浙江版高考英语总复习专题四《谓语动词（讲解练）》教与学

1、专题四 谓语动词高考英语 浙江专用考点清单考点一动词的时态和主谓一致一、动词的时态(一)一般体一般体中的一般现在时、一般过去时分别表示现在、过去的经常性、习惯性的动作或状态;一般将来时表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态,或将来某一段时间内经常发生的动作或存在的状态;过去将来时表示从过去某一时间看将要发生的动作。所谓一般体,表示既不“进行”,又不“完成”。He is always ready to help others.他总是乐于助人。(现在的状态)When I was a boy,I often went to play in that park.我小时候常去那个公园玩。(过去的习惯)1.一般现在

2、时(1)一般现在时的构成1)一般现在时主要用动词原形表示,如果主语为第三人称单数,则一般在动词原形后加 -s或 -es,其变化规则如下表所示:2)be动词的变化:am,is,are。3)have的变化:has,have。情况规则例词一般情况 加 -seats,rises以s,sh,ch,x,o,z结尾的动词加 -esdiscussdiscusses teachteaches以辅音字母加y结尾的动词变y为i加-escarrycarries flyflies(2)一般现在时的用法1)表示现在的经常性或习惯性的动作。We have meals three times a day.我们一日吃三餐。(现

3、在的习惯)2)表示现在的特征或状态。We always care for each other and help each other.我们总是互相关心、互相帮助。3)表示客观真理。The sun rises from the east.太阳从东边升起。4)某些动词的一般现在时可以表示按计划、安排将要发生的事情,这种用法常常用于介绍火车时刻表、飞机时刻表、作息安排表等。We must hurry up.The first class begins at 8 oclock.我们必须快点。第一节课将在8点开始。5)在时间和条件状语从句中,用一般现在时表示将要发生的动作。If it is fine

4、tomorrow, we will go to the West Lake.如果明天天气好,我们就去西湖。2.一般过去时(1)一般过去时的构成1)一般过去时用动词的过去式表示,其规则动词变化如下表所示:情况规则例词一般情况 加 -edpackpacked以辅音字母加y结尾的动词 变y为ied carrycarried以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词双写辅音字母加 -edplanplanned以不发音的e结尾的动词直接加 -dlikeliked provideprovided2)was用于第一、三人称单数,were用于其他人称。3)注意以元音字母加y结尾的动词,直接加 -ed。如:playpl

5、ayed。(2)一般过去时的用法一般过去时除了可以表示过去经常性、习惯性的动作或状态外,还有以下用法:1)want,hope,think,intend等动词的一般过去时往往表示“过去原”之意。I thought he was an honest man.我原以为他是个老实人。He didnt intend to hurt you.他原本没打算伤害你。2)wonder的一般过去时有时也可表示现在的行为,但语气要比用一般现在时更加委婉、客气。I wondered if you could do me a favour.我想知道你能否帮我一个忙。3)“used to+动词原形”表示过去的习惯性动作(

6、现在已经不再发生了)。We used to spend our vacation in the mountains.我们以前常常在山里度假。(暗示现在不再在山里度假了)3.一般将来时一般将来时是比较复杂的时态,有多种表达形式。构成意义例句will/shall do表示(偶然,临时)将要发生(的事情)From the design and color of our uniforms, the British friends will learn more about our school.英国朋友们将通过我们校服的设计和颜色更加了解我们的学校。 表示事物的固有属性或必然趋势Fish will d

7、ie without water.离开水,鱼就会死。be goingto do多用在口语中,表示“计划、打算要做(某事)”,此外,be going to do还可表示根据现在的迹象对未来进行推断。注意:was go-ing to do还可表示“过去本打算做(某事),但未做”的意思He is going to speak on TV this evening.他今晚要在电视上讲话。Look at the dark clouds.It is go-ing to rain.看这些乌云,要下雨了。Tom,you didnt come to the party last night?I was goin

8、g to,but I suddenly remembered I had homework to do.汤姆,你昨天晚上没来参加聚会吗?我本打算要去的,但是我突然记起来我有作业要做。be to do表示“按计划或安排要做的事”。这种结构也可用于过去时。was/were to do sth.表示曾经计划要做(某事),但不表明计划是否被执行,或表示命运,即命中注定要发生(的事)When are you to leave for home?你什么时候回家?She is to get married next month.她将于下个月结婚。I felt nervous because I was so

9、on to leave home for the first time.我感到紧张,因为我很快就要第一次离开家了。We were to have told you,but you were not at home.我们本来想告诉你的,但是你不在家。be to do表示“应该”,相当于should,ought toYou are to report it to the police.你应该报警。表示“想,打算”,相当于intend,wantIf we are to be there before ten,well have to go now.如果我们要在10点前到那儿,我们现在就得走。be a

10、boutto do表示“立即的将来(immediate future)”,不与表示将来的具体时间状语连用,但可以和并列连词when(=and at that time)引出的分句连用 The train is about to start.火车就要开了。I was about to leave when the telephone rang.我正要离开,突然电话铃响了。进行时表示将来的动作有些动词如come,go,arrive,leave,begin, start等,其现在进行时表示按计划、安排近期将要发生的动作Im leaving for Beijing next month.下个月我要去北

11、京。(二)进行体1.进行体的构成(1)考纲对进行体所要求掌握的时态包括:现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时。它们的形式分别为:现在进行时:am/is/are+现在分词过去进行时:was/were+现在分词将来进行时:will/shall+be+现在分词(2)现在分词的构成形式:情况规则例词一般情况 加-ingtrytrying以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词双写辅音字母加-ingregretregretting banbanning以不发音的e结尾的动词去掉e,加-ing hatehating datedating2.进行体的用法(1)进行体表示某一时刻或阶段内正在进行的动作或存在的状态,具

12、有暂时性和未完成性的特点。I dont really work here;I am just helping out until the new secretary arrives.我不是真的在这里上班,我只是来帮忙,直到新秘书来了(我就走)。(暂时性)(2)表示某阶段正在进行的动作或发生的事,虽然当时动作不一定正在进行,常与these days,this week等时间状语连用。 We are making model planes these days. 这些天我们在做飞机模型。(此时此刻不一定在做)(3)表示反复出现的或习惯性的动作,往往含有赞赏、厌恶、遗憾等情绪,常与always,co

13、ntinually,constantly,forever,all the time等连用。He is always thinking of others first.他总是先想到他人。He is always making the same mistake.他总是犯同样的错误。(4)有些动词的进行体可以表示将来。(见一般将来时的用法)(5)有些动词不用于进行时态,常见的有:1)感官类:look,smell,feel,sound,taste,see,hear等。 The soup tastes good.(不可说:The soup is tasting good.)这汤尝起来不错。 Your h

14、ands feel cold.(不可说:Your hands are feeling cold.)你的手摸起来很凉。2)情感类:like,love,prefer,admire,hate,fear,adore等。 I love my dad and my mum.(不可说:I am loving my dad and my mum.)我爱我的爸爸妈妈。3)心态类:wish,hope,want,need,believe,understand,agree,know,remember,for-get等。 I dont believe my eyes.(不可说:I am not believing my

15、 eyes.)我不相信我的眼睛。4)存在状态类:appear,lie(位于),remain,belong,have等。 Those books belong to Mr.Li.(不可说:Those books are belonging to Mr.Li.)那些书是李先生的。(三)完成体1.完成体的构成(1)考纲对完成体所要求掌握的时态包括:现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时。形式分别为:现在完成时:have/has+过去分词过去完成时:had+过去分词将来完成时:will/shall have+过去分词(2)规则动词的过去分词的构成方法同过去式的构成方法,详见一般过去时部分“规则动词变化方法

16、”。(3)不规则动词的过去式和过去分词构成详见“附录二”。2.完成体的用法(1)现在完成时1)表示一个动作开始于过去,持续到现在(也许还将持续下去)。表示从过去延续到现在并包括现在在内的一段时间的状语有:lately,recently,in the last/past few days/years(在过去的几天/年里),since then,up to now,so far(至今)等。In the past few years,great changes have taken place in my hometown.在过去的几年里,我的家乡发生了巨大变化。He has written 8 b

17、ooks so far.到目前为止,他已经写了8本书。2)表示发生在过去的事情对现在产生的影响,注意这时说话者说话的重心在过去的事情对现在产生的影响上。The concert has started.(=The concert is on now.)音乐会已经开始了。I have already seen the film.(=I know the film now.)我已经看过那部电影了。3)在“最高级+名词”或“It/This is+the first/second.time”之后的定语从句中,谓语动词用现在完成时。This is the first time(that)I have co

18、me here.这是我第一次来这里。This is the best tea(that)I have ever drunk.这是我喝过的最好的茶了。4)瞬间动词又叫非延续性动词、终止性动词。瞬间动词可以用于完成时态,但不可以接表示一段时间的状语;若要接表示一段时间的状语,需要做一些相应的变换。瞬间动词的否定式可以接表示一段时间的状语。()He has come to Beijing since last year.()He has lived in Beijing since last year.()He has joined the army for 3 years.()He has ser

19、ved in the army for 3 years.()He joined the army 3 years ago.()He has been a soldier for 3 years.()It is 3 years since he joined the army.()He has joined the army.常见的瞬间动词(词组)有:come,go,get to/reach/arrive at/in,leave,buy,sell,open,close,get up,join/take part in,begin/start,return/give,borrow/lend,bec

20、ome/turn,bring/take,die,finish/end,receive/hear from,marry,break,lose,jump 等。部分非延续性动词(词组)和延续性动词(词组)的转换:买buyhave借borrowkeep结婚get marriedbe married认识get to knowknow离开leavebe away回来come backbe back生病fall illbe ill死亡diebe dead关闭turn offbe off打开turn onbe on动身leave forbe off to变成becomebe返回returnbe back开始b

21、eginbe on睡觉go to bedsleep穿put onwear来/去come/gobe in/away参加joinbe a member of感冒take/get/catch a coldhave a cold入睡go to sleepbe asleep到达get to/arrive in/reachbe in(2)过去完成时1)一件事情发生在过去,而另外一件事情先于它发生(即表“过去的过去”),那么发生在前的动词要用过去完成时。过去完成时表示时态的对比关系。She had learned some English before she came to the institute.她

22、在来这个机构前已学过一些英语了。He said that he had been abroad for 3 years.他说他在国外待了3年了。2)表示从过去某一时间开始,一直延续到过去的另一时间的动作,常用的时间状语有:by/until/before/by the end of+表过去的某一时间。By then he had learned English for 3 years.到那时为止,他已学了3年英语了。Until then he had known nothing about it yet.到那时为止,他对此仍一无所知。3)表示愿望、打算的词,如:hope,expect,mean,

23、intend,want,suppose 等,其过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望或意图。I had hoped to see more of Shanghai.我本希望在上海多看看。(但未能如愿)I had meant to help you,but I was too busy at that moment.我本打算帮你的,但那时我太忙了。I had thought you would come the next day.我原以为你第二天会来。4)用于某些固定句型中:Hardly/Scarcely/Barely.when.和No sooner.than.句型中,when和than从句用一般过去

24、时,主句用过去完成时,且用倒装,表示“刚刚就”。Hardly/No sooner had I got home when/than the rain poured down.我刚到家,大雨就倾盆而下。Hardly had we started when the car got a flat tyre.我们才刚刚开动,汽车的轮胎就瘪了。It was/had been+一段时间+since 从句中,since 从句的谓语用过去完成时。It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time.我们有10年没这么高兴过了。That/It/This

25、was the first/second.time+that 从句中,that 从句的谓语要用过去完成时。It was the third time(that)he had made the same mistake.那是他第三次犯同样的错误了。That was the first time that I had passed the exam.那是我第一次考试及格。(3)将来完成时将来完成时表示到将来某一时间某一动作将会完成,常用的时间状语为“by+将来的某个时间”。By this time of next year,all of you will have become college s

26、tudents.到明年的这个时候,你们大家就都成为大学生了。(四)完成进行体1.考纲对完成进行体所要求掌握的时态为现在完成进行时,其形式为:have/has+been+doing。2.现在完成进行时是现在完成时和现在进行时的组合,因此,它既具备现在完成时的特征,又具备现在进行时的特征,如:它具备进行体的“未完性、暂时性、感情色彩”的特点。He has been learning English for 6 years.他学英语已经六年了。(从过去某一时间开始学英语,强调到现在还在学)It has been raining for 3 days.已经下了三天雨了。(强调说话者“抱怨”的感情色彩)

27、(五)动词时态的呼应1.主将从现所谓“主将从现”,即主句表将来(不一定为一般将来时,祈使句、“情态动词+动词原形”也可表将来),从句(包括时间、条件、让步状语从句)用现在时(不一定是一般现在时,现在进行时、现在完成时也可在这类从句中表示将来)。Whatever you say,I will not change my mind.无论你说什么,我都不会改变主意。If she is still waiting,tell her to go home.如果她还在等,就让她回家。I will go with you as soon as I have finished my work.我一完成工作就和

28、你一起去。2.含宾语从句的句子的时态一致问题宾语从句中的动词时态常受主句谓语时态的制约,如果主句谓语为现在时或将来时,宾语从句中的谓语可以不受影响。 He says his father is/was/will be a teacher.他说他父亲现在是/过去是/将会成为老师。如果主句的谓语动词是过去时,宾语从句的谓语动词一般需用过去的某种时态,即一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时、过去完成进行时、过去将来时、过去将来进行时等。I was sure he was in bed.我确信他在床上睡觉。(be in bed与was sure同时发生)He thought he was working

29、 for the people.他认为他正在为人民工作。(表示thought发生时work正在进行) I wondered if she had got well.我想知道她是否痊愈了。(get well先于won-dered发生)He wanted to know what she had been doing.他想知道她一直在做什么。(do从过去发生,直至wanted且在wanted时还在进行) I hoped Id find a job soon.我希望我不久就会找到工作。(find在hoped之后发生) I thought shed be going by bus.我以为她会乘公交车去

30、。(go在thought之后发生)注意:(1)当主句为过去时,宾语从句有明确的表过去的时间状语时,可不必用过去完成时而用一般过去时。I knew he was born in 1991.我知道他生于1991年。(2)当宾语从句表达永恒的真理时,谓语动词不必变为过去时,而继续采用一般现在时。This proved that the earth is round.这证明地球是圆的。3.含虚拟语气的句子的时态一致问题(1)在“would/should/ought to/could/might/neednt/would like to.+have done sth.,but.”句型中,but后面的分句

31、表示的不是虚拟语气而是陈述事实,所以谓语动词需用一般过去时或过去进行时。He should have turned up but he had an unexpected visitor.他本应该到场,但他那里来了一个不速之客。(2)在“But for the fact+that从句”中,that从句的谓语动词时态要根据后面句子谓语动词所表示的时间而定。But for the fact that he is busy now,he would be here.要不是他现在很忙,他就在这里了。But for the fact that you were ill,I would have had

32、you print the papers.要不是你生病了,我就让你去打印这些文件了。(3)It is time+that从句,that从句中谓语动词需用一般过去时或should+动词原形。It is time that we went to bed.我们该睡觉了。一般过去时所表示的动作发生在过去,与现在无联系。常有表示过去的时间状语现在完成时表示过去的动作对现在的影响或动作持续到现在(六)易混时态的区别1.一般过去时和现在完成时的用法区别2.一般过去时和过去完成时的用法区别一般过去时指过去的动作或情况。有时候有表示一段时间的时间状语He lived in Hangzhou for 10 yea

33、rs.他在杭州生活过10年。He went to Ningbo yesterday.他昨天去了宁波。过去完成时指过去的一个动作或时间之前发生的事。过去完成时的时间状语常用by或before 引导的短语或句子表示,如by that time,by the end of,before 2010,by the time+句子(一般过去时)等He had learned 3,000 English words before he came to this school.他来这个学校之前就已经学了3,000个英语单词了。He had finished writing the book by the en

34、d of last month.到上个月月底为止,他已经写完这本书了。3.过去完成时与现在完成时的用法区别比较下面的说法:题组训练用所给动词的正确时态填空The supermarket keeps(keep)some of its stores open 24 hours on Mondays through Saturdays.现在完成时表示的是过去的动作延续到现在或过去的动作对现在有影响过去完成时表示的是在过去某时之前已经完成或延续到过去某时的动作Her study shows Americansmade(make)61 billion visits to restaurants last

35、 year.Jane cant attend the meeting at 3 oclock this afternoon because she will be teaching(teach)a class at that time.The reports went missing in 2012 and nobody has seen(see)them since.Hi,lets go skating.Sorry,Im busy right now.I am filling(fill)in an application form for a new job.Heburied(bury)hi

36、mself in mathematics and began developing a math-ematical theory that would later become calculus(微积分).During the last three decades,the number of people participating in physical fitness programs has increased(increase)sharply.The men said theyhad heard(hear)a tiger growling(低声吼叫)some-where nearby,

37、but they didnt know from which direction the noise had come.They made up their mind that they would buy(buy)a new house once Larry changed jobs.Sofia looked around at all the faces:she had the impression that she had seen(see)most of the guests before.They stop to think about what they will do (do)n

38、ext. The three of us traveled(travel)around Europe for about a month last summer.At that time yesterday, he was working(work)in his office.This time next Friday, we will be studying(study)in school together.二、主谓一致主谓一致即在句子中谓语动词的数必须和主语的数保持一致。一般可根据三个原则来确定:语法一致原则(主语的单复数决定谓语动词的单复数)、意义一致原则(形单意复的名词或形复意单的名词

39、,要根据其意义来决定谓语动词的单复数)、就近一致原则(谓语动词的单复数取决于离它最近的主语)。(一)语法一致1.主语是单数,谓语动词用单数;主语是复数,谓语动词用复数。The results of the research are to be published soon.研究结果不久将被发表。His suggestion has been accepted.他的建议被接受了。2.many a(许多)+单数名词/more than one(不止一个)+单数名词作主语,谓语动词用单数。Many a student comes into the classroom.很多学生进了教室。More th

40、an one student wants to join the army.不止一个学生想参军。3.复合不定代词anyone,somebody,everything,nothing等作主语,谓语动词用单数。If anyone sees Lisa, ask her to call me.如果有人看到Lisa,让她给我打个电话。(二)意义一致1.形式为单数但意义为复数的police,cattle等作主语时,谓语动词用复数。The police have not made any arrests. 警方未逮捕任何人。2.表示一类人的the poor/rich/dead/injured/wounded

41、等作主语时,谓语动词用复数。The rich are to help the poor.富人应该帮助穷人。3.表示某国人的总称的the Chinese,the British,the Irish等作主语时,谓语动词用复数。The Chinese are hard-working.中国人民是勤劳的。4.以-s结尾但意义为单数的news,maths,physics,politics等作主语时,谓语动词用单数。The news is exciting.这则消息激动人心。5.单复数同形的名词sheep,deer,means等作主语时,谓语动词的单复数与实际意义一致。Three sheep are ea

42、ting grass there.3只羊正在那里吃草。A sheep is lying there.一只羊正躺在那里。Not every means is useful.不是每种方法都有用。6.表示时间、距离、金额等的复数名词作主语,通常看作整体,谓语动词用单数。Twenty years is a long time in ones life.二十年在人的一生中是很长的一段时间。Twenty thousand dollars is not a small sum of money.两万美元不是一笔小数目。(三)就近一致either.or., neither.nor.,not only.but

43、also.在句子中连接并列主语的时候或者在there be句型中,谓语动词的单复数形式要和就近的主语的单复数保持一致。Neither you nor I am wrong. 你和我都没错。There is a cup of tea and some apples on the table.桌上有一杯茶和一些苹果。Not only the students but also the teacher reads English every day. 不仅是学生,老师也每天朗读英语。(四)主谓一致的几个难点1.并列主语的主谓一致(1)两个单数名词或不可数名词用and连接,表示两个不同的概念时,谓语动

44、词用复数。Steam and ice are different forms of water.蒸汽和冰是水的不同形式。(2)两个单数名词用and连接,表示同一人、同一物或同一个概念,或表示不可分的整体时,谓语动词仍用单数。Trial and error is the source of our knowledge.反复试验是我们获得知识的源泉。(3)被every,each,many a,no等限定的名词由and连接作主语时,谓语动词仍用单数。Each boy and each girl has an apple.每个男孩和每个女孩都有一个苹果。Many a teacher and many

45、a student has seen the film.许多老师和学生都看过这部电影。(4)一个单数名词或不可数名词被几个用and连接的并列形容词修饰时,可以指一件事或几件事,这种名词作主语时,要根据意义一致的原则决定谓语动词的单复数形式。English and American literature are appealing to her.英国文学和美国文学都对她有吸引力。Simple and plain living is a fine quality.简朴生活是一种优良的品质。2.单数名词作主语,后跟with,along with,together with,as well as,ra

46、ther than,but,except等加其他名词时,谓语动词仍用单数形式。Dr.Smith,together with his wife,is to arrive on the evening flight.史密斯博士及其夫人将乘夜班飞机抵达。Nobody but one teacher and three students was in the laboratory.只有一个老师和三个学生在实验室里。3.某些名词作主语时的主谓一致(1)集体名词family,class,crew,team,group,public,audience,crowd,government,committee等作

47、主语时,谓语动词的单复数形式要根据主语所指的意义而定。当把集体名词作为一个整体来看待时,谓语动词常用单数形式;如果指其中各个成员时,谓语动词常用复数形式。The class consists of twenty-five boys and twenty girls.这个班由25个男生和20个女生组成。The class are doing experiments.全班学生正在做实验。(2)由两部分构成的表示物体的名词,如trousers,pants,jeans,compasses,glass-es,shoes等作主语时,谓语动词常用复数形式。但如果这类名词前用了a pair of或two/th

48、ree.pairs of来修饰,谓语动词的单复数往往取决于pair的单复数形式。These trousers need cleaning.这些裤子需要洗了。This pair of trousers is mine.这条裤子是我的。4.数词与量词作主语时的主谓一致(1)分数和百分数修饰可数或不可数名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式还是复数形式取决于它们所修饰的名词。试比较:Only 60 percent of the work was done yesterday.昨天只干了60%的活。About 20 percent of the students are absent today.今天大约有

49、20%的学生缺席。(2)“a number of(许多)”和“a variety of(各种各样的)”修饰名词作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。但是“the number of(的数目)”和“the va-riety of(的种类)”修饰名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。试比较:A number of students are from the south.许多学生来自南方。The number of students from the north is small.来自北方的学生人数很少。题组训练用所给词的适当形式填空The tourism of Hangzhouhas seen(see)a r

50、apid growth over the last decade.Either you or one of your studentsis(be)to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.Thereis(be)also a lovely cafe and restaurants.Chinas high speed railways have grown (grow) from nothing to more than 30,000 km in the past few years. Nobody but us knows (know) the sec

51、ret.About 70 percent of the work is done/has been done(do)now.The teacher together with his students is planting (plant) trees now a-long the river.The singer and dancer is going to give/will give (give) us a performance this Friday.Collecting stamps is (be) his hobby.Not only the workers but also t

52、he boss wishes (wish) for a holiday.All of the apple is (be) rotten.His family are (be) all music-lovers.A number of books are lent( lend) out from the library every day.The number of the students present is (be) not known.A total of 60 scientists were invited (invite) to take part in the discussion

53、.No sound and no voice is (be) heard.The young are (be) students from Tsinghua University.Thirty miles is (be) a long distance.Twenty years has (have) passed since his father died.In front of the girl are (be) three boys.The United States was founded (found) in 1776.All the possible means were used

54、(use) in order to solve the problem.The steel works is closed (close)for the holidays.A chemical works has been set (set) up by the river.The two chemical works have been closed (close)now.His first works were sold (sell) for 1,000 dollars.考点二动词的语态一、被动语态1.被动语态的构成英语中的及物动词一般都有主动语态和被动语态两种形式。被动语态由“助动词be

55、+过去分词”构成。助动词be随着主语的人称、数和句子的时态、语气的不同而变化。几种常见时态的被动语态形式见下表:时 体现在过去将来过去将来一般is/am/are donewas/were donewill/shall be donewould/should be done进行is/am/are being donewas/were being done完成has/have been donehad been done完成进行2.被动语态的用法被动语态主要用于以下几种情况:(1)不知道谁是动作的执行者,或没有必要指明谁是动作的执行者。The window hasnt been cleaned f

56、or weeks.窗户有好几周没擦了。(2)需要强调或突出动作的承受者或事件本身。These heroes are respected by everybody in the country.这些英雄人物受到全国人民的尊敬。The Chinese Communist Party was founded in Shanghai in 1921.中国共产党是1921年在上海成立的。A new teaching building is being built in our school.我们学校正在建一幢新教学大楼。3.注意动词短语的被动语态和含有情态动词的被动语态 That old man was

57、 often laughed at.那位老人常被人嘲笑。The plan will be given up.这项计划就要被放弃了。Bad habits have been done away with.坏习惯已经被改掉了。(在被动结构中,切不可丢掉后面的介词或副词)He must be prevented from going.必须阻止他去。The plan ought to be put into practice as soon as possible.这项计划应该尽早执行。(谓语结构是:情态动词+be+过去分词)4.“get+过去分词”可以表示被动,此结构比较口语化The patient

58、 gets treated once a week.那位病人一周治疗一次。He fell off the car and got killed.他从汽车上掉下来,摔死了。二、主动形式表被动意义1.“系动词look,sound,feel,smell,taste,appear,seem,go,prove等+形容词/名词”构成系表结构The steel feels cold.钢摸起来很凉。It has gone bad.它已经变质了。2.表示开始、结束、运动类的动词,如begin,finish,start,open,close,stop,end,shut,run,move 等Work began a

59、t 7 oclock this morning.今天早上7点钟开始工作的。The shop closes at 6 p.m.every day.这个商店每天下午6点关门。3.表示主语的某种属性特征的动词,如read,write,cut,drive,sell,wash,clean,wear,lock,dry等。这类动词一般不单独使用,常有一个修饰语This coat dries easily.这件外套容易干。Nylon cleans easily.尼龙容易洗干净。Your article reads very well.你的文章读起来很不错。This material has worn thin

60、.这个材料已经磨薄了。4.“介词in,on,under 等+名词”构成介词短语表被动意义表示方位或目的的介词与含动作意义的名词合用,含被动之意,其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式,名词前一般不用冠词。常见的有:under control 受控制under treatment 在治疗中under repair 在修理中under discussion 在讨论中under construction 在施工中beyond belief 令人难以置信beyond ones reach 够不着beyond ones control 无法控制for sale 待售for rent 出租in print