新编简明英语语言学知识点汇总

1、新编简洁英语语言学知识点汇总新编简洁英语语言学知识点汇总新编简洁英语语言学知识点汇总新编简短英语语言学知识点汇总IntroductionWhatislinguistics?trytoanswerthebasicquestionsandprobeintovariousproblemsrelatedtolanguage;linguisticsstudiesnotanyparticularlanguagebutlanguageingeneral;scientificstudybecausebasedonsystematicinvestigationoflinguisticdata.Thescopeo

2、flinguisticsThestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledgenerallinguistic.phoneticsStudythesoundsusedinlinguisticstudyphonologyHowsoundsputtogetherandconveymeaningmorphologyThewaysymbolsrepresentingsoundsarearrangedandcombinedtoformwordssyntaxRulesgoverningthecombinationofwordssemanticsThestudyofmeaningp

3、ragmaticsStudythemeaningincontextdescriptiveDescribeandanalyzethelanguageactuallyuse(modernlinguistsbelievethatAbovearemajororcorebranchesoflinguistics;Followingarelinguisticslinkwithotherdisciplines.sociolinguisticslanguageandsocietypsycholinguisticsHowinfantacquiremothertongue,processinformation（l

4、anguageandbrain）AppliedlinguisticsAppliedtotherecoveryoflanguage,languageacquisitionSomeimportantdistinctionsinlinguisticsprescriptiveAimstolaydownrulesfor“correct&standard”whateveroccursinthelanguagepeopleuseshouldbedescribedandanalyzed)synchronicdiachronicThedescriptionofalanguageThedescriptionofa

5、languageatsomepointoftimeasitchangesthroughtimeDifficulttodescribethechangesthathavetakenplaceinitshistoricaldevelopment;Synchronicdescriptionareoftenthoughtofasbeingdescriptionsofalanguageinitscurrentexistence.speechwritingSpeechispriortowriting:writingsystemisalways“invented”bytheuserstorecordthes

6、peechwhentheneedarises;speechplaysagreaterroleintermsofamountofconveyinginformation;speechisalwaysthewaynativespeakeracquiretheirmothertonguewhilewritingislearnandtaughtinschool;spokenlanguagerevealsmorefeatureofhumanspeech,whichisauthenticwhilewrittenlanguageisonlytherevisedrecordofspeech.Langue语言P

7、arole语言TherealizationoflanguageinAbstractlinguisticsystem;actualuse;Concrete;RelativelystableVaryfrompersontoperson&situationtosituationProposedbySwisslinguistSaussurecentury:paroleisamassoflinguisticfromparole.thintheearly20facts,toabstractlanguecompetenceTheidealusersknowledgeoftherulesofhislangua

8、geproposedbyAmericanlinguistperformanceTheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.,SimilartoSaussure,whatlinguistsshouldstudyistheidealspeakerscompetence,nottheperformance.Difference:Saussuretooksociologicalviewoflanguageandhisnotionoflangueisamatterofsocialconvention;whileChomskyl

9、ooksatpsychologicalpointandtohimcompetenceisapropertyofthemindofeachindividual.TraditionalgrammarModernlinguisticsPrescriptive;Descriptive;writtenlanguageisprimary;Spokenlanguageisprimary;ForcelanguageintoaTryingtosetupauniversalLatin-basedframework;frameworkModernlinguisticsbeginfromthepublicationo

10、fSassuresbookcourseingenerallinguisticsWhatislanguageDefinitionsoflanguageLanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Characteristics:languageissystem,elementsoflanguagearecombinedaccordingtotherules;languageisarbitraryinthesensethatthereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenalinguisti

11、csymbolandwhatitstandsfor,Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellaswell;languageisvocalbecausetheprimarymediumforalllanguageissound;languageishuman-specific,differentfromanimalcommunication.DesignfeaturesoflanguageProposedbyAmericanlinguistCharlesHockett:comparingtheanimalhumancommunicationarefivemajordesignf

12、eaturesofhumanlanguage:arbitrarinessNologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningandsounds(exceptonomatopoeticandcompoundwords)productivityItmakestopossibletoconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalbyitsusers.dualityLanguageisasystemwhichconsistsoftwostructures.Atthelowerlevelthereisastructureofsounds,whicharem

13、eaninglessbythesoundscangroupedorregroupedtogetherintoalargernumbersofunitsofmeaningsuchasmorphemeorwords,whicharefoundatthehigherlevelofsystem(carp&park).Thenthehigherlevelcanbearrangedandrearrangedintoaninfinitenumbersofsentences;DisplacementLanguagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediat

14、esituationsofthespeakers;culturaltransmissionWhilehumancapacityforlanguagehasageneticbasis,thedetailsofanylanguagesystemsarenotgeneticallytransmitted,butinsteadhavetobetaughtandlearned.(languageisculturaltransmittedlanguagenotmutuallyintelligiblewhileanimalcallsystemisgeneticallytransmitted)Function

15、soflanguageThreemainfunctionsoflanguagewhichdistinctfromeachotherbutactuallyoverlappingtosomedegree:descriptivefunctionTheprimaryfunctionoflanguage;TheSichuanearthquakeisthemostseriousoneChinahaseversuffered.expressivefunctionSupplyinformationabouttheusersfeeling,preference,prejudicesandvalue,willne

16、vercometothiscoffeeshopagain.socialfunctionServestoestablishandmaintainsocialrelationsbetweenpeople.HowcanIhelpyou,Sir?Others:Russian-bornstructurallinguist(function)ofaspeech:RomanJakobson：sixelemensAddresser-emotive(动机)addressee-conative(意动)context-referentialmessage-poeticcontact-phaticcommunionc

17、ode-metalinguisticBritishlinguisticHalliday:ideationalfunction(语篇功能)includeddescriptive&erpersonalfunctionistoindicate,establish,ormaintainsocialrelationshipbetweenpeople.socialfunctiontextualfunctionistoorganizewrittenor

18、spokentextstocoherewithinthemselvesandfittotheparticularsituationinwhichtheyareused.ThephonicmediumoflanguageSpeechsoundsproducedbyhumanspeechorganTwomajormediaofcommunication:speechandwriting;whatisphonetics?Thestudyofphonicmediumoflanguage;itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccursintheworldslanguage

19、.Articulatoryphonetics(发音语言学)LongestThreebranchesAuditoryphonetics(听觉语言学)historyAcousticphonetics(声学语言学)organsofspeechPharyngealcavity(咽喉)Nasalcavity（鼻腔）Oralcavity（口腔）Voicing:vibrationofthevocalcordsVocalglottiorthgraphicrepresentationofspeechsounds:broad&narrowcordssInternationalphoneticalphabet:le

20、tterairsoundsBroad(usedintextbook):lettersymbolsplunhNarrow:lettersymbols+diacritics(变音符)pitspitghaspirationphoneticianmoreinterestedinclassificationofEnglishspeechsoundsBilabialLabio-DentalAlveloarPalatalVelarGlottalTotalobstructionPassingout（双唇音）dental（齿（齿龈（腭音）（软（喉音）（唇齿音）音）腭）音）Stops(闭塞音)Partialobs

21、tructionFricative（摩擦音）CompleteatfirstReleaseslowlywithpartialobstructionAffricates（塞擦音）Nasals（鼻音）Liquids（流音）Glides（滑音）VLpVDbVLVDVLVDVDmVDVDwftkvdgosfhdzgtftfdgdgnnL,rjMonophthongs：frontcloseI:ISemi-closeecentralbackU:ue:Semi-openeC:openaeaDa:phonologyphonology&phoneticsPhonologyvsphoneticsphonephone

22、meallophonePhoneticunitcomplementarydistributionminimalpairphonemiccontrastsomerulesinphonologySpeechsoundsSequentialrulesassimilationruledeletionrulePhonologicalsuprasegmentalfeatures(phonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofunitDarkl&clearPillbillhillpb&lsegments)FormpattersProducedfeaturesStress:N

23、&vDifferentphonesGovernthecombinationofsounds,Tone：四声representingaphonemeinconveymeaning&classified.Wordbeginwithalorr,nextdifferentphoneticIntonation：differentmayconveydifferentmeaningeventhesentencessoundmustbeavowelenvironmentunchanged3.MorphologyGrammarthatisconcernedwithwordformationandwordstru

24、ctureAssimilateonesoundtoanotherWord:thesmallestfreeformfoundinlanguagebycopyingafeatureofsequentialMorpheme:thesmallestunitofmeaningRootstembasephoneme,makingtwophonessimilarRoot:believeStem:believable(除掉所有的语法成份,留下词根和派生成份)Base：unbelievable(un的词基)Totelluswhenasoundistobedeletedalthoughitisorthographicallyrepresented.Derivationalmorpheme:changecategorygrammaticalclassofwordsPrefix:changemeaningSuffix:changemeaningandpartsofspeechI