超星尔雅网课答案ARGUMENTSANDFALLACIES

1、ARGUMENTSANDFALLACIES第一章单元测试1、问题 :Every argument has more than one premise.选项：对错答案 :【错】2、问题 :The goal of an argument is to abuse theaudience.选项：对错答案 :【错】3、问题 :To justify a conclusion, you need to persuadesomeone.选项：对错答案 :【错】4、问题 : “33 + 66 = 99” is an argument.选项：对错答案 :【错】、问题 :All arguments are used

2、 either to justify or to explain their conclusions.选项：对错答案 :【错】6、问题 :Every conclusion contradicts what theaudience believes.选项：对错答案 :【错】、问题 :An argument that is spoken is no good if it is not spoken loudly enough.选项：对错答案 :【错】、问题 :When an argument is used for explanation, its purpose is to give a rea

3、son to believe that itsconclusion is true.选项：对错答案 :【错】、问题 :You can give the meaning of a word by describing how it is used.选项：对错答案 :【对】10 、问题 :All arguments are made up of (or expressed in) language of some kind.选项：对错答案 :【对】、问题 :To persuade someone, you need to justify a conclusion.选项：对错答案 :【错】、问题 :

4、An explanation answers a question about why something hened.选项：对错答案 :【对】13、问题 :Language is completely arbitrary.选项：对错答案 :【错】、问题 :The goal of an argument is to beat an opponent.选项：对错答案 :【错】15、问题 : “Water is H2O, and salt is NaCl” is anargument.选项：对错答案 :【错】16、问题 :An argument can succeed in justifying

5、itsconclusion even if its audience rejects the argument s premises.选项：对错答案 :【对】、问题 :When an argument is used for persuasion, its purpose is to cause its audience to believe its conclusion.选项：对错答案 :【对】、问题 :A justification tries to present a reason to believe its conclusion.选项：对错答案 :【对】第二章单元测试1、问题 :Th

6、e word“since ” is always a premise marker.选项：对错答案 :【错】、问题 :If a word in a sentence can be replaced by a conclusion marker without significantly changing the meaning of the sentence, then the word is used as a conclusion marker in that sentence.选项：对错答案 :【对】、问题 :Negative evaluative utterances say that

7、 something violates a standard.选项：对错答案 :【对】、问题 :An assuring term is reflexive when it refers to the mental state of the speaker.选项：对错答案 :【对】5、问题 :The word“too ” in“too small” introducesan evaluation.选项：对错答案 :【对】6、问题 : “If then” is an argument marker.选项：A: 对B: 错答案 :【错】7、问题 :A(n)term is used to indica

8、te that thespeaker has some reasons for what he says without actually specifying what those reasons are.选项：G = guarding termA = assuring termD = discounting termE = evaluative term答案 :【A = assuring term】8、问题 :A(n) _to a possible objection.term is used to indicate a response选项：A = assuring termG = gu

9、arding termD = discounting termE = evaluative term答案 :【D = discounting term】9、问题 :A(n)term is used to weaken a claim in orderto make it easier to defend against possible criticisms.选项：A = assuring termG = guarding termD = discounting termE = evaluative term答案 :【G = guarding term】10、问题:A(n) _term can

10、 be either positive ornegative.选项：A = assuring termG = guarding termD = discounting termE = evaluative term答案 :【E = evaluative term】11 、问题 :Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must chooseonly on

11、e option as the best. From Steven Jay Gould“The Pandas Thumb”: The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devicesfrom the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his

12、 wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are juryrigged from a limited set of available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers. Thus the paradox and the comm

13、on theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated

14、 action of an omnipotent creator. Odd arrangements and funny solutionsare the proof of evolutionpaths that a sensible Godwould never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.选项：P = a premise markerC = a conclusion markerA = an assuring termG = a guarding termD = a d

15、iscounting termE+ = a positive evaluative termE = a negative evaluative termH: N = none of the above答案 :【D = a discounting term】、问题 :Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must chooseonly one optio

16、n as the best. From Steven Jay Gould“The Pandas Thumb”: The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devicesfrom the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom

17、 and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are juryrigged from a limited set of available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers. Thus the paradox and the common them

18、e of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action

19、 of an omnipotent creator. Odd arrangements and funny solutionsare the proof of evolutionpaths that a sensible Godwould never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.选项：A: P = a premise markerC = a conclusion markerA = an assuring termG = a guarding termD = a disco

20、unting termE+ = a positive evaluative termE = a negative evaluative termN = none of the above答案 :【G = a guarding term】、问题 :Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must chooseonly one option as the b

21、est. From Steven Jay Gould Pandas Thumb”: The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, s

22、urely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are juryrigged from a limited set of available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers. Thus the paradox and the common theme of this tri

23、logy of essays: Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an” Theom

24、nipotent creator. Odd arrangements and funny solutionsare the proof of evolution paths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.选项：P = a premise markerC = a conclusion markerA = an assuring termG = a guarding termD = a discounting ter

25、mE+ = a positive evaluative termE = a negative evaluative termN = none of the above答案 :【E+ = a positive evaluative term】、问题 :Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage. Morethan one letter might be acceptable, but you must chooseonly one option as the

26、best. From Steven Jay Gould “The Pandas Thumb”: The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devicesfrom the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and pow

27、er, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are juryrigged from a limited set of available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers. Thus the paradoxand the common theme of this

28、 trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an om

29、nipotent creator. Odd arrangements and funny solutionsare the proof of evolution paths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.选项：P = a premise markerC = a conclusion markerA = an assuring termG = a guarding termD = a discounting ter

30、mE+ = a positive evaluative termE = a negative evaluative termN = none of the above答案 :【A = an assuring term】、问题 :Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must chooseonly one option as the best. From

31、 Steven Jay Gould“The Pandas Thumb”: The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devicesfrom the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions. If God haddesigned a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely h

32、e would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are juryrigged from a limited set of available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers. Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of

33、 essays: Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent cr

34、eator. Odd arrangements and funny solutionsare the proof of evolution paths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.选项：P = a premise markerC = a conclusion markerA = an assuring termG = a guarding termD = a discounting termE+ = a pos

35、itive evaluative termE = a negative evaluative termN= none of the above答案 :【E+ = a positive evaluative term】、问题 :Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage. Morethan one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best. From

36、Steven Jay Gould Pandas Thumb”: The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he w

37、ould not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are juryrigged from a limited set of available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers. Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of es

38、says: Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creat

39、or. Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution paths that a sensible God” Thewould never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.选项：P = a premise markerC = a conclusion markerA = an assuring termG = a guarding termD = a discounting termE+ = a p

40、ositive evaluative termE = a negative evaluative termN = none of the above答案 :【C = a conclusion marker】、问题 :Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage. Morethan one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best. From Steve

41、n Jay Gould Pandas Thumb”: The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would

42、not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are juryrigged from a limited set of available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers. Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays:

43、 Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator. O

44、dd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution paths that a sensible God” Thewould never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.选项：P = a premise markerC = a conclusion markerA = an assuring termG = a guarding termD = a discounting termE+ = a positi

45、ve evaluative termE = a negative evaluative termN = none of the above答案 :【G = a guarding term】、问题 :Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must chooseonly one option as the best. From Steven Jay Gou

46、ld Pandas Thumb”: The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have

47、used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are juryrigged from a limited set of available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers. Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our text

48、books like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for” Theevolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator. Odd ar

49、rangements and funny solutionsare the proof of evolution paths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.选项：P = a premise markerC = a conclusion markerA = an assuring termG = a guarding termD = a discounting termE+ = a positive evaluat

50、ive termE = a negative evaluative termN = none of the above答案 :【N = none of the above】19 、问题 :Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must chooseonly one option as the best. From Steven Jay Gould “T

51、he Pandas Thumb”: The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devicesfrom the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have u

52、sed a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are juryrigged from a limited set of available components. Thus, theymust have evolved from ordinary flowers. Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbo

53、oks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator. Odd arrangem

54、ents and funny solutionsare the proof of evolution paths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.选项：P = a premise markerC = a conclusion markerA = an assuring termG = a guarding termD = a discounting termE+ = a positive evaluative te

55、rmE = a negative evaluative termN = none of the above答案 :【D = a discounting term】、问题 :Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage. Morethan one letter might be acceptable, but you must chooseonly one option as the best. From Steven Jay Gould ” The Panda

56、s Thumb”: The message is paradoxical butprofound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, partsusually fitted for very different functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a col

57、lection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are juryrigged from a limited set of available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers. Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics