汽车悬架工作原理全英文

1、How Car Suspensions WorkTable of Contents: Introduction to How Car Suspensions Work VVehiiclee Dyynammicss TThe Chaassiis SSpriingss SSpriingss: SSpruung andd Unnsprrungg Maass DDampperss: SShocck AAbsoorbeers DDampperss: SStruuts andd Annti-swaay BBarss SSusppenssionn Tyypess: FFronnt SSusppenssion

2、n Tyypess: RRearr SSpecciallizeed SSusppenssionns: Thee Baaja Bugg SSpecciallizeed SSusppenssionns: Forrmulla OOne Raccerss SSpecciallizeed SSusppenssionns: Hott Roods TThe Futturee off Caar SSusppenssionns LLotss Moore Infformmatiion CCompparee Prricees ffor Carr SuuspeensiionssWhen peooplee thhink

3、k off auutommobiile perrforrmannce, thhey norrmallly thiink of HYPERLINK /horsepower.htm horrseppoweer, torrquee annd zzeroo-too-600 acccelleraatioon. Butt alll oof tthe powwer genneraatedd byy a HYPERLINK /engine.htm pisstonn ennginne iis uusellesss iff thhe ddrivver cannt conntrool tthe carr. TTha

4、tts whyy auutommobiile enggineeerss tuurneed ttheiir aatteentiion to thee suuspeensiion sysstemm allmosst aas ssoonn ass thhey hadd maasteeredd thhe ffourr-sttrokke iinteernaal ccombbusttionn ennginne. Photoo coourttesyy Hoondaa Mootorr Coo., Ltdd.Dooublle-wwishhbonne ssusppenssionn onn Hoondaa Accc

5、orrd 220055 CooupeeThe jjob of a ccar susspennsioon iis tto mmaxiimizze tthe friictiion bettweeen tthe tirres andd thhe rroadd suurfaace, too prroviide steeeriing staabillityy wiith goood hhanddlinng aand to enssuree thhe ccomffortt off thhe ppasssenggerss. IIn tthiss arrticcle, weelll exxploore how

6、w caar ssusppenssionns wworkk, hhow theeyvve eevollvedd ovver thee yeearss annd wwherre tthe dessignn off suuspeensiionss iss heeadeed iin tthe futturee. Vehiccle Dynnamiics（汽汽车动力力学）IIf aa rooad werre pperffecttly flaat, witth nno iirreegullariitiees, susspennsioons wouuldnnt be neccesssaryy. BBut r

7、oaads aree faar ffromm fllat. Evven freeshlly ppaveed hhighhwayys hhavee suubtlle iimpeerfeectiionss thhat cann innterractt wiith thee whheells oof aa caar. Its tthesse iimpeerfeectiionss thhat appply forrcess too thhe wwheeels. Acccorrdinng tto NNewttons llawss off mootioon（牛牛顿运动动理论）, all forces ha

8、ve both magnitude（大小） and direction. A bump（撞击）in the road causes the wheel to move up and down perpendicular（垂直的） to the road surface. The magnitude, of course, depends on whether the wheel is striking a giant bump or a tiny speck（斑点）. Either way, the car wheel experiences a vertical acceleration a

9、s it passes over an imperfection. Withoout an inttervveniing（介介入） strructturee, aall of wheeels vvertticaal eenerrgy is traansfferrred to thee frramee, wwhicch mmovees iin tthe samme ddireectiion. Inn suuch a ssituuatiion, thhe wwheeels cann loose conntacct wwithh thhe rroadd coomplleteely. Thhen, u

10、nnderr thhe ddownnwarrd fforcce oof ggravvityy, tthe wheeelss caan sslamm baack intto tthe roaad ssurffacee. WWhatt yoou nneedd iss a sysstemm thhat willl aabsoorb thee ennerggy oof tthe verrticcallly aacceelerrateed wwheeel, alllowiing thee frramee annd bbodyy too riide unddistturbbed whiile thee w

11、hheells ffolllow bummps in thee rooad. The sstuddy oof tthe forrcess att woork on a mmoviing carr iss caalleed vvehiiclee dyynammicss, aand youu neeed to unddersstannd ssomee off thhesee coonceeptss inn orrderr too apppreeciaate whyy a susspennsioon iis nneceessaary in thee fiirstt pllacee. MMostt a

12、uutommobiile enggineeerss coonsiiderr thhe ddynaamiccs oof aa moovinng ccar froom ttwo perrspeectiivess: Ride - aa caarss abbiliity to smooothh ouut aa buumpyy rooad Handllingg - a ccars aabillityy too saafelly aacceelerratee, bbrakke aand corrnerr Thesee twwo ccharractteriistiics cann bee fuurthher

13、 desscriibedd inn thhreee immporrtannt pprinncippless - roaad iisollatiion, rooad holldinng aand corrnerringg. TThe tabble bellow desscriibess thhesee prrincciplles andd hoow eengiineeers atttemppt tto ssolvve tthe chaalleengees uuniqque to eacch. PrincciplleDefinnitiionGoalSoluttionnRoad Isoolattio

14、nnThe vvehiiclees abiilitty tto aabsoorb or isoolatte rroadd shhockk frrom thee paasseengeer ccompparttmenntAlloww thhe vvehiiclee boody to ridde uundiistuurbeed wwhille ttravveliing oveer rrouggh rroadds.Absorrb eenerrgy froom rroadd buumpss annd ddisssipaate（驱驱散） it witthouut ccaussingg unnduee（不恰

15、恰当的） oscillation（振动） in the vehicle.Road HolldinngThe ddegrree to whiich a ccar maiintaainss coontaact witth tthe roaad ssurffacee inn vaarioous typpes of dirrecttionnal chaangees aand in a sstraaighht llinee (EExammplee: TThe weiightt off a carr wiill shiift froom tthe reaar ttirees tto tthe froont

16、 tirres durringg brrakiing. Beecauuse thee noose of thee caar ddipss toowarrd tthe roaad, thiis ttypee off mootioon iis kknowwn aas divve. Thhe ooppoositte eeffeect - sqquatt - ooccuurs durringg acccelleraatioon, whiich shiiftss thhe wweigght of thee caar ffromm thhe ffronnt ttirees tto tthe bacck.)

17、Keep thee tiiress inn coontaact witth tthe grooundd, bbecaausee itt iss thhe ffricctioon bbetwweenn thhe ttirees aand thee rooad thaat aaffeectss a vehhiclless abbiliity to steeer, brrakee annd aacceelerratee.Minimmizee thhe ttrannsfeer oof vvehiiclee weeighht ffromm siide to sidde aand froont to ba

18、cck, as thiis ttrannsfeer oof wweigght redducees tthe tirress grrip on thee rooad.CorneerinngThe aabillityy off a vehhiclle tto ttravvel a ccurvved patthMinimmizee boody rolll, whiich occcurss ass ceentrrifuugall foorcee puushees ooutwwardd onn a carrs cennterr off grraviity whiile corrnerringg, rra

19、issingg onne ssidee off thhe vvehiiclee annd lloweerinng tthe oppposiite sidde.Transsferr thhe wweigght of thee caar dduriing corrnerringg frrom thee hiigh sidde oof tthe vehhiclle tto tthe loww siide.A carrs susspennsioon, witth iits varriouus ccompponeentss, pprovvidees aall of thee sooluttionns d

20、desccribbed. Letss loook at thee paartss off a typpicaal ssusppenssionn, wworkkingg frrom thee biiggeer ppictturee off thhe cchasssiss doown to thee inndivviduual commponnentts tthatt maake up thee suuspeensiion prooperr. The CChasssissThee suuspeensiion of a ccar is acttuallly parrt oof tthe chaass

21、iis, whiich commpriisess alll oof tthe impporttantt syysteems loccateed bbeneeathh thhe ccars bbodyy. ChasssisThesee syysteems inccludde: The fframme - sttruccturral, looad-carrryiing commponnentt thhat suppporrts thee caarss ennginne aand boddy, whiich aree inn tuurn suppporrtedd byy thhe ssusppens

22、sionn The ssusppenssionn syysteem - seetupp thhat suppporrts weiightt, aabsoorbss annd ddamppenss shhockk annd hhelpps mmainntaiin ttiree coontaact The ssteeerinng ssysttem - mmechhaniism thaat eenabbless thhe ddrivver to guiide andd diirecct tthe vehhiclle The ttirees aand wheeelss - commponnentts

23、tthatt maake vehhiclle mmotiion posssibble by wayy off grrip andd/orr frricttionn wiith thee rooad So thhe ssusppenssionn iss juust onee off thhe mmajoor ssysttemss inn anny vvehiiclee. With thiis bbig-piccturre ooverrvieew iin mmindd, iitss tiime to loook aat tthe thrree funndammenttal commponnentt

24、s oof aany susspennsioon: sprringgs, dammperrs aand antti-sswayy baars. SprinngsTTodaayss spprinnginng ssysttemss arre bbaseed oon oone of fouur bbasiic ddesiignss: Coil sprringgs - Thhis is thee moost commmonn tyype of sprringg annd iis, in esssencce, a hheavvy-ddutyy toorsiion barr cooileed aarouu

25、nd an axiis. Coiil sspriingss coomprresss annd eexpaand to abssorbb thhe mmotiion of thee whheells. Photoo coourttesyy HYPERLINK /framed.htm?parent=car-suspension.htm&url= Caar DDomaainCCoill spprinngsPhotoo coourttesyy HYPERLINK /framed.htm?parent=car-suspension.htm&url=/pm/tokicoload_leaf_springbp

26、erformance.html?apwcid=M1092232155W411a23db5fb4c&apwkwd=Tokico+Load+Leaf+Spring HoowSttufffWorrks ShooppeerLeeaf sprringgLeaf sprringgs - Thhis typpe oof sspriing connsissts of sevveraal llayeers of mettal (caalleed leaavess) bouund toggethher to actt ass a sinnglee unnit. Leeaf sprringgs wweree fii

27、rstt ussed on horrse-draawn carrriaagess annd wweree fooundd onn moost Ameericcan auttomoobilles unttil 19885. Theey aare stiill useed ttodaay oon mmostt trruckks aand heaavy-dutty vvehiiclees. Torsiion barrs - Toorsiion barrs（扭扭力杆） use the twisting properties of a steel bar to provide coil-spring-l

28、ike performance. This is how they work: One end of a bar is anchored to the vehicle frame. The other end is attached to a wishbone, which acts like a lever that moves perpendicular to the torsion bar. When the wheel hits a bump, vertical motion is transferred to the wishbone and then, through the le

29、vering action, to the torsion bar. The torsion bar then twists along its axis to provide the spring force. European carmakers used this system extensively, as did Packard and Chrysler in the United States, through the 1950s and 1960s. Photoo coourttesyy HYPERLINK /framed.htm?parent=car-suspension.ht

30、m&url=/product/527788?meta=dealtime-527788 HoowSttufffWorrks ShooppeerToorsiion barrAir sspriingss - Airr spprinngs, whhichh coonsiist of a ccyliindrricaal cchammberr off aiir pposiitioonedd beetweeen thee whheell annd tthe carrs boddy, usee thhe ccomppresssivve qquallitiies of airr too abbsorrb wwh

31、eeel vvibrratiionss. TThe connceppt iis aactuuallly mmoree thhan a ccentturyy olld aand couuld be fouund on horrse-draawn bugggiees. Airr spprinngs froom tthiss erra wweree maade froom aair-fillledd, lleattherr diiaphhraggms, muuch likke aa beelloows; thhey werre rrepllaceed wwithh mooldeed-rrubbber

32、（橡橡胶浇筑筑） aair sprringgs iin tthe 19330s. Photoo coourttesyy HYPERLINK /framed.htm?parent=car-suspension.htm&url=/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/Product?storeId=10101&Pr=p_Product.CATENTRY_ID%3A2005933&TID=100&TID=100&productId=2005933&catalogId=10101 HSSW SShoppperrAirr spprinngsBasedd onn whheree spprin

33、ngs aree loocatted on a ccar - i.ee., bettweeen tthe wheeelss annd tthe fraame - enggineeerss offtenn fiind it connvenniennt tto ttalkk abboutt thhe sspruung masss aand thee unnsprrungg maass. Sprinngs: Spprunng aand Unsspruung Masss（簧簧下质量量）Thhe sspruung masss iis tthe masss oof tthe vehhiclle ssupp

34、portted on thee spprinngs, whhilee thhe uunspprunng mmasss iss loooseely deffineed aas tthe masss bbetwweenn thhe rroadd annd tthe susspennsioon sspriingss. TThe stiiffnnesss off thhe sspriingss afffeccts howw thhe sspruung masss rresppondds wwhille tthe carr iss beeingg drriveen. Loooselly sspruung

35、 carrs, succh aas lluxuury carrs (thiink HYPERLINK /framed.htm?parent=car-suspension.htm&url=/vehicles/towncar/default.asp?flash=1&feature=v410 Linncolln TTownn Caar), caan sswallloww buumpss annd pprovvidee a supper-smooothh riide; hoowevver, suuch a ccar is proone to divve aand squuat durringg brr

36、akiing andd acccelleraatioon aand tennds to expperiiencce bbodyy swway or rolll dduriing corrnerringg. TTighhtlyy spprunng ccarss, ssuchh ass spportts ccarss (tthinnk MMazdda MMiatta), arre llesss foorgiivinng oon bbumppy rroadds, butt thhey minnimiize boddy mmotiion welll, whiich meaans theey ccan

37、be driivenn agggreessiivelly, eveen aarouund corrnerrs. So, wwhille sspriingss byy thhemsselvves seeem llikee siimplle ddeviicess, ddesiigniing andd immpleemenntinng tthemm onn a carr too baalannce passsenngerr coomfoort witth hhanddlinng iis aa coompllex tassk. Andd too maake mattterrs mmoree coomp

38、llex, spprinngs aloone cannt proovidde aa peerfeectlly ssmoooth ridde. Whyy? BBecaausee spprinngs aree grreatt att abbsorrbinng eenerrgy, buut nnot so goood aat ddisssipaatinng iit. Othher strructturees, knoown as dammperrs, aree reequiiredd too doo thhis. Histooriccal SusspennsioonsSixteeentth-ccen

39、tturyy waagonns aand carrriaagess trriedd too soolvee thhe pprobblemm off ffeellingg evveryy buump in thee rooad byy sllinggingg thhe ccarrriagge bbodyy frrom leaatheer sstraaps atttachhed to fouur ppostts oof aa chhasssis thaat llookked likke aan uuptuurneed ttablle. Beccausse tthe carrriaage boddy

40、 wwas susspenndedd frrom thee chhasssis, thhe ssysttem camme tto bbe kknowwn aas aa ssusppenssionn - aa teerm stiill useed ttodaay tto ddesccribbe tthe enttiree cllasss off sooluttionns. Thee sllungg-boody susspennsioon wwas nott a truue sspriingiing sysstemm, bbut it didd ennablle tthe boddy aand t

41、hee whheells oof tthe carrriaage to movve iindeepenndenntlyy. Semi-ellliptticaal sspriing dessignns, alsso kknowwn aas ccartt spprinngs, quuickkly repplacced thee leeathher-strrap susspennsioon. Poppulaar oon wwagoons, buuggiies andd caarriiagees, thee seemi-ellliptticaal sspriingss weere oftten use

42、ed oon bbothh thhe ffronnt aand reaar aaxlees. Theey ddid, hoowevver, teend to alllow forrwarrd aand bacckwaard swaay aand hadd a higgh ccentter of graavitty. By thhe ttimee poowerred vehhiclles hitt thhe rroadd, ootheer, morre eeffiicieent sprringgingg syysteems werre bbeinng ddeveelopped to smooot

43、hh ouut rridees ffor passsenngerrs.Dampeers: Shhockk AbbsorrberrsUnnlesss aa daampeeninng sstruuctuure is preesennt, a ccar sprringg wiill exttendd annd rreleeasee thhe eenerrgy it abssorbbs ffromm a bummp aat aan uuncoontrrollled ratte. Thee spprinng wwilll coontiinuee too boouncce（反反弹） at itss naa

44、turral freequeencyy unntill alll oof tthe eneergyy orrigiinallly putt innto it is useed uup. A ssusppenssionn buuiltt onn spprinngs aloone wouuld makke ffor an exttremmelyy boounccy rridee annd, deppenddingg onn thhe tterrrainn, aan uuncoontrrolllablle ccar. Enterr thhe sshocck aabsoorbeer, or snuub

45、beer（缓缓冲器）, a device that controls unwanted spring motion through a process known as dampening. Shock absorbers slow down and reduce the magnitude of vibratory motions by turning the kinetic energy （动能）of suspension movement into heat energy that can be dissipated through hydraulic fluid. To underst

46、and how this works, its best to look inside a shock absorber to see its structure and function. A shoock abssorbber is bassicaallyy ann oiil ppumpp pllaceed bbetwweenn thhe fframme oof tthe carr annd tthe wheeelss. TThe uppper mouunt of thee shhockk coonneectss too thhe fframme (i.ee., thee spprunng

47、 wweigght), wwhille tthe lowwer mouunt connneccts to thee axxle, neear thee whheell (ii.e., tthe unsspruung weiightt). In a ttwinn-tuube dessignn, oone of thee moost commmonn tyypess off shhockk abbsorrberrs, thee uppperr moountt iss coonneecteed tto aa piistoon rrod, whhichh inn tuurn is connneccte

48、dd too a pisstonn, wwhicch iin tturnn siits in a ttubee fiilleed wwithh hyydraauliic ffluiid. Thee innnerr tuube is knoown as thee prresssuree tuube, annd tthe outter tubbe iis kknowwn aas tthe resservve ttubee. TThe resservve ttubee sttorees eexceess hyddrauulicc flluidd. When thee caar wwheeel een

49、coountterss a bummp iin tthe roaad aand cauusess thhe sspriing to coiil aand unccoill, tthe eneergyy off thhe sspriing is traansfferrred to thee shhockk abbsorrberr thhrouugh thee uppperr moountt, ddownn thhrouugh thee piistoon rrod andd innto thee piistoon. Oriificces perrforratee thhe ppistton and

50、d allloww flluidd too leeak thrrouggh aas tthe pisstonn moovess upp annd ddownn inn thhe ppresssurre ttubee. BBecaausee thhe oorifficees aare rellatiivelly ttinyy, oonlyy a smaall amoountt off flluidd, uundeer ggreaat ppresssurre, passsess thhrouugh. Thhis sloows dowwn tthe pisstonn, wwhicch iin ttu

51、rnn sllowss doown thee spprinng. Shockk abbsorrberrs wworkk inn twwo ccyclles - thee coomprresssionn cyyclee annd tthe exttenssionn cyyclee. TThe commpreessiion cyccle occcurss ass thhe ppistton movves dowwnwaard, coomprresssingg thhe hhydrraullic fluuid in thee chhambber bellow thee piistoon. Thee

52、exxtennsioon ccyclle ooccuurs as thee piistoon mmovees ttowaard thee toop oof tthe preessuure tubbe, commpreessiing thee flluidd inn thhe cchammberr abbovee thhe ppistton. A typpicaal ccar or ligght truuck willl hhavee moore ressisttancce dduriing itss exxtennsioon ccyclle tthann itts ccomppresssioo

53、n ccyclle. Witth tthatt inn miind, thhe ccomppresssioon ccyclle cconttrolls tthe mottionn off thhe vvehiiclees unsspruung weiightt, wwhille eexteensiion conntrools thee heeaviier, spprunng wweigght. All mmodeern shoock abssorbberss arre vveloocitty-ssenssitiive - thee faasteer tthe susspennsioon mmo

54、vees, thee moore ressisttancce tthe shoock abssorbber prooviddes. Thhis enaablees sshoccks to adjjustt too rooad conndittionns aand to conntrool aall of thee unnwanntedd mootioons thaat ccan occcur in a mmoviing vehhiclle, inccluddingg boouncce, swaay, braake divve aand accceleerattionn sqquatt. Dam

55、peers: Sttrutts aand Antti-sswayy BaarsAAnottherr coommoon ddamppeniing strructturee iss thhe sstruut - bbasiicallly a sshocck aabsoorbeer mmounntedd innsidde aa cooil sprringg. SStruuts perrforrm ttwo jobbs: Theey pprovvidee a dammpenningg fuuncttionn liike shoock abssorbberss, aand theey pprovvide

56、e sttruccturral suppporrt ffor thee veehiccle susspennsioon. Thaat mmeanns sstruuts delliveer aa biit mmoree thhan shoock abssorbberss, wwhicch ddont ssuppportt veehiccle weiightt - thhey onlly cconttroll thhe sspeeed aat wwhicch wweigght is traansfferrred in a ccar, noot tthe weiightt ittsellf. Com

57、moon sstruut ddesiignBecauuse shoockss annd sstruuts havve sso mmuchh too doo wiith thee haandllingg off a carr, ttheyy caan bbe cconssideeredd crritiicall saafetty ffeatturees. Worrn sshoccks andd sttrutts ccan alllow exccesssivee veehiccle-weiightt trranssferr frrom sidde tto ssidee annd ffronnt t

58、to bbackk. TThiss reeducces thee HYPERLINK /tire.htm tiires aabillityy too grrip thee rooad, ass weell as hanndliing andd HYPERLINK /brake.htm brrakiing perrforrmannce. Anti-swaay BBarss（稳定定杆）AAntii-swway barrs (alsso kknowwn aas aantii-rooll barrs) aree ussed aloong witth sshocck aabsoorbeers or st

59、rrutss too giive a mmoviing auttomoobille aaddiitioonall sttabiilitty. An antti-sswayy baar iis aa meetall rood tthatt sppanss thhe eentiire axlle aand efffecttiveely joiins eacch ssidee off thhe ssusppenssionn toogettherr. Photoo coourttesyy HYPERLINK /framed.htm?parent=car-suspension.htm&url=/prod

60、uct.aspx?p=2214&c=55&st=53&l=2&utm_source=shopping&utm_medium=shop HSSW SShoppperrAntti-sswayy baarsWhen thee suuspeensiion at onee whheell moovess upp annd ddownn, tthe antti-sswayy baar ttrannsfeers movvemeent to thee ottherr whheell. TThiss crreattes a mmoree leevell riide andd reeducces vehhicll