浅谈英语委婉语及其社会影响

1、浅谈英语委婉语及其社会影响AbstratLanguageuniatinisaniprtantethdtaintainsialrelatinship,spepleftenusetheindiretrpleasantexpressinsintheplaefthsensideredunpleasant,ruderffensiveinuniatin.Itisntnlyalinguistiphenenn,butalsakindfsialphenennandulturalphenenn.Itrefletssekindsfrrespndingulturaltraditins.Thispaperainlyfu

2、sesntheaysfexpressin,theajrfuntinandthesialinfluenefeupheisinEnglish.AndthefirstpartelabratesupnthedifferentexpressinsfeupheisinEnglish,dividedintfurparts:figurefspeeh,seantiethd,thevarietyfprnuniatinandspellingfrandgraar.Andthenitakesstudytheapplianefeupheisnthreefuntins:avidane,urtesy,disguiseinsi

3、allife,anddisussesthepsitiveandnegativeinfluenesfeupheis.Tkntheseuldhelpustunderstandthedefthinking,sialvalues,ralnepts,andulturaltraditinsinEnglish-speakinguntry,anduldiprveurlanguageuniativeability.Keyrds:Eupheis,appliatin,sialinfluene,psitive,negative【摘要】语言交际是人类以维系社会关系的重要手段，因此人们在交际中通常防止使用引起双方不快从而

4、损害双方关系的语言，而是采取迂回曲折的方法来表达思想，交流信息，它不仅是种语言现象，而且是社会现象和文化现象。委婉语言表达了相应的社会文化传统。本文主要阐述了英语委婉语的构成方法以及它的社会影响，并着重从修辞手段，语义手段，构词手段及语法手段对委婉语言作了较全面的分析，并对委婉语在交际中的语用功能和表达方式做了一些讨论，从委婉语的“避讳功能，“礼貌功能和“掩饰功能三个方面讨论了委婉语在社会生活中的运用，理解委婉语在运用中的积极作用和消极作用,有助于我们更深化的理解英语国家人们的思维方式、社会价值观、道德观以及文化风俗，对于进步自身言语交际功能是非常必要的。【关键词】委婉语；运用；社会影响;积极

5、；消极1.IntrdutinEupheisisriginallyfrGreek,eaning,“speakithgkrds.“eueans“ellrsundingell;“pheeeans“speeh.ItsdefinitininxfrdEnglishDitinaryis“(exaplefthe)usefpleasant,ild,rindiretrdsrphrasesinplaefreauraterdiretnes.1Theappearanefeupheisisbasedntreasns:neaisttaketheplaef“tab.hengivingupatabrd,pepleillfind

6、anthernenettaketheplaefit,hihreatesaeupheis.Thetheraistavidffensivenessduringtheuniatin.Itisafigurefrhetribyhihanunpleasantrffensivethingisdesribedrreferredtbyailderter.InEnglishlanguage,eupheisisidelyusedinthedailyuniatins.Inrdertahievetheaif“tab,itisusedtavidtheunpleasantthing;inrdertahievetheaif“

7、pliteness,itisusedtavidtheinelegantthings2,hiharethetsialpsyhlgialbasisftheeergenefeupheis.Eupheisisneftheiprtantpartsffigurefspeeh.Itisntnlyalinguistiphenenn,butalsakindfsialphenennandulturalphenenn.Eupheisinusediffersfrpersntpersn,frprfessintprfessin,evenfrlasstlass3,Thatshysetiestheeaningfseeuphe

8、issillpuzzleyuifyudntknthebakgrundfEnglishulture.TgrasptheEnglisheupheisanntnlyhelpuspenureyes,butstrengthenurabilityfreadingprehensin.ThispaperaistdisusstheappliatinfeupheisinEnglishandtakeaknledgefitssialinfluene,hihuldhelpususeeupheisinarretay.2.aystexpresseupheis2.1.Figurefspeeh2.1.1.etnyy.Thati

9、stusethegeneralrdsttaketheplaefthenreterds.“Passedaayhihreferst“deadbelngstetnyy.Itanbedividedintthefllingfrs:1)tusethentainerttaketheplaefthethingsinthentainer.Frexaple:“tbefndfthebttleisaeupheisfr“likingtdrink.2)Tusetheentiretyinsteadfthepart.Frexaple:“abdenisusedtrefert“belly;“libreferst“leg.Frse

10、speialasins,thepartanbeusedinsteadftheentirety.InAustralianEnglish“anldhandisaeupheisfr“anldprisner.3)Tusethetlsttaketheplaefthebjets.Frexaple,“pikisatlfpryingthelk.Itanrefert“thief.4)Tuseraaterialsttaketheplaeffinishedprduts.Frinstane,“pppyisakindffler,butitalsreferst“piu.5)Tuseharaterististtakethe

11、plaefbjets.Frexaple,“hellisagreetingrd,anditisalsaeupheisfr“prstitutebeauseprstitutesftenusethisrdtsliitthehreasters;“bldandirnisaeupheisfr“vilene.6)Tuseprperrdstreplaethebjets.Frexaple,“naplenisaFrenhgldeninnhihthereisNaplensheadprtrait.“BrstalisanaefuntrysideinKentinBritain.Itanalsrefert“juveniled

12、elinqueny.Seties,seeupheissarefrequentlyusedinsteadftheriginalrds;peplegraduallyfrgetthEireupheistiidentities.Theyarentusedintersfeupheissbuthavetheirnindependenteanings.Frinstane,takeabve-entined“pppy,nifyulkupthisrdintheditinary,yuanfindtheeaningf“piu,ithaslstitseupheistifuntin.And,ifyudntknthebak

13、grund,yuanntkntheeaningf“Naplenand“Brstal.Therefre,eanseetheiprtanefkningthebakgrundfEnglishulture.Itanhelpyualttregnizeandunderstandtherealeaningfeupheisandakegdusefit.2.1.2.etaphrTuseetaphraneasilyavidtheffensivethings.Frexaple,herefreitisbettertbeaguestfthela,hih,thughndutedbyrules,desnteddleundu

14、lyithagentleansprivateaffairs.(.Henry,ThepandtheAnthe)“tbeaguestfthelaisaeupheisfr“tbeinprisn4,anyeupheissfr“deatherereatedbyayfetaphr,suhasgingthislnghe,tbeheandfree,tgtsleep,tsleepthelng(reternal,never-ending)sleep,trestinpeae,tbeatrest,tgtHeaven(rParadise),tjinnesanestrs,tbegatheredtnesfathers,tj

15、intheirtals.reexaplesare:agedsunsetyears,tbeprtbepinhed,thaveiprpersexualinterurseithgirls(espeiallyaiden)tdefler;tdegeneratetgastray;breastilkbttles;ataeniatheredflag;tbepregnanttbenthenest;theneyfbriberygrease;tbribetgreasesebdyspal;handuffsbraelets.2.1.3PersnifiatinPeplesnaesareftenusedtreplaetab

16、rds.Frexaple,“BigHarryreferst“herinbeause“Harryand“herinhavethesaeinitials.“Lavatryalshasanyeupheistialexpressins.In19thentury,itasalled“yauntJnes,“rs.Jnes,“SirJhn,“SirHarry,“theHenry,hilein20thentury,itasalled“jakes,“jhnet.Butthelatterlrfpersnifiatinbeeseak.Thefirstletteranberitteninsallletter.Pepl

17、ejustuseitasannun.Infat,theyhavelsttheeupheistifuntin.Thereareanyhurusaystexpressataeniaintersfpersnifiatin:1)yfriendhase.2)Ihaveavisitr.3)yusins/untryusinshavee.4)yauntie/grandtherhasetstay.5)Littlesisterishere.6)Ivegtpaintersin.7)theardinalhase.2.1.4.AnalgyIntheeupheissfrupatinpepleftenuseanalgy,h

18、ihakesthehublenaereelegant5,Frexaple,“hefisaeupheisfr“k.ItisbrredfrFrenhrd“hefdeuisine.“Beautiianreferst“hairdresser;“garblgistreferst“garbagelletr;“rtiianreferst“undertaker.Therealsappearedsebeautifulnaesfrbarbershp:hairsaln,beautyparlur,andstylistparlur.2.1.5.EllipsisThatistittheffensiverdshilespe

19、aking,suhastbeexpeting(ababy),thave(sexual)relatinsithsebdy,ttakepreautins(againstpregnany),tdepart(frthisrld).furse,suhphrasesshuldbeputintaertainntext,hihanexpresstheeaningfeupheiss.2.1.6.PeriphrasisItisanexpressinfbeatingarundthebush.Thughitisauddledating,itsaiistavidffendingthers,andtbereplite6.

20、Ifseneaskedaanhethersheasknittingatinygarent,heeantthathenderedhethersheaspregnant.Suhayfspeakingishurus,seetandagreeable,suhastdietlseneseyes,texpire,tbreatheneslast;tdefeateandturinatetashneshands,teaserrelieveneself,tdnesbusiness;turttgalking;tbepregnantteatfrt;lavatryashr,lakr;fartindfrbehind;en

21、sunderlthesunentinables;trusersnethergarents;askyutgaayallyurarriagefryu;tdisisstgivesebdythesak;tbeinprisntliveatthegvernentsexpense.Teahersftenusethisexpressintavidthestudentsandtheirparentsakardness.Frexaple,lazinessisalled“needingaplesupervisininrdertrkell;“heatisdesribedas“needinghelpinlearning

22、tadheretrulesandstandardsffairplay;“liesisalled“shingdiffiultyindistinguishingbeteeniaginaryandfatualaterial;“stealisalled“needinghelpinlearningtrespettheprpertyrightsfthers;“beabullyreferst“havingqualitiesfleadershipbutneedshelpinlearningtusethederatially;“dirtyisalled“belakfprperhealthhabits.72.2.

23、Seantiethd2.2.1.SynnyFrexaple,“tightisusedinsteadf“stingy;“thriftisusedinsteadf“enial,“defeatereplaes“shiftand“urinereplaes“piss.And“adisreplaedby“razy,“insane,and“lunati.Suheupheisaistusetheappreiativeterttaketheplaefthedergatryter.2.2.2.NegatinSuheupheisusesthentrarytertexpressthesaeeaning,anditul

24、dbereusefulthansynnyinreplaingthetabandakepeplereunderstandableandfrtable.euldallstupidpepleunisepeple.“Afathaneeans“aslihaneand“findrdsstandsfr“badrds2.2.3.VaguerdsandexpressinsThatistaketheharsherrffensiverdsregeneral.Frexaple,ifsebdyhasseentalprbles,eanexpressitlikethis:Hisrfleaksalittle;hehasasr

25、else/issing;heisntathe.Therearetherexapleshihusevagueexpressins,suhasdiseasetruble,prble;tearssanunfrtunatethingthaveanaident;V.D.(venerealdisease)seretdisease;tlivetgetherillegallythabit;intrauterinedeviering;trapesebdytdvilenetsebdy;prstituteaanfthestreets,aanfaertainlass,apaintedan,aladyfthenight

26、girl;tentertainhrehusevisitrstseepany;hrehusehuse;asquintanbliquityfvisin;aanfbadtasteaanfdubtfultaste;strikeindustrialatin;theprtheunderprivileged,thedisadvantaged;indebtindiffiulties;buttksbehind,btt,baksides;hsexualqueer;sexualinterurseintiay;tbekilledtbeputtsleep.2.2.4.LanrdsBeausefrtheperidfRen

27、aissane,Latin,Greek,andFrenharensideredasulturedrds8.Peplensiderthatthselanguagesarereelegant,tatfulandabiguus.Intheearly19thentury,natterinBritainrAeria,pepleusedFrenhrd“eneinteinsteadfEnglishrd“pregnant.Itisppulartillnbeausethefrerisreelegant,tatfulandabiguus.EnglishbrrsrdsntnlyfrFrenhbutalsfrther

28、languagesinanykindsfaystreateitsneupheis.Frexaple,“lavatryasbrredfrLatinrd“lavatriu,butitlstitseaningfeupheisbeauseflng-tieusing.Therefre,peplebrredanthereupheisfrFrenh“tilettehihasrespelledint“tilet,anditbeaethestppulareupheisreferringtlavatry.Frenhrds“heiseand“lingerieareeupheissfr“underearand“blu

29、serespetively.“sushiasbrredfrJapanese“.ItsriginaleaningisakindfJapanesefd.Pepleputitintaphrase“alittletnguesushi,hiheans“tnguekissing.Theabverdsstlybelngtthenvabulary.Inadditin,eupheissalsbrrsesieneandtehnlgialrdsandaadeirdsthatareld,liniandantisepti.SuhrdsareainlyfrLatinandGreek.Frexaple,Latinrd“it

30、usisaeupheisfr“fuk;Nativerds“shitand“pissarealldirtyrds,hileLatinrd“defeatinandGreekrd“urinatinareallaeptedeasily.2.2.5.UnderstateentThatiststateseseriusthingsinateperateayinrdertavidbeingakardandstrident9.Frexaple,“Sheasneitherquiteprettynrquietplain.“Plainisusedinsteadf“ugly;“yusinJiyasabitsftinth

31、ehead.“Sftintheheadeans“ad;“Thebyusedttakethingsithutperissinandhasjustbeenutftherehabilitatinheintheuntry.(steal,detentinhe);theperidfenidepressinaperidfeniadjustent;neyfrbriberykikbak,issin;prfailieslinefailies;fallingbehindlessadvaned;retardedhildrenlessablehildren;anuglygirlaplainrhelygirl;disab

32、ledphysiallyhandiapped;tbeilltlkfflr,tfeelunellrunfrtable;treatenthealthare;ldageadvanedinage.2.3.ThevarietyfprnuniatinandspellingfrEnglishisanalphabetiriting.Thevariatinfphnetifranavidtheriginalneptininaertaindegreeandahievethepurpsefeupheis.1)punding:gezunda(gesunder).2)Arny:DA(drugaddit),KG(kngab

33、ler),B.T(balaneftie),J.D(juveniledelinquent),PandQ(peaeandquiet).3)Bak-fratin:burgle(burgler)4)hipping:vap(vapire),h(hsexual),gents(GentleensR),andladies(LadiesR)10.Thereisaninterestingexaple:“labratry,theriginalstressasnthefirstsyllable.Butitsundedsiilarlyt“lavatry.Inrdertavidtheunpleasantnnetin,th

34、estressasvedtthesendsyllable.SuhphenennisalledAssnane.Thatistakeusefrtreaterds,hihhavethesaersiilarprnuniatinsitheupheistirdsinrdertahievethepurpsefeupheis.Therefre,inEnglishthereisaayfpersnifiatintexpress“ataenia:Theaptainisathe.Itisbeause“aptainisassnantiththeedialsieneter“ataenia.InralEnglish,“pe

35、eisusedtrefert“piss,hihhasthesaereasn.2.4.GraarThatistusepasttense,negativesentenetexpresseupheis.Frexaple,Ianseebyyurfaethatyudntthinkthatasise.Thenegativefreans“thinkingthatasflish;“Hdefeeltday?Using“einsteadf“yushsthederatinandgeniality.“Iantedt“Inderedftentaketheplaef“Iantt“InderSuhexpressinisft

36、enusedinralEnglish.113TheSialInfluenesfEupheisEupheisisidelyusedinAeriaandBritain.Ithasalnghistry.Neeupheisseergeinanendlessstrea.Ardingtitsappliedfuntins,Idliketdivideitintthreeparts:Avidane,urtesyandDisguise.Thrughstudyingthethreefuntins,eanunderstandtheesternsietysvienvalueandrality.3.1.AvidaneTh

37、eearliestsubjetfEupheisisreligius12.Theneptinftabisdeep-rtedinpeplesind,anditisnteasytreve.TheappearaneftabulddatebaktanientGreekandanientRan.InhuanseyesGdnsasuperperthatuldntrleverything.Beausefearingftheseretper,Pepleuseeupheistavidentiningtheguilty,unpleasant,ruderffensiverds,hihplaysarlefpurifyi

38、nglanguages.Frexaple,EurpeanAeriansavidspeaking“Fridayand“13.henthetthingsappearinthesaeday,itisanillen.Andthereisanexaple:thereappearedanepisdein1972henPresidentNisnvisitedhina.hinesePreierZhuenttShanghaitreeiveAerianvisitrs.Hefundthatr.andrs.NisnerearrangedtliveinR15,KissingerinR14,butsestateunilr

39、sinR13?TheesternpepleftentakeNuber13asatab.Afterenteringtheirapartents,PreierZhuasaarethattheseesternvisitrsseeedunhappy.Sheexplained:itisapitythatehaveadeaseriusistake.eignredthespeialesternulture.Hentinued,Thereasanldhinesefablethathenaanasafraidfghst,therehethught,therehefeltterrified.Atthetiehef

40、eltnfear,hebegantlkfrtheghst,buttheghstdisappearedNuber13inesternulturelkedlikethehineseghst.Hearinghisstry,theAerianvisitrslaughedheartily.Atlasttheyleddn.Frthisexaple,eanrealizetheneessityftheulturalinfiltratininlanguageuniatin.Seustpayattentintthesialinfluenefeupheis.Thisavidanefuntinisthefirstun

41、iatinfuntinfeupheiss13.Suhfuntinisftenusedinthefllingsituatins:3.1.1.TheeupheissfrGdanddevilTheTenandentsfBiblehaspresribed,“ThushaltnttakethenaeftheLrdthyGdinvain;frtheLrdillnthldhiguiltlessthattakethhisnaeinvain.Thatshytherearesanyeupheiss.InralEnglish,using“Gdausallyuldbensideredblasphus.Ifsenesa

42、y“Gddaniitheistreasnandheresy,anduldbepunished14.Seftheadpttheseantiethd,suhasthereatr,theaker,theSupree(BEing),Hlyne,theAlighty,theEternal,urFather,theSaviur,KingfKings,Lrdflrds,theLightftherld,SvereignftheUniverse.Seftheadptthephnetiethd,suhasGad,Gsh,Glly,Gdfreyet.Thereareanyeupheissfr“thedevil,su

43、hasldeney,ldNed,ldNik,ldne,leun(ldan),ldSrath,ldSerpent,theldByet.Frexaple,“HeasfrightenedasifldHarryerebefrehi.InEnglishtheyftenuse“hekinsteadf“hell.“hellhastherexpressins:“thetherplae,averyunfrtableplae,thetherayet.Frexaple,“eereallgingdirettHeaven;eereallgingdiretthetheray.153.1.2Theeupheissfrdea

44、thEupheisisftenausedinspeakingfthingsthatarepainfulanddistressingtthinkabut.Deathisnefexpressins.Theeupheissfrdeathareaidelyusedite,espeiallyhenitnernsnesnfailiesandfriends.Ithasaltfexpressins16.Frexaple,ifanythingshuldhappente(=henIdie);tpassaay/n;tdepart;tgtsleep;tbenlngerithus;tbeinterred.“Deatha

45、lshassehurusexpressins:“tppff;tpushupdaisies;tashinneships;tkikthebuket.“Deathalshasanintiaterelatinshipithreligin.ThereareanyeupheissfrBible,frexaple,treturntdust/earth;tpaythedebtfnature;tbealledtGd/tanserthefinalsuns;tgtheaven;tbeatpeae,tbeasleepintheArsfGd;tyielduptheghst;tlaunhinteternity;thave

46、nesnaeinsribedintheBkflifeet.Serds,hihnern“death,alshaveeupheistiexpressins.Frexaple,“ffinisalled“asket;“deadbdyisalled“earthlyreains;“funeralisalled“erialservie;“graveyardisalled“erygarden.3.1.3.Theeupheissfrillness,naturalandan-adealaitiesstesternersavidtalkingabutseseriusdiseases.Frinstane,“terin

47、allyillisaeupheisfr“aner;AerianandBritishnespapersftennae“syphilisas“sialdisease;“leprsyisalled“Hansensdisease;“nstipatinisalled“irregularity.“tuurisalled“agrth;“itsuiideisalled“self-deliveranerself-vilene.Pepleftenuseinitialingtavidtalkabutsediseasesdiretly,suhasAIDS(AquiredIuneDefiienySyndre);Big(

48、aner);VD(VenerealDisease)et.“tdiebeausefarashisalled“ldNetntkhi;“hara-kiriisalled“happydispath;“anunnaturaldeathisalled“tbeblnarssthereek3.1.4.TheeupheissfrsexNearlyalllanguagesnsider“sexatabrd.Intheest,henhildrenaskedtheirparentsheretheyaefr,theirparentsftenanseredthebabyasavisitfrthestrk.Pepleansa

49、y“pregnantinsteadf“expetingr“inthefailyay;“fartisalsritteninttheditinary.Yuansayitdiretlyinsteadfsaying,“indfrbehindItisjustbeauseftheveentf“sexlibertyand“sexliberatin.Pepleanhaveafreertalkabut“sexthanVitrianage.nthentrary,setherneeupheissfrsexappearedneafteranther.“Sexualknledgeisalled“fatsflife;“p

50、rngraphiviesisalled“adultfils;“habitatinhasbeeveryninesternsiety.Itisalsalledakindfarriage:“trialarriager“unarriedife.Nevertheless,iththesharpinreaseftheratefdivre,thereappearedanyeupheissfrdivre:“tbreakup,“tsplitup,and“athrupty(ablendingf“athand“bankrupty).Andthehsexualityuldbealled“Greekarts,“quee

51、r,“gay.Thereisantherinterestingphrase“tgtRen.“Ren,asallityintheestfNevada,isfausfritseasyandfastpreduresfdivre.S“tgtRenalsbeesaeupheisfrdivre.3.1.5.Theeupheissfrbirthntrarytthehinesetraditinalpinin,inesternuntries,“beingpregnantand“havingababyarentnsidered“ablessedevent.AustralianEnglishevenallit“ab

52、lastedevent.InAeria,“teartheaprnhigh,“tear/havethebellyhighareeupheissfr“tbepregnant,hileinBritain,“tearthebustlerngisaeupheisfr“tbepregnant.In19thentury,asliaististheidealfigurefrBritishen.Therefre,“tbepregnantisalsalled“tbeakard,“inabaday/shape;“takeaanpregnantisalled“tspil/ruinaansshape.Seneevena

53、lled“tbepregnant“tbeaughtr“tbefallen.Sevagueexpressinsalsshakindfrestlessd,suhas:thatay,inaertain/partiular/deliatenditinet.Theusefhurisantherfeaturefeupheisfr“beingpregnant.Aerianpeplearelikelytsay“thaveaaterelnnthevine,r“tsallaaterelnseed.Britishpeplearelikelytsay“thaveabuninthevenr“thaveanIrishtt

54、hahe(takefunfIrishpepleharepregnantasnlyashavingatthahe).3.2.urtesyAntherreasntuseeupheisisthatitavidstheharshanddiretrdinapliteay,andakesthesentenesundrepleasant.Tgrasptheplitefuntinfeupheisanhelpyubuildagdrelatinshipiththers.Theplitefuntinsareespeiallyrefletedintheupatins,rtrades.ItrelateithPliten

55、essPriniplefLeeh17.Itisbviusthatadvertiseentisaiedathelpingbusinessenprpagandatheirgds,frthesakefsliitingusts.Asapleasantay,usingeupheissinadvertiseentshasbeereandreidespread.N,“sendhandstrehasbeenreplaedby“resalestre,“super,“giant,“speial,suhrds,havebeereppular.rever,eanftenseethesaephenennabutthee

56、xpressinsfrlassesfabins.Tdefendpassengershnr,“Firstlassishangedt“Deluxelass,“Sendlassist“Firstlass,“Thirdlasst“Businesslass,and“Enilasst“Turistlass.Thisfuntinundubtlyplaysanativerlefiprvingtheprgressfsiety:3.2.1.TheeupheisfrtheffieandtradeFrexaple,“entalhspitalrentalhealthenterisaeupheisfr“adhuse;“r

57、tuaryrfuneralisaeupheisfdeadhuse.Sesallpaniesrsallenterprisesliketusetherd“industry,suhashtelindustry,turistindustry,garageindustry,ensbeautyindustryet.3.2.2.TheeupheisfrupatinInrdertprtethesialstatusftheupatin,alsteveryhubleupatinhasaseet-sundingnae.Thereareainlytfrs:1).pund.Thatisthseseseet-sundin

58、gupatinalnaestakeuppundrpundphrases.Frexaple,tdayeanfindanyupatinsinAeriaandBritainnaedith“engineer:sanitary(rsanitatin)engineer;building(ustdian,delling)engineer;autbileengineer;dryleaningengineer,pipeengineer;heatingengineer;pakingengineer;salesengineer;huseifedestiengineer;thepersnhisinhargefkill

59、ingieandkrahesexterinating(exterinatin)engineer.Therearesetherntitles:auttiverepairanauttiveinternist;gardenrkerlandsapearhitet;prisnguardrretinalffier;pest-killerpestntrlperatr;buthereattehnlgist.Sehubleupatinshaveanyeupheistinaesatthesaetie.Frexaple,pepleftenall“hairstylist“tnsrialartist,hilepeple

60、all“fealehairdresser“ansurgen;“undertakeralshasanyexpressins:bereaveentunselr,grieftherapist,funeraldiretr,funeralserviepratitiner.Besides“engineerhuseifealsanbealled“husehldexeutive,“heaker,even“destianager;“Prstitutealshasanyeupheiss,suhaspaveentpriness,rkinggirl,streetalker,allgirl,businessgirlet