aged people over 65 from 1940-2000. There was a

8、 slight decline in the number of aged people over 65 from 1960-1980. 21线图写作点展开之上升及相关词汇IncreaseClimbGo up SoarRocket Shoot up 22线图写作点展开之平稳及相关词汇Keep stableRemain stable Unchanged 24线图写作点展开之波动及相关词汇Vary Fluctuate 25 线图的常用句型(1) 先(上升/下降)后(下降/上升)，之后便平稳(2) 对峰值和低谷的描述 (3) 趋势相同描述(4) 对未来的表述(5)对波动的描述 27(1) 先(上升/

9、下降)后(下降/上升)，之后便平稳1. According to the data , the years from tosaw/witness a rise/climb/drop in the number/rate/percentage/proportion of 对象 from 数据 to 数据，which was followed by a rapid decrease/reduce/increase over the . years 282. The number/ratedropped/went up again fromin XXX year toin XXX year and

10、then went up/climbed gradually until XXX year ,when there was a leveling off/leveling out at 数据 for 一段时间29(2) 对峰值和低谷的描述 1. Also it can be noticed that in XXX year ,the number/percentage reached the bottom . However/on the contrary, XXX year saw the peak during this period. 2. 时间点 ，when the number/pe

11、rcentage reached (amounted to) to a peak of / a high point at 3. 时间点,when the number/percentage bottomed out (at)30(3)趋势相同描述The proportion/number of 对象 in the xx and xx are similar and follow the same trend. In XX the figures were xx% and xx% respectively, rising to xx% and xx% respectively in XXX ,

12、after dipping to xx% and xx% respectively in XXX. Thereafter . 31(4)对未来的表述is projected to as tois expected to as foris forecasted to is estimated to32(5) 对波动的描述as can be seen from the graph, the two curves show the fluctuation of fluctuated dramatically between xx% and xx% during period.333435Xiamen

13、 NOS IELTS Research CenterRadio and television audiences in the UK, October-December 199236The graph below shows the differences in wheat exports over three different areas.37The graph shows Underground Station Passenger Numbers in London.38柱状图 （Bar Chart）柱图审图技巧 关键是“比较”&“对比” 找出similarity & differenc

14、e既要横向总结所有柱状图的共性特征，又要分别描写各个柱形的个性特征40柱图的写作技巧 单柱如果是以时间为横轴的话，就写一下趋势如果是以组为横轴，则直接写。 多柱如果数据比较多，就取几个最大或者最小的就行，也就是说在比较的过程中想要拿到想要的结果就要找对比鲜明的那一对。把对比最鲜明的几个柱子描述清楚，其他的可以一带而过。 41柱形图的常用句型The bar chart illustrates that. According to the bar chart, .From the bar chart, we can see clearly that.It is clear/apparent fro

15、m the chart that.The bar chart depicts (that). the bar chart leads us to the conclusion that. 42The graph below shows the different modes of transport used to travel to and from work in one European city in 1960, 1980 and 2000.43Xiamen NOS IELTS Research CenterP1题目：The graph below shows the differen

16、t modes of transport used to travel to and from work in one European city in 1960, 1980 and 2000. The bar graph shows the changing patterns in commuting by train, car, tube or bus for commuters in one European city in the years 1960, 1980 and 2000. 44P2The number of people using trains at first rose

17、 from just under 20% in 1960 to about 26% in 1980, but then fell back to about 23% in 2000. 45P3Use of the tube was relatively stable, falling from around 27% of commuters in 1960 to 22% in 1980, but climbing back to reach 25% by 2000.46P4On the other hand, the use of cars increased steadily from ju

18、st over 5% in 1960 to 23% in 1980, reaching almost 40% by 2000, whereas the popularity of buses has declined since 1960, falling from just under 35% in 1960 to 27% in 1980 and only 15% in 2000. 47P5The graph indicates the growing use of cars for commuting to work between 1960 - 2000, and the continu

19、ed decline in the popularity of buses from being the most popular mode of transport in 1960 to the least popular in 2000.48The charts below show the main reasons for study among students of different age groups and the amount of support they received from employers.49The table below shows the figure

20、s for imprisonment in five countries between 1930 and 1980.The graph above show information of employment rates across 6 countries in 1995 and 2005.51The chart below shows the amount spent on six consumer goods in four European countries.525. 表格图审图技巧有时间因素表格：按照时间顺序，转化为更为明了的线图有地域因素表格：注意横向比较，并根据数值大小对数据

21、进行分类，再抽取较大或较小的典型值进行说明包含其他因素的表格：分别观察各标准在图表中呈现的特征，然后分别说明53表格题（TAble）表格图的写作技巧快速浏览题目中的文字信息，重点关注研究对象、数据类型和时间，明确在主体段的写作中要注意数据类型的变化和时态一致问题看题目中的表格图形，看图形时也要先看文字说明，包括标题、标注和单位，弄懂数据所代表的信息，而非数据本身筛选信息，圈定关键数据 整理写作顺序55表格图的常用单词noticeable trend 明显趋势 pronounced adj. 明显的 significant changes一些较大变化 rank n. vt. vi. 列为，排列，

22、等级 distribute vt. 分布，区别 unequally adv. 不相等地 average n. vt. vi. adj. 平均 corresponding adj. 相应的，通讯的represent vt. 阐述，表现 overall adj. 总体上讲 in the case of adv. 在.的情况下 in terms of / in respect of / regarding 在.方面56表格图的常用句型57表格图的常用句型agesizenumber60Xiamen NOS IELTS Research CenterP1The table demonstrates th

23、e data regarding the subway system in six cities, including date opened, kilometers of route and passengers per year (in millions)61P2In terms of date opened, London has the most time-honored (1863) subway system among the six cities while subway system in Los Angeles is the newest one opened in 200

24、1. （最老，最新）Systems in Paris and Tokyo are opened in 1900 and 1927, respectively. 时间顺序After that, systems in Washington DC and Kyoto are opened in 1976 and 1981 differently.62As for the size of the railway system, London still ranks the first, meaning it has the longest subway system (384 kilometers)

25、among the six cities, which is roughly twice as large as the system in Paris. （最长） By contrast, subway system in Kyoto is shorter (11 kilometers) than the others even thought it opened in relatively recent year.（最短）The kilometers of route in Tokyo, Washington DC and Los Angeles are 155, 126 and 28 d

26、ifferently. 63The third part is passengers per year in millions. More exactly, the top three are Tokyo (1927), Paris (1191) and London (775). Underground railway system in Washington DCs has 144 millions passengers per year. Systems in Los Angeless and Kyotos carry fewer passengers per year (50 and

27、45, respectively).64Thus, it can be clearly seen from the table that the subway systems in Tokyo and Paris serves for more passengers whereas the systems in Los Angeles and Kyoto carry fewer passengers mainly because of the short route.65对于不同时间同一事物的比较先相减/相除，后分组哪些是增加，哪些是减少幅度大的与幅度小的分组66The table below

28、 gives information about changes in modes of travel in England between 1985 and 2000. 剑6 P5267增加的 Car, Long distance bus, Train, Taxi幅度大的 Car +1607减少的 Walking, Bicycle, Local bus幅度大的 Local bus -15568P1The table demonstrates how different modes of travel changed in England in 15 years spanning from 1

29、985 to 2000. In general, the modes are classified into two kinds in terms of average miles travelled per person per year: one enjoyed rising popularity while the other decreasing.69P2The travel modes which gained popularity in the period included cars, long distance buses, trains, taxis and others.

30、Cars remained top among the modes in the 15 years, with its average miles increasing considerably from 3,199 in 1985 to 4,806 in 2000. Long distance buses and taxis seemed to be warmly welcomed by travelers, so average miles travelled in the two modes almost tripled70P3Travels by walking, bicycles a

31、nd local buses lost travelers favor in the one and a half decade. Average travelling distance by local buses suffered the biggest decrease, dropping from 429 to 274, while the number of miles by walking and bikes fell mildly from 255 to 237 and from 51 to 41 respectively.71P4Overall, the number of m

32、iles travelled by the average per person rose from 4,740 miles in 1985 to 6,475 miles in 2000, with the increase of cars accounting for almost all of that increase. 72流程图 （Diagram）流程图的写作技巧1. 时态相对单一，主要用一般现在时2. 经常使用被动语态，显得比较客观和正式3. 找出流程图的始末点，并划分中间的步骤或阶段4. 掌握表示“顺序”的连接词(Sequencing Words)，用来说明过程的各个步骤和先后顺

33、序5. 对于题目里出现的专业词汇或生词，不认识也没关系，只需照抄即可NB: 流程图的本质其实就是要求考生将图中出现的文字信息用连贯的语言串起来，不需要过多地发挥。74流程图的常用单词过程：process、procedure阶段/步骤：stage、step连接词：1. 第一步：at first、to begin with、in the first stage2. 下一步：then、next、the second stage3. 最后：finally、lastly、the final stage4. 平行步骤：meanwhile、at the same time75流程图的常用句型 The fol

34、lowing diagraph shows the structure of The picture illustrates It mainly consists of It works as follows: It usually involves following steps: The whole procedure can be divided intostages. 76Stages IThe process starts fromThe process begins with.In terms of., the first stage is that.At the beginnin

35、g of the cycle, The beginning of the whole cycle is marked by 77Stages IIAt this point; then; in the next step; after that; afterwardsThe second stage is The next step in the process is 78Stages IIIIn the final stageThe final procedure/ step of this process isThis marks the end of the process and th

36、e beginning of a new one is the last step in the procedure.79Lasting timeThe stage lasts for 30 minutes untilAfter a period of 30 minutes,It takes 10 days for X to After a period ofBefore, it takes 30 minutes to 30 minutes have to be spent on this process before80剑6P758182Xiamen NOS IELTS Research C

37、enterP1The first diagram shows that there are four main stages in the life of the silk worm.First of all, eggs are produced by the moth and it takes ten days for each egg to become a silkworm larva that feeds on mulberry leaves. This stage lasts for up to six weeks until the larva produces a cocoon

38、of silk thread around itself. After a period of about three weeks, the adult moths eventually emerge from these cocoons and the life cycle begins again.83P2The cocoons are the raw material used for the production of silk cloth. (过渡句）Once selected, they are boiled in water and the threads can be sepa

39、rated in the unwinding stage. Each thread is between 300 and 900 metres long, which means they can be twisted together, dyed and then used to produce cloth in the weaving stage （平行结构）84P3Overall, the diagrams show that the cocoon stage of the silkworm can be used to produce silk cloth through a very

40、 simple process.85The map indicates the recycling process of glass bottles86P1This diagram illustrates the recycling process of glass bottles. The whole process is a cycle which can be divided into three main stages.87P2In the first stage, used bottles are collected at a recycling point and transpor

41、ted by a truck. The second stage starts in a cleaning plant, where these recycled bottles are sorted by color into green, brown and clear ones and washed by high-pressurised water. When the cleaning is done, the bottles are conveyed to a glass factory where they are cut into glass pieces which are t

42、hen poured into a furnace. 88P3After being heated in the furnace, the broken glasses are melted into liquid, which flows into a glass mold. In the final stage, new, empty bottles are filled with liquid, then packed and despatched to the supermarket and picked by consumers. At this point, a cycle has

43、 been completed and a new cycle will begin.89地图题 （Map）地图的写作技巧注意结合地图中体现的细节信息，进行相互比较与对比，并体现对比结果。注意“变化”（1）图形原有事物的改变（2）图形新添事物91地图的重难点时态：通常为一般过去时细节变化：地图每个细节变化都要提到，不能忽略语态：通常为被动语态书写顺序：时间顺序&空间顺序92地图的常用单词方位：in the east/ west/ south/ north of ; in the eastern/ western/ southern northern part of 建设：build, cons

44、truct（一般建筑物），erect（高大的建筑物），establish/ set up（无建筑的物体或抽象的机构），pave（道路的修建）93地图的常用句型 It is obvious/notable/noticeable that. It is easy to locate/to find that It can be seen from the graph that A is located/situated/sited in/on/to the east of B. A is in center/middle/central area of B A is near /next to/c

45、lose to/adjacent to B. A is on the opposite side of B.94LocationA liesShanghai lies in the east of ChinaJapan lies to the east of ChinaMongolia lies on the north side of ChinaA is locatedA is next to/ near/ close to BA is at the east/ west/ north/ south of BA is right across from BThe road runs from

46、 to95Draw by yourself The playground is roughly in the middle of the residential zone.The bank is in the Northwest corner of the residential zone.Houses are at the bottom of the residential zone.The motorcyclist is outside the residential zone.The barbers is opposite to the bankThe supermarket is ha

47、lfway between the bank and the barbers.The supermarket is directly opposite to the stop.A local bus is to the right of the station 96剑5P75The map below is of the town of Garlsdon. A new supermarket (S) is planned for the town. The map shows two possible sites for supermarket.选址型97northwestcountrysid

48、eFewer customerLow rentTrain, buscentredowntownCBD, residential, industryshoppersrenttrafficcommuteSatellite cities98P1The map shows two proposed locations for a new supermarket for the town of Garlsdon99P2 The first potential location (S1) is outside the town itself, and is locatedd just off the ma

49、in road to the town of Hindon, lying 12 kms to the north-west. This site is in the countryside and so it would be able to accommodate a lot of car parking, which makes it accessible to shoppers from both Hindon and Garlsdon who could travel by car. 100P2As it is also close to the railway line linkin

50、g the two towns to Cransdon (25 km to the south-east), a potentially large number of shoppers would also be able to travel by train.Generally speaking, the rent is relatively lower in countryside, so it will save some expending. 101P3 In contrast, the suggested location, S2, is right in the town cen

51、tre, which would be good for local residents. Theorically the store could be accessed by road or rail from the surrounding towns, but as the central area is a no-traffic zone, cars would be unable to park and access would be difficult.102P4Overall, neither site is appropriate for all the towns, but

52、the out-of-town site (S1) would probably offer more advantages and more reasonable .103Chorleywood is a village near London whose population has increased steadily since the middle of the nineteenth century. The map below shows the development of the village. Write a report for a university lecturer

53、 describing the development of the village.发展型104105P1The map shows the changes and development of Chorleywood village in Great Britain over a period of 126 years from 1868 to 1994. 106P2Chronologically, during the first 15 years from 1868 to 1883, Chorleywood was merely a very small village with on

54、e main road to its west.107P2 From 1883 to 1922, we see that the village expanded to south, almost tripled the original scale. Besides, a railway line was built across the new area from west to east and there emerged the Chorleywood Station. 108P3During 1922-1970, Chorleywood extended both eastward

55、and westward and almost doubled the previous size. 109P3Then during 1970-1994, the village accelerated its pace of development eastward. This new expansion was almost twice the scale of the old village. The Chorleywood Park and a golf course separated the old and new area. A north-south motorway bui

56、lt in 1970 as the axis, cutting this new area into five parts. 110P4Thus, we see the fast expansion history of this small village across a span of over 100 years.111Accelerated its pace of developmentDoubled/tripled the original scale/previous sizeEast / west / south / north + ward原有事物尺寸上变大/变小： The

57、size of the X has been expanded/ enlarged/extended/reduced by half原有事物没了： The X completely disappeared/were removed.原有事物被改为： A is transformed/reconstructed/changed/turned into B A is replaced by B = A gives way to B112各种图各种写地图方位要把握流程箭头即步骤113Practicea. 简单线图(line chart)：1979-1999年英国游客出国和到英国的海外游客变化1） 趋

58、势：细线和粗线都上升。2） 极值：1979和1999分别是极大极小值。（数据应当汇报）3） 升降速度：大约1985-1991，细线和粗线上升都较快。4） 比较：细线粗线；细线上升的要比粗线快。5） 报告：不能说英国人出去玩的人数比去英国玩的外国人多是因为英镑购买力比较强之类的主观判断。 b. 孤立单柱图(bar chart)：英国海外游客1999年最喜欢的国家。1） 趋势：没有。2） 极值：法国和西班牙远远大于其它三国。（图表整体数据较少，所有数据都应汇报。）3） 升降速度：没有。4） 比较：图间比较，和a图比较，发现去法国和西班牙的英国人占到了1999年英国海外游客的接近40%。5） 报告：不