膜分离基础图部分

1、11. Introduction1.1 Application examples(1) Oxygen-Nitrogen SeparationCompressed AirN2-enriched airO2-enriched airMembrane21. Introduction1.1 Application examples(2) Desalination of seawaterHigh pressure SeawaterPotable waterConcentrated seawaterMembrane3复合膜横截面Cross section of composite membraneSkin

2、 layer(1m)表层Micro pore微孔Support layer (100m)支撑层4Classification of membrane/ by shapeHollow fiber中空纤维Tubular管式Sheet平板56umARELATIVESIZE OFCOMMONMATERIAL过滤对象MOLECULARWEIGHT分子量0.001100.011000.110001.01041010510010001061071002005,00020,000150,000500,000Aqueous salts中水盐份Metal ions金属离子Sugars蔗糖FILTRATIONTEC

3、HNO-LOGY过滤方法Pyrogens热源Virus病毒Colloidal silica胶体硅Albumin protein白蛋白Bacteria细菌Carbon black碳黑Paint pigment颜料色素Yeast cells酵母Milled flour面粉Beach sand海滩沙砾Pollens花粉RO反渗透Ultrafiltration 超滤Microfiltration微滤Particle filtration一般过滤THE FILTRATION SPECTRUM 过滤谱图NF 纳滤7RO, NF, UF, MF8纳滤软化水流程法国巴黎Mery-Sur-Oise纳滤饮用水处理

4、厂 9陶瓷膜过滤净化器的基本结构图 病 房病毒空气电炉丝温度：100200陶瓷膜过滤管引风机洁净空气10净化后空气陶瓷膜管（绕有加热电阻丝）炉内温度：120-200度病毒被滤除在陶瓷膜内壁或孔内- 然后高温杀除病毒空气11高分子膜扩散解吸溶解气体分子高压侧高分压P1端原料侧气体分子低压侧低分压P2端渗透侧3.2气体膜分离原理溶解扩散机理124. 渗透蒸发4.1 基本原理膜液相渗透相 (汽相)料液渗余物冷凝器真空系统冷凝物135. Liquid Membrane 5.1 Emulsion LM (w/o/w; o/w/o)Internal phaseLiquid membrane phaseEx

5、ternal phaseSurfactant146. 控制释放157. 电渗析+-1612. 液流储能电池充电放电充电放电正极：VO2+ H2O-e VO2+ +2H+ E0=1.00V负极：V3+e V2+ E0=-0.26V充电过程： 正极失电子，发生氧化反应；负极得电子，发生还原反应放电过程： 正负电极表面活性物质离子价态变化方向相反 研究最多的全钒液流电池1712. 液流储能电池18Symmetric membraneAsymmetric membrane19Symmetry membraneAsymmetry membrane20The cross-sections of compo

6、site membranes21Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)Pore sizePore distributionLayer thickness Material composition22Membrane surfaceAFM23AFMSEMMembrane surfacePlate-and-Frame Modules24Tubular Modules25Spiral-Wound Modules2627进水口耐压容器连接器膜组件密封圈端盖透过液浓缩液2829进水浓水透过水多孔进水管浓水出口淡水出口密封中空纤维膜外径50200内径2542密封耐压容器303

7、1CoolingEvaporative 动力学数据Kinetic data热力学数据Thermodynamic data一、结晶介稳区结晶过程的操作区间（Operating Window）32Crystal size distribution (CSD)： Mean Size，MS； Coefficient of variation， CV平均粒径 变异系数二、结晶中的关键问题Figure 6-8The principle diagram of electrodialysis浓溶液稀溶液电极冲洗液原料液阳极阴极CACA Concentrated water Room （浓室）Fresh wat

8、er room（淡室）33Anion Exchange MembraneCation Exchange MembraneFig. 6-21 comparison of RO and electro-osmotic process34慢气边界层（难渗透组分） 快气边界层(易渗透组分)原料侧渗透侧快慢组分浓度极化的示意图推动力Concentration polarization modelDriving forceFast componentSlow component4.4 Concentration Polarization36Single-stage and single-section c

9、ontinuous processRequires a high solute rejection ratio, high operating pressure. Otherwise, the recovery of water is very low. Rarely used in industry produciton.37Single-stage and single-section circulating processHigher water recovery ratio, lower quality of the penetrate water38Fig 4-16 (a) Doub

10、le-stage processMulti-stage process3940414.6 Basic flowsheet of RO process Fig. 4-11 Schematic diagram of RO desalinization process.42在稳定状态下，被脱除（截留）组分浓度分布和易渗透组分的浓度分布情况。（a）截留组分的浓度分布（salt in desalination of water by reverse osmosis)（b）易渗透组分的浓度分布（water in dehydration of ethanol by pervaporation)增加湍流，减小边界层厚度以减小浓差极化膜通量加大，浓差极化加大膜浓缩加大，浓差极化加大溶质扩散系数增大，浓差极化减少45O2 removal in semiconductor industry for the production of ultrapure water8.25 mg/L