十八世纪启蒙时期英国文学课件

1、Part Four The 18th CenturyThe Age of Enlightenment in England1688-1798十八世纪 英国启蒙时期the Age of Reason1. The literature of the 18th century was dominated by the interests of contending partiesThe Whigs: determined to safeguard popular liberty;The Tories: conservative, would leave as much authority as po

2、ssible in the royal hands;3. The development of social lifeThe first half of the 18th century England saw the appearance of a large number of public coffeehouses and private clubs. Nearly all writers frequented the coffeehouses, and matters discussed there became subjects of literature. Hence the en

3、ormous amount of 18th-century writing devoted to transient affairs, to politics, fashions, and gossip.Literary Development1. Neo-classicism2. sentimentalism3. Modern novel4. Romanticism5. English drama概述英国文学史上的启蒙运动是英国文学18世纪产生的一种进步思潮。启蒙运动,这一时期的思想家和作家们崇尚理性,认为启蒙教化是改造社会的基本手段,因此18世纪又被称为理性的时代.在文学领域体现为18世纪

4、上半期的新古典主义,代表作家有诗人蒲伯(A. Pope)和期刊随笔的创始人斯梯尔(R.Steele)和艾迪生(J.Addison). 概述 1688年的“光荣革命”推翻复辟王朝，确定了君主立宪制，建立起资产阶级和新贵族领导的政权，英国从此进入一个相对安定的发展时期。 18世纪初，新古典主义成为时尚。新古典主义推崇理性，强调明晰、对称、节制、优雅，追求艺术形式的完美与和谐。亚历山大蒲柏（Alexander Pope, 1688-1744）是新古典主义诗歌的代表，他模仿罗马诗人，诗风精巧隽俏，内容以说教与讽刺为主，形式多用英雄双韵体，但缺乏深厚感情。 1. Neoclassicism 新古典主义T

5、he Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works, this tendency is known as neoclassicism.The neoclassicists held that forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers, such as Homer.Addison, Steele, Pope

6、belonged to this school.散文18世纪英国散文出现繁荣，散文风格基本建立在新古典主义美学原则之上。理查德斯梯尔（Richard Steele, 1672-1729）与约瑟夫艾迪生（Joseph Addison, 1672-1719）创办闲谈者（Tatler）与观察者（Spectator）刊物，发表了许多以当时社会风俗、日常生活、文学趣味等为题材的文章，他们清新秀雅、轻捷流畅的文体成为后人模仿的典范。 Tatler ttl spectator spekteit, 小说18世纪被称为“散文世纪”的另一个原因是小说的兴起。 丹尼尔笛福（Daniel Defoe, 1660-17

7、31）的鲁滨逊漂流记（Robinson Crusoe）采用写实的手法，描写主人公在孤岛上的生活，塑造了一个资产阶级开拓者和殖民主义者形象，具有时代精神。这部小说被认为是现实主义小说的创始之作，为笛福赢得“英国小说之父”的称号。乔纳森斯威夫特（Jonathan Swift, 1667-1745）是英国文学史上最伟大的讽刺散文作家，他的文风纯朴平易而有力。斯威夫特的杰作格列佛游记（Gullivers Travels）是一部极具魅力的儿童故事，同时包含着深刻的思想内容。作者通过对小人国、大人国、飞岛国、慧马国等虚构国度的描写，以理性为尺度，极其尖锐地讽刺和抨击了英国社会各领域的黑暗和罪恶。 与菲尔丁

8、同时代的塞缪尔理查逊（Samuel Richardson, 1689-1761）采用书信体创作了帕米拉（Pamela）、克拉丽莎（Clarissa Harlowe）。他将视角投入年轻女主人公的内心深处，心理刻画淋漓尽致，令读者潸然泪下。托比亚斯斯摩莱特（Tobias Smollett, 1721-1771）是18世纪中叶颇具特色的小说家。他的蓝登传（The Adventures of Roderick Random）继承欧洲流浪汉小说传统，布局松散，是一连串发展迅速、好恶交替、变化急剧的冒险经历的组合。 劳伦斯斯特恩（Lawrence Sterne, 1713-1768）的项狄传（The Li

9、fe and Opinions of Tristram Shandy）打破传统小说叙述模式，写法奇特。小说各章长短不一，有的甚至是空白。书中充满长篇议论和插话，并出现乐谱、星号、省略号等。斯特恩对小说形式的实验引起20世纪俄国形式主义批评家的注意，项狄传被认为是“世界文学中最典型的小说”。评论家指出20世纪小说中的意识流手法可以追溯到这部奇异的小说。托马斯格雷（Thomas Gray, 1716-1771）的墓园哀歌（Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard）表达诗人对时代纷乱状态的厌恶和对“自然简朴安排”的向往，吐露了他们的内心感受。英国诗歌开始逐渐摆脱新古

10、典主义的束缚，理性的优势地位为感情或感受所代替。前浪漫主义思潮18世纪末、19世纪初，英国诗风大变。 苏格兰农民诗人罗伯特彭斯（Robert Burns, 1759-1796）给英国诗坛带来一股新鲜的气息。他的抒情诗自然生动、感情真挚，讽刺诗尖锐锋利、妙趣横生。 威廉布莱克（William Blake, 1757-1827）是版画家兼诗人，想象奇特，极富个性。他的短诗意象鲜明，语言清新，后期的长诗内容比较晦涩。他在诗歌中建立起自己一套独特的神话体系，具有神秘主义色彩。布莱克的革命性、独创性和复杂性使他成为浪漫主义诗歌的先驱。2. Sentimentalism 感伤主义Sentimentalis

11、m indulged in emotion and sentiment. Criticized the cruelty of the capitalist relations and the gross social injustices brought about by the bourgeois revolutions and the Industrial Revolution. They react against anything rational and to advocate that sentiment should take the place of reason.Thomas

12、 Gray, Oliver Goldsmith, Laurence Stern, Samuel Richardson are representatives of this school.3. The beginning of modern novelModern English novel began in the 18th century and gave the world such novelists as Defoe, Swift, Richardson, Fielding, Smollett and Sterne.Daniel Defoes Robinson Crusoe was

13、one of the forerunners of the English 18th century realistic novel. But it was Henry Fielding and Tobias George Smollet who became the real founders of the genre of the bourgeois realistic novel in England and Europe.Realist novel : bourgeois in essence - subject matter, - readership, - didactic（教诲的

14、） purpose, - form (prose, comic epic); - Samuel Richardsons Pamela (epistolary书信体), Defoes Robinson Crusoe, Henry Fieldings Joseph Andrews (comic epic in prose), Tom Jones (picaresque以歹徒为题材的), Smollett (sea novel), Sterne (sentimentality), Goldsmith, etc.The most famous writers of this school are Wi

15、lliam Blake and Robert Burns. Pre-romanticism found its most manifest expression in the “Gothic novel”.“Gothic novel” 哥特小说Set in the medieval period; others set them in a Catholic country. The locale was often a gloomy castle furnished with dungeons地牢, winding passages, and sliding panels; the typic

16、al story focused on the sufferings imposed on an innocent heroine by a cruel and lustful villain. made use of ghosts, mysterious disappearances, sensational and supernatural occurrences. The principal aim of such novels was to evoke chilling terror by exploiting mystery and a variety of horrors. 5.

17、English drama in the 18th centuryThe English drama of the 18th century did not reach the same high level as its novel, but it experienced a brief flowering in the second half of this century. The greatest dramatist of this period is Richard Brinsley Sheridan, best remembered for his The School for S

18、candal.Sheridan ridn 3. It is marked by renewed interest in medieval ideals and literature.4. Romanticism was marked by intense human sympathy, an understanding of the human heart. The sympathy for the poor, and the cry against oppression grew stronger.5. The Romantic Movement was the expression of

19、individual genius rather than of established rules. Alexander Pope (1688-1744)Alexander Pope 亚历山大蒲柏Pope is known as a great poet in his day. He exerted much influence upon the other writers of his age. He popularized the neoclassical literary tradition, brought from France. He was one of the early r

20、epresentatives of the Enlightenment who introduced into English culture the spirit of rationalism.He was a great satirist and a literary critic who occupied a prominent place in his time. The early period of the 18th century has often been named after him as “The Age of Pope”. satirist stristlife st

21、oryBorn to a Roman Catholic family in 1688, Pope was educated mostly at home, in part due to laws in force at the time upholding the status of the established Church of England. From early childhood he suffered numerous health problems, including Potts disease (a form of tuberculosis affecting the s

22、pine which deformed his body and stunted his growth, no doubt helping to end his life at the relatively young age of 56 in 1744. He never grew beyond 1.37m (4ft 6in).His Major Worksthe Pastorals (1709)（田园诗歌）the Essay on Criticism (1711) （论批评 ）a poem written in heroic couplets outlining critical tast

23、es and standards;The Rape of the Lock (1714)（卷发遇劫记）, a mock-heroic(模仿英雄诗文体的 ) poem ridiculing the fashionable world of his day; Essay on Man(人论)第一次把人作为专门议题来赞美和探讨。The Dunciad（愚人记 /群愚史诗）the Essay on Criticism批评论/论批评 用英雄双韵体写成的说教诗。Fools rush in where angels fear to tread. 天使不敢涉足的地方, 蠢人却蜂拥而前 o err is hum

24、an to forgive divine 犯错者为人，谅错者为神。A Little learning is a dangerous thing一知半解是危险的事。The Rape of the Lock1712年他写作了长篇讽刺诗夺发记，1714年又补充了两章。这首诗描写一家男孩偷剪了另一家女孩的一绺金发，因为此事引起两家的争执。蒲柏把此事描写得和伊利亚特中特洛伊战争一样壮观，写成了一部英雄史诗。英译荷马的The Iliad 伊利亚特和奥德赛Odyssey 。The Dunciad（愚人记 /群愚史诗）一首四卷的讽刺诗Essay on Man(人论)用英雄双韵体写成的哲理诗。由四封写给当时哲学

25、家的信笺组成。One truth is clear, whatever is , is right.一个事实毋庸置疑，凡存在的，必合理。Features and LimitationA master of heroic couplet. In writing heroic couplets, no one has been able to approach him.Pope lacks lyrical gift（缺乏抒情天赋）, artificial（造作） and obscure（晦涩）. His satire is not always just. But William Blake co

26、nsidered his works as elegant formalism while Byron thought highly of him.Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)乔纳森斯威夫特His lifeThe most powerful satirist of the age (his pamphlets)Have no equal at pamphlet writingsatirist strist His LifeHe was born in Dublin in 1667. His father died before he was born, and his

27、mother was poor, and his relatives helped him, but grudgingly. He studied at Trinity College, Dublin, but he detested the routine curriculum, reading only thing appealing to his nature. He was often at war with authorities.Between 1689 and 1699 he worked as a private secretary to a distant kinsman S

28、ir William Temple.While the nobleman feared the lash of his pen, the common folk felt the warmth of his kindness.Remembering how he had suffered in his youth, he tried to help every young man of talent who seemed deserving.He was afflicted by a brain illness from his early youth and he did not marry

29、. His disease ended in madness and he died in 1745 in great misery.In his will, he bequeathed all his property to a mad-house in Dublin. It is now still there, called “Dr. Swifts Madhouse”.His main worksA tale of a Tub (1704): in the form of a parable（寓言）. A satire upon all religious sects of Christ

30、ianity. 木桶的故事The Battle of the Books （1704): unfinished. An attack on pedantry（迂腐，假学者） in the literary world of the time by the story of the Bee and the Spider. 书籍的战斗 书战Bickerstaff Almanac比克斯塔夫历书almanac :lmnkn.历书；年鉴Gullivers Travels (1726) 格列佛游记A Modest proposal (1729) 一个温和的建议The Drapiers Letters (1

31、724-1725) 德拉皮尔的信Gullivers Travels Gullivers Travels relates the adventures of Lemuel Gulliver, （Gulliver liv ）an English surgeon, who, in the first quarter of the 18th century, embarks on four voyages to unknown parts of the world. In each case, events beyond his control interrupt his progress: a st

32、orm at sea, the cowardice of his shipmates, the cruelty of pirates, and the treachery of his own sailors. He is stranded in Lilliput, a land of very small people; in Brobdingnag, a land of giants; in Laputa, Balninarbi, Glubbdubdrib, Luggnagg, and Japan, lands of scientific speculation and magic; an

33、d finally in the land of the Houyhnhnms, where degenerate humans serve as beasts of burden for a master race of horses. Gullivers Travel Four Parts: The 1st part: Gullivers travels in Lilliput (Swift satirized the Tories and the Whigs by the use of high and low heels. Religious disputes were laughed

34、 at by the problem which divided the Lilliputians: “Should the egg be broken at the big end or the little end?”) The 2nd part: the voyage to Brobdingnag. ( Gulliver laughed at the strutting and bowing of English lords and ladies) The 3rd part: the Flying Island-the Island of Sorcerors. A satire on p

35、hilosophers and projectors, who lived in the air. The 4th part: the bitterest satire. In the country of horses, where horses were possessed of reason, and were the governing class, while the Yahoos, though in the shape of man, were brute beasts with vices. He praised the life and virtues of the hors

36、es while he was disgusted with the Yahoos, whose relations reminded him of those existing in English society. Introduction Swifts greatest satire work, Gullivers Travels, is written in 1726, the book has not lost its significance to the present day and can be justly ranked among the best novel of wo

37、rld literature.Plot and Major Characters Written in the form of a travel journal, Gullivers Travels is the fictional account of four extraordinary voyages made by Lemuel Gulliver, a physician who signs on to serve as a ships surgeon when he is unable to provide his family with a sufficient income in

38、 London. Gulliver makes our deep-sea voyages, which are described in the four parts of the book. Lilliput 利立浦特(小人国）Laputa（飞岛国） Brobdingnag布罗丁奈格（大人国）Houyhnhnms 慧马国First voyage-Lilliput（利立普特） On the very first voyage, Gulliver is shipwrecked. Of all the ships crew he alone survives. He swims to the sh

39、ore of a strange land, inhabited by Lilliputians, the tallest of whom is six inches high. When bending my eyes downward as much as I could, I perceived a human not six inches high! The king of lilliputLittle by little he gets used to their life and even takes part in the war with the neighbouring st

40、ate of Blefuseu.Treason叛国罪Major themesThe first voyage has been interpreted as an allegorical(讽喻的) satire of the political events of the early eighteenth century, a commentary on the moral state of England.The war with the tiny neighboring island represents Englands rivalry（对抗） between Whigs and Tor

41、ies.water-towerSecond voyage-Brobdingnag（布罗丁奈格） Gulliver finally escapes Lilliput and returns briefly to England before a second voyage takes him to Brobdingnag. While on shore, Gulliver is captured by giants, each of whom is the size of a . On the whole, the Brobdingnagians are good-natured creatur

42、es, and they treat Gulliver kindly, though they are amused by his tiny size and looked upon him as a plaything. Gulliver Compare with Lilliput, the Brobdingnagians have an enlightened monarch（开明的君主）. She often interrogates（询问） Gulliver on European affairs. Gulliver abruptly departs Brobdingnag when

43、a giant eagle flies off with him and drops him in the ocean. （2 years）Third voyage-Laputa （勒普它岛） He soon embarks on his third voyage to the flying island of Laputa Laputa is a mysterious land inhabited by scientists, magicians, and sorcerers（男巫） who engage in ridiculous experiment. The intellectuals

44、 of Laputa were far too busy having great thoughts to be burdening with the chores of farming. So they just flying over lands, collecting Brain Taxes（人头税） from the villages below. Then buckets would be lowered to be filled with food and drink and whatever else they want . The voyage to Laputa is a s

45、cathing（尖刻的） attack upon science in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and reveals Swifts contempt and disdain for abstract theory and ideology（思想） that is not of practical service to human.Major themesFinal voyage-Houyhnhnm慧马国Houyhnhnm huihnmHouyhnhnmHorseYahooVeritable replicas of human raced

46、ebased humanityRational and virtuousIn Houyhnhnms language There is no evil, no lie, no illness, no power, no war, no government, no law, no punishment and thousands of other things that exists in the society.Houyhnhnms are a superior race of intelligent horses.Anything bad is about YahoosYahoos, a

47、vile(极坏的) and depraved（堕落的） race of ape-like creatures. Gulliver is eventually exiled from Houyhnhnm society when the horses gently insist that Gulliver must return to live among his own kind. After this fourth and final voyage, he returns to England, where he has great difficulty adjusting to every

48、day life. All people everywhere remind him of the Yahoos. The final voyage reveals Swifts ultimate satiric objectmans inability to come to terms with his true nature. The Yahoos as a satiric representation of debased(品质恶劣的) humanity, while taking the Houyhnhnms as representatives of Swifts ideals of

49、 rationality and order. Major themesGullivers Travels 格列佛游记斯威夫特最著名的寓言小说。以里塞缪尔格列佛船长的口气叙述周游四国的情景。格列佛船长到达的第一个国家是小人国，居民身高仅6英寸。君主和大臣贪婪残暴，党派之间倾轧争夺，国家之间战祸连绵不断，都为映射时政而发。格列佛然后来到了大人国，居民身高有如铁塔。格列佛在与大人国国王谈话时竭力宣扬英国政体之完善，军威之无敌，武器之高超，但都受到国王的谴责。随后格列佛来到飞岛国。飞岛国有一块属地，如果居民稍有不顺，飞岛就飞临上空断其阳光，或降落在国土之上，把属地居民压成粉末。这是对英国剥削爱尔兰的

50、殖民主义政策的尖锐抨击。最后格列佛来到贤马国，统治者是具有高度理性的贤马，另外有人形动物，他们贪婪忌妒凶残心毒，从外表到内心都令人憎恶，可以说是罪恶的化身。斯威夫特借此表明，如果人类让贪欲战胜理智，人类就可能堕落成为人形动物。这是对资本主义社会的猛烈抨击。Masterpiece: Gullivers TravelsIt contains four parts, each about one particular voyage during which Gulliver has extraordinary adventures.The four places he visits are: Lil

51、liput, Brobdingnag, the Flying Land and the Houyhnhnm land, where he meets the Yahoos, hairy, wild, low and despicable brutes, who resemble human beings not only in appearance but also in almost every other way.As a whole, the novel is a bitter satire and harsh criticism of all aspects in the then E

52、nglish and European life philosophically, socially, politically, scientifically, religiously, and morally.Gullivers Travels In the first part Gulliver describes his shipwreck in Lilliput where the tallest people were six inches high. The emperor believed himself to be the delight and terror of the u

53、niverse, but such a belief appeared quite absurd to Gulliver who was twelve times as tall as he. In his account of the two parties in the country, distinguished by the use of high and low heels, Swift satirizes the Tories and the Whigs in England. Part 1: to LilliputIn the second part, the voyage to

54、 Brobdingnag. Gulliver found himself a dwarf among men 60 feet in height. The King, who regarded Europe as if it were an anthill, said, “I cannot but conclude the bulk of your (Gullivers) natives to be the most pernicious race of little odious vermin that Nature ever suffered to crawl upon the surfa

55、ce of the earth.” And Gulliver, after living among such a race giants, could not but feel tempted to laugh at the strutting趾高气扬 and bowing of English lords and ladies as much as the King of Brobdingnag laughed at him.Part 2: to Brobdingnag Theme: accused the English corrupt politics and jingoism (侵略

56、主义) through the kings words in Brobdingnag.The third part is a satire on philosophers like the inhabitants of the Flying Island. Gulliver was able to call up famous men of ancient times and question them. Then he found the world to have been misled by prostitute 堕落的 writers who ascribe the greatest

57、exploits 业绩 in war to cowards, the wisest counsels to fools, and sincerity to flatterers. Part 3: to Laputa (flying island)The theme:satirized the ivory-towered (脱离实际的) research work of English philosophers and projectors through description of the projects (e.g. extracting sunbeam out of cucumbers,

58、 turning ice into gunpowder, and making cloth from cobweb 蜘蛛网) in the flying island.In the last part, the satire is of the bitterest. Gulliver was now in a country where horses were possessed of reason, and were the governing class, while the Yahoos, though in the shape of men, were brutes with such

59、 vices as stealing and lying. In endeavoring to persuade the horses that he was not a Yahoo, Gulliver was made to show how little a man was removed from the brute. He praised the life and virtues of the horses while he was disgusted with the Yahoos, whose relations reminded him of those existing in

60、English society to such a degree that he shuddered at the prospect of returning to England. So when Gulliver returned home, it was said that his family filled him with such disgust that he swooned 昏厥 when his wife kissed him.Part 4: to the country of the Houyhnhnms Yahoo the appellation of human bei