宇宙射线简介

1、An Introduction to COSMIC RAYSWEI HONGJIANGSESS, PKU11785 Charles CoulombDiscovered that charged body in the air becomes discharged1909 Theodor WulfDiscovered higher levels of radiation at the top of the Eiffel Tower than at its base with an electrometer developed by himselfDiscovery of Cosmic Rays2

2、1912 Victor HessFound the ionization rate increased approximately fourfold over the rate at ground level at an altitude of 5300metersMade a balloon ascent during a near-total eclipse and ruled out the Sun as the radiations sourceWon the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1936Discovery of Cosmic Rays31932 C.

3、AndersonDiscovered the anti-electron1936 S. Neddermeyer and C. AndersonDiscovered the muon1938 Pierre Auger and Roland MazeDiscovered Extensive Air Shower1946 G. Rochester and C. ButlerDiscovered K01965 A. Penzias and R. WilsonDiscovered CBM RadiationDiscovery with Cosmic Rays4Atomic nuclei zooming

4、through space90% protons, 9% helium nuclei, nearly 1% electrons and heavy nucleus. Others are neutrinos, Gamma rays and antimatterPrimary Cosmic Rays5Elemental abundance in the CRs and the Galaxy (Relative to H)Primary Cosmic Rays6The energy spectrum for cosmic raysPrimary Cosmic Rays7Particles gene

5、rated in the cascade process that started by Primary CRs hit other nucleus in the atmosphereCan travel faster than the speed of light in air (still slower than that in vacuum)Secondary Cosmic Rays8Vertical fluxes of cosmic rays in the atmosphereSecondary Cosmic Rays9An extensive cascade of ionized p

6、articles and electromagnetic radiation produced in the atmosphereCascade: An incident particle, which could be a proton, a nucleus, an electron, a photon, or (rarely) a positron, strikes a molecule in the air so as to produce many energetic hadronsThe unstable hadrons decay in the air speedily into

7、other particles and electromagnetic radiation, which are part of the shower componentsExtensive Air Shower10Electromagnetic EASHadron-induced EASExtensive Air Shower11Shower particle tracks: Proton (Simulation)Extensive Air Shower12Space ExperimentAMS Alpha Magnetic SpectrometerOSSE Oriented Scintil

8、lation Spectrometer ExperimentNINA New Instrument for Nuclear AnalysisPAMELA Payload for Antimatter Matter Exploration and Light-nuclei AstrophysicsEUSO Extreme Universe Space Observatory GLAST Gamma-ray Large Area Space TelescopeDetection of Cosmic Rays13Proposed in 1995 by MIT particle physicist S

9、amuel Ting (AMS-01)Mounted on the International Space Station (AMS-02)Goals (AMS-02)Precision measurements of cosmic rays composition and fluxDetection of antihelium (antimatter), neutralinos (dark matter) and strangelets.Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer14An operational cosmic ray research module attache

10、d to an Earth orbiting satelliteGoalsMeasurements of the particle and nuclei fluxes in a wide energy range and preciselyLong-term monitoring of the solar modulation of cosmic rays;Measurements of Energetic Particles from the Sun High-energy Particles in the Earth magnetosphere and Jovian electronsPa

11、yload for Antimatter Matter Exploration and Light-nuclei Astrophysics15Air Cherenkov telescope (Left)Air fluorescence telescopeExtensive air shower array (Right)Detection of Cosmic Rays16Air Cherenkov ExperimentCANGAROO Collaboration of Australia and Nippon(Japan) for a Gamma Ray Observatory in the

12、OutbackHESS High Energy Stereoscopic SystemMAGIC Major Atmospheric Gamma-ray Imaging Cherenkov TelescopesVERITAS Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array SystemDetection of Cosmic Rays17Located on the Cranz family farm, Gllschau, in NamibiaUsing high-energy gamma-rays to locate cosmic high-e

13、nergy particles sourcesHigh Energy Stereoscopic System18Air Fluorescence ExperimentHiRes The High Resolution Flys Eye Cosmic Ray DetectorDetection of Cosmic Rays19Located on hilltops in Dugway Proving Grounds in the west Utah desertTo study the highest energy cosmic rays to determine the energy, dir

14、ection, and chemical composition of the incident particleIn 2010 final results confirmed the GZK cutoffThe High Resolution Flys Eye Cosmic Ray Detector20Air Shower ExperimentAGASA Akeno Giant Air Shower ArrayPierre Auger Observatory Telescope Array ProjectARGO-YBJ Astrophysical Radiation with Ground

15、-based Observatory, YangbajingDetection of Cosmic Rays21Covers an area of 100 km2For measurement of energy spectrum and anisotropy of cosmic rays.Akeno Giant Air Shower Array22Covered over 3,000 km2 (South Site)To detect single sub-atomic particles (protons or atomic nuclei) with energies beyond 1020eVPierre Auger Observatory23Balloon-borne ExperimentLarge-area detector networksShower detection by radio wavesDetection of Cosmic Rays24Possible AnswerThe Big BangSupernovaeGamma Ray BurstsOrigins of Cosmic Rays25Reaction in Atomsphere