高健康技术和疾病的根除课件

1、High Health/Disease eradication高健康技术/疾病的根除Introduction 简介Serology 血清学PigMon （美国）猪监测计划High health techniques - All-in/All-out production 全进全出生产模式- Medicated early weaning 加药早期断奶- Partial depopulation 部分空群- Repopulation/depopulation 复群/清群- Segregated parity production 隔离产次生产方式High Health/Disease eradi

2、catioDisease eradication: Benefits疾病根除：收益Better biological performance & lower production costs 较好的生物学生产性能和较低的生产成本Less or no antibiotics 减少或不用抗生素Improve welfare by eliminating suffering from diseases 减低因疾病导致的痛苦，改善（动物）福利Improve personal motivation 增强员工工作士气Disease eradication: BenefitsImpact of diseas

3、es for days to market因疾病而推迟上市的时间PRV 伪狂犬 +7 daysMange（猪）疥癣 +9 daysEnzootic pneumonia 猪喘气病 +12 daysResp Dis complex呼吸道混合感染 +10 daysImpact of diseases for days toDisease eradication steps疾病根除步骤Epidemiology and diagnostic map 流行病学和诊断过程图示- Understand hosts, carriers & transmission 弄清宿主、带菌者和传播途径- Establis

4、h guidelines & education 确立（防治）原则并进行教育- Identify infected areas and farms 确认感染的范围和猪场- Calculate benefits & costs 核算补贴和成本Application of intervention methods（疾病）干预手段的施行- Evaluate all possible methods to intervene 评估所有可能的（用于控制疫情）的干预手段3.Monitoring & surveillance 监测与监督- Review all bio-security measures 检

5、查所有的生物安全措施- Sampling & monitoring methods 取样与监测方法- Sample size & frequency 抽样数量与频率- Industry/government 行业（自律）/政府（管理）Disease eradication steps疾病根除Targets for Swine disease eradication 猪病根除的目标Single stage; Breeding, nursery, G/F or boar stud 单级；繁育群、保育群、生长/育肥群或公猪群Single farm 单个猪场Within a pyramid (Top

6、to bottom) 整个金字塔型结构体系（从顶到底）Regional eradication 区域范围内根除- Geographical 地理意义上的区域- Administrative district 行政区域Provincial region 省级区域Nation-wide 国家范围Targets for Swine disease eradExamples of swine disease eradication猪病根除实例Mange Medication & sanitation疥癣 药物治疗和公共卫生AR (P. multocida D) Test & removal萎鼻（多杀性

7、巴氏杆菌 D型） 检测和清除Swine dysentery Medication & sanitation猪痢疾 药物治疗和公共卫生M. hyopneumoniae Partial depop (eg. Norway)S. Choleraesuis猪鼻支原体 猪霍乱沙门氏菌 部分空群（例如挪威）PRV 伪狂犬 Vaccination and testing 疫苗免疫和检测PRRS 蓝耳病 Herd close-up, partial depop 封群，部分空群TGE 猪传染性胃肠炎Off-site farrowing 场外分娩Hog cholera 猪霍乱 Vaccination and mo

8、nitoring 疫苗免疫和监控FMDV 口蹄疫病毒Depopulation 空群Examples of swine disease eradMajor animal diseases eradicated from the U.S. 美国主要动物疾病的根除Contagious bovine pleuropn18921.5 $ million*（百万美圆）牛传染性胸膜肺炎Fowl plague19291.1鸡瘟FMD (6 epizootics)1929253口蹄疫（6 种家畜流行病）Cattle fever ticks194392牛热病蜱类Vesicular exanthema 195948

9、水泡疹Venezuelan equine encephalitis 197119委内瑞拉马脑炎Sheep scabies197365绵羊疥螨Newcastle disease197456新城疫Hog cholera1978140猪霍乱* Overall costsMajor animal diseases eradicatManaging Health assurance健康保障的管理Different objective in disease controls在疾病控制中的不同目标Breeding company Health status (yes or no) 种猪公司健康状况（是 或

10、否）- Mainly infectious diseases 主要传染性疾病 - Less with hereditary problem 次要遗传问题Commercial farms Health level (high or low) 商业猪场健康等级（高 或低） - Both infectious and noninfectious 包括传染性和非传染性因素- Variety & severity of clinical diseases 临床疾病的多样性和严重程度Managing Health assurance健康保障Disease level 疾病等级 Dose of pathog

11、en X Virulence X StressResistance of pigs 病原的感染剂量毒力应激/猪群的抵抗力Disease level 疾病等级Determination of Herd Health Levels猪群健康等级的确定Record keeping 以往保存的记录- Production data 生产数据- Economically important diseases （有）重要经济（影响）的疾病Monitoring serostatus 血清学状况监测- Serum banks for different serologic tests 血清库的各种血清学检验-

12、PRRS, PRV, SIV, TGE, APP, M. hyo etc. 蓝耳病、伪狂犬、猪流感、猪传染性胃肠炎，猪传染性胸膜肺炎 、肺炎支原体 等On-farm necropsy & slaughter checks 田间剖检和屠宰检验- Post mortem records & definitive diagnosis 剖检记录和最后诊断- Pneumonia, parasite at slaughter 屠宰中（发现的）肺炎、寄生虫Determination of Herd Health LDisease free for breeding stock繁殖(猪)群应根除的疾病PRV

13、伪狂犬PRRS 蓝耳病APP 猪传染性胸膜肺炎AR Toxigenic Pm by tonsilar swab 萎鼻产毒的多杀性巴氏杆菌由扁桃体拭子（取材）M. hyo 猪霉形体肺炎TGE 猪传染性胃肠炎Mange 疥癣Swine dysentery 猪痢疾Illeitis 增生性肠炎Disease free for breeding stocAirborne transmission 经呼吸道传播Flies 2 miles TGEV 3 days 猪传染性胃肠炎病毒3天苍蝇130%全进/全出 场地Improvement by AI/AO ADG & FMEW Principles 加药早期断

14、奶原理Use older parity sows and vaccinated females for colostrol antibodies 利用较老的经产母猪和经免母猪的母源抗体 Specific antibiotic treatment for sows prior to farrowing and after farrowing to decrease shedding of agents 产前和产后对母猪使用特效抗生素以其减少散毒。Treat piglets with specific antibiotics until weaned at 10- 21 days 对仔猪使用特效抗

15、生素，直到在1021天龄时断奶。Weaning age depends on agent you are trying to eliminate 根据需要清除的疾病来决定断奶日龄。MEW Principles 加药早期断奶原理Use old Approximate age for different infection（针对）不同疾病感染的近似（断奶）日龄 Atrophic rhinitis萎缩性鼻炎 Bordetella 波氏杆菌 2-3 weeks of age Toxigenic past type D 多杀性巴氏杆菌D群 1 week Streptococcus suis 链球菌 1

16、week H. parasuis 嗜血杆菌 2 week APP 猪传染性胸膜肺炎 3 week M. hyopneumonia 肺炎支原体 2 week Mange and lice 疥癣和虱子 1 day Approximate age for different仔猪用药母猪免疫隔离距离 疾病成功失败断奶日龄较大较小仔猪用药母猪免疫隔离距离 疾病成功失败断奶日龄较大较小 Partial Depopulation 部分空群 When to apply应用时机 - Justify obvious production losses e.g. Mortality, growth rate, no

17、n-marketable pigs 确证有明显的生产损失 如死亡率、生长速率、无市场价值猪 - Identify obvious age group with problem PRRS: 6-10 wks, chronic TGE: 2-4 wks 发现某个年龄段的猪明显有问题 如蓝耳病：610周龄、慢性猪传染性胃肠炎：2-4周龄What to prepare准备什么 - Seroprofiling data of each problem pathogen 各导致问题病原的血清学曲线数据 - Plan ahead to less interrupt production flow 先作好计划

18、以减少对生产流程的中断 - Warmer seasons 在温暖的季节进行 - Available off-site facility 启用场外设施 - Stop mate for a designated period 有计划地中断配种一段时间 Partial Depopulation 部分空群 WheNursery is infection circus 保育舍是感染的温床No or little maternal antibodies for nursery pigs 保育猪母源抗体消失或低下Mixed by many different litters 许多不同窝仔猪的混群Weanin

19、g stress断奶应激 - Need AI/AO by air space需要全进/全出的通风空间 - 7 days age spread/group 低于7日龄的猪应散养 /同窝饲养- Bio-security by group 保育群的生物安全措施 Nursery is infection circus 保Nursery Depopulation 保育阶段清群Many important pathogens infect pigs during 6-10 wks age as lack of maternal antibodies to PRRS, PRV, APP, AR, mycop

20、lasma, HCV etc 许多重要的病原侵犯仔猪，在6-10周龄仔猪缺乏对抗蓝耳病、伪狂犬、传染性胸膜肺炎 、萎鼻、支原体、猪瘟病毒等的母源抗体 Break chains of infection for incoming nursery pigs from older infected or carrier pigs 打断从感染猪、带毒猪身上感染引入保育猪传播途径Depopulate the nursery pens or buildings 保育舍或猪舍清群 Clean, disinfect, disinfect & dry at least for 2 week 清洁、消毒，之后再消

21、毒并干燥至少2周Routinely once a year during warmer seasons to improve overall health level 每年在较温暖的季节进行一次，以提高全场的健康水平Nursery Depopulation 保育阶段清群Ma Characteristics of recurrent PRRS nursery problem 保育猪中存在蓝耳病持续感染问题的特征Long term suboptimal daily gain ADG up to 15% less 长期日增重未达标平均日增重减少15 Higher feed to gain (FE)

22、ratio 需要更多饲料达到增重率（降低饲料效率） Post-weaning mortality up to 15% - 2 pre- PRRS level 断奶后死亡率高达15-2倍于 蓝耳病感染前水平High secondary infection 高的继发感染率Cyclic morbidity & mortality with months 发病和死亡率出现按月循环的状况The losses may vary by virus strain & 2nd infection 损失由毒株不同和二次感染而改变 Characteristics of recurrent Farms used fo

23、r ND to eliminate PRRSV猪场采用保育阶段清群方式根除蓝耳病Farms used for ND to eliminateNursery depopulation: Protocol保育阶段清群：规程Day 1: Empty rooms, pump pits, wash and disinfect (formaldehyde base)第一天：空栏、清空水泵坑、清洗和消毒（甲醛为基础的消毒剂）Day 2: Repeat pumping pits, washing and disinfecting (phenol base). Allow facility to dry and

24、 empty第二天：再次清空水泵坑，清洗、消毒（苯酚为基础的消毒剂）。 设施清空干燥Day 13: Repeat washing and disinfecting (formaldehyde base)第十三天：再次清洗消毒（甲醛为基础的消毒剂）Day 14: Resume conventional pig flow第十四天：重新开始常规猪（生产）流程Nursery depopulation: ProtocolPRRS antibody status of the farms before ND 保育阶段清群前猪场的蓝耳病抗体水平Pigs（猪类别） Farm 1 猪场1 Farm 2 猪场2

25、Farm3 猪场3Sows母猪 0/10*0/100/10Nursery 保育猪 3-4wks old 34周龄 0/100/100/10 8-9wks old 89周龄 7/108/1010/10Finishing 育成猪 5-6mths old 56个月大 5/103/104/10* Number of positive/number tested * 阳性数/检测数 PRRS antibody status of the faNursery performance and PRRSV antibody status保育猪生长性能和蓝耳病抗体状况Before/after nursery d

26、epopulation 保育阶段清群前/后% Av 平均数% seropositiveFarmmortality daily gainat 9 wks of age猪场 死亡率 日增重 9周龄血清阳性率 10.0/0.280.3/0.8 80/0 15.0/1.00.25/0.75 75/0 4.0/2.00.9/0.9 70/0Nursery performance and PRRSV Options for temporary nursery pig production临时保育猪生产的候选方法Off-site 猪场外Sell as feeder pigs 保育猪作断奶仔猪肉用卖掉Use

27、rented facilities 使用租用设施On-site 在猪场内Wean pigs into G/F rooms 断奶猪转入育成舍Hold pigs at farrowing pens 断奶猪继续在分娩舍Skip breeding for a period 跳过繁育一段时间Build temporary out-door nursery rooms 兴建临时室外保育舍Options for temporary nursery Unsuccessful PRRS clean-up by ND保育阶段清群无法成功清除蓝耳病Carrier breeding stock purchase 购买

28、了携带PRRS病毒的繁殖群 Off-site gilt holding facility 外场饲养后备母猪仍在原有设施中Proximity to carrier pigs 与带菌猪有接触Improper serology pattern 错误的血清学检验结果Did not follow clean/disinfect protocol 没有执行清洁/消毒的规程Coexisting air space （与病猪）共用通风空间Unknown 未知因素 Unsuccessful PRRS clean-up by F-10 vs conventional nurseryF-10式保育舍与传统保育舍对比

29、 F-10system F-10（饲养）系统 Conventional 传统（方式）No. of pigs 容纳猪数目 3,1124,010ADG lb平均日增重（磅） 0.790.55Feed:gain 饲料：增重 1.72.0% mortality 死亡率 2.14.0Av age in days平均入舍日龄（天） 2422Av wt in lb 平均入舍体重（磅） 13.2513.12Av age out days 平均转栏日龄（天） 3443Av wt out lb 转栏平均体重（磅） 4143 Kirk Schuiteman 1992 F-10 vs conventional nur

30、sery A medication protocol for M. hyo elimination in gilt litter一种在初产母猪中根除支原体（病）的药物治疗规程Kern et al 2019, AASPDay 1 ml Exenel(Upjohn) 头孢菌素Day 350 mg Oxytet 土霉素Day 1050 mg Oxytet 土霉素Day 10-17(weaning) 100 mg Oxytet土霉素Nursery starter 35g/t Tiamulin +400 g/t Chlorotet for 2 wks保育开始时使用 泰妙灵 金霉素 连用2周Nursery

31、 3rd wk - CSP 250 for 4 wks 保育第三周起CSP250 连用4周(100g/t Chlorotet 100g/t Sulfathiazole50g/t Penicillin) 金霉素 磺胺塞唑 青霉素*These pigs at 10, 11, & 12 weeks of age were M. hyo ELISA negative*所有猪在10、11、12周龄时支原体的ELISA检测呈阴性。 A medication protocol for M. When to Repopulate 复群时机1. Low productivity : Born alive 8,

32、ADG, F/G problem 低繁殖能力：出生存活 30%，Swine dysentery, HPP type 1 特定的疾病：伪狂犬感染 30% ,猪痢疾，嗜血杆菌性胸膜肺炎 类型 14. Other factors: High feed price，Marginal hog prices 其他因素：饲料价格高，猪的边界价格 When to Repopulate 复群时机1. LoWhat to expect from Repopulation 从复群中期望什么Up to 20% more weight marketed 达到上市体重的猪多20Better ADG up to 15% 较

33、好的平均日增重增加15Reduce F/G up to 10% 料肉比减少10Lower medication costs 较低的用药成本Fewer undervalued pigs 较少的低价猪The advantages will persist 2-4 yrs 这些好处将持续2-4年What to expect from RepopulatiRepopulation schedule 复群进度表Off-site rentDateHome farm租用的猪场 日期 原有的猪场Gilts & boar arrive May 1Rodent control后备母猪、种公猪到达 啮齿类控制Beg

34、in breedingJune 1Stop breeding 停止配种开始配种Aug 10Stop farrowing 停止分娩Sell sows & all weaned pigs 出售所有母猪和断奶猪Sept 5All pigs off farm 所有猪离开农场Sept 5-10Final clean & disinfect 最后清洁和消毒Move bled giltsSept 15去除残弱母猪Sept 20Begin farrowing 开始分娩Downtime: 6 weeks (8/10 - 9/20) 停工期：6周Repopulation schedule 复群进度表Off Rul

35、es for Repopulation 复群的规则1. Plan ahead about 1 year 在一年前作好计划- Stop buying or selecting breeding stock 停止购买或选育繁殖群- Clean up is easier in summer 在夏天清理较为容易2. Select source of replacement 选择用于替代的种猪- Buy from one farm 从其他猪场购买- Examine production & health status 检测生产性能和健康状况Farrowing rate 85%: 20 pigs/sow/

36、year 产仔率85：20头/每头母猪/每年Herd feed efficiency 3.4 猪群饲料肉比P2猪场AP2Acclimatization环境适应Farm BP2猪场BP2Farm CP2猪场CP2Farm DP2猪场DP2Segregated parity production Post-infection period of introduced giltsPRRS virus or M. hyopneumoniae感染后引种时间 蓝耳病病毒或支原体ConventionalSPP system 传统 隔离产次生产系统Infection age2-3 months old2-3

37、months old感染月龄 2-3月龄 2-3月龄Age for gilt introduction6-7 months12-13 months引种猪月龄 6-7月 龄 12-13月龄Post-infectionperiod4 months10 months感染后引种时间 4个月 10个月Post-infection period of introSPP: Advantages 隔离产次生产Specialized gilt managements: Nutrition, service, feeding and others 专门的母猪管理：营养、设施、饲料和其他Uniform perfor

38、mance in P-2 sow farms 生产性能的一致性P-2 母猪猪场Better weaning weight, ADG and FE during N/G/F for the litters of P-2 sow farms 仔猪在整个生长过程中更好的断奶体重、平均日增重、饲料效率 P-2母猪猪场Isolation and acclimatization: May only need for P-1 sow farm 隔离与环境适应：可能仅P-1母猪猪场需要Longer cooling period and solid immunity against different dise

39、ases for P-2 farm sows 更长的产仔间隔和对各种疾病都有坚强的免疫P-2母猪猪场Potential disease elimination No or little risks of introducing carrier sowse.g. PRRSV, M. hyopneumoniae 潜在疾病的清除引种带菌母猪的风险几乎没有或很低的 如蓝耳病，肺炎支原体SPP: Advantages 隔离产次生产SpecialSPP: Application and requirements隔离产次生产：适用和要求Applications 适用Multi-site sow produc

40、tion farms under a corporate company 属于一个公司有多个可用作母猪生产场的场地Three to 5 sow farm owners with common interest 3到5个属于一个共同利益团体的母猪生产猪场Two or more multiplier farms with low health levels 两个或以上的繁殖场低健康水平Can be applied anytime without much interruption with current production flow 可以随时应用不会长期打断流水线式的生产Requirements 要求Similar h