语言学总复习市公开课金奖市赛课一等奖课件

1、语言学复习第1页1. Invitations to LinguisticsWhat is language?What are the design features of language?What is arbitrariness?What is duality?What is creativity?What is displacement?第2页7. The origin of language.8. What functions does language have?9. What is Linguistics?10. What are the main branches of ling

2、uistics?11. Important distinctions in Liguistics.1、Descriptive & Prescriptive （描写与要求） 2、Synchronic L & Diachronic L (共时L与历时L) 3、 Langue & Parole（语言与言语） 4、Competence & Performance（语言能力与语言应用）第3页Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.Language is a system.Language i

3、s arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic(内在) connection between a linguistic symbol and what the symbol stands for. “A rose by any other name would smell as sweet.” Romeo and Julier第4页“Design features” here refer to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference betwee

4、n human language and any system of animal communication. They are arbitrariness, duality, creativity, displacement, cultural transmission.第5页2. Speech Sounds1. What is phonetics?2. What are the three main branches of phonetics?3. Classification of English Consonants.4. Classification of Vowels.5. Wh

5、at is phonology?6. Whats the difference between phonetics and phonology?7. What is a phone? What is a phoneme? What is an allophone?第6页What is phonetics? The science studies the characteristics of human sound-making, especially those sounds used in speech, and provides methods for their description,

6、 classification and transcription.第7页 1Articulatory Phonetics 发音语音学Phonetics 2Acoustic Phonetics 声学语音学 3Auditory Phonetics 听觉语音学第8页1. Articulatory Phonetics : the study of the production of speech sounds. 第9页2. Acoustic Phonetics ：is the study of physical properties of the sounds produced in speech.

7、 第10页3. Auditory Phonetics ：is concerned with the perception of speech sounds. 第11页Stop （Plosive） 塞音（爆破音） b p t d k gNasal 鼻音 m n Fricative 擦音 f v s z Approximant 中通音 j r wLateral 边通音 lTrill 颤音 r Tap and Flap 触音 Affricate 塞擦音 t d 第12页Bilabial 双唇音 p b mLabiodental 唇齿音 f vDental 齿音 Alveolar 齿龈音 t d n

8、r s z lPostalveolar 后齿龈音 d tRetroflex 卷舌音 rPalatal 腭音 jVelar 软腭音 k g Uvular 小舌音 rPharyngeal 咽音Glottal 声门音第13页第14页“Phonology” is the study of sound systemsthe invention of distinctive speech sounds that occur in a language and the patterns.音位学研究是一个语言整个语音系统及其分布或布局情况，包含某一特定语言里语音或音位分布和结合规则或规律。第15页Phonet

9、ics studies how speech sounds are made, transmitted and received.Phonology is the study of the sound systems of languages.第16页1） Phone（音素）: a phonetic unit, the smallest part of phonetics. p t k heg. tip; pit; spit 语音属于言语2） Phoneme（音位）：phonological unit 是音位学单位，音位属于语言。/ph p=/ 3）Allophone（音位变体）: The d

10、ifferent phones representing a phoneme are allophones./pit/; / tip/; /spit/ 第17页3. From Morpheme to PhraseWhat is morphology?What is a morpheme? What is an allomorph?What is a free morpheme? What is a bound morpheme?What is a root? What is a stem? What is an affix?What are open classes? What are clo

11、sed classes?What is word? 第18页“Morphology” is the branch of grammar that studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed.“Morpheme” is the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit which cannot be divided.An allomorph refers to a m

12、ember of a set of morphs, which represent one morpheme.第19页Free Morphemes: independent of other plete meaning; used as free grammatical units in sentencesman, earth, wind, car, angerBound Morphemes: cannot occur as separate words recollection re/collect/ion第20页Root（词根） : is the basic form of a word

13、which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity.Stem（词干）: may consist of a single root morpheme or plus one or more affixational morphemes.Affixes（词缀）: are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function.第21页 Closed class words （封闭类词） Open-class words

14、（开放类词） 1) Closed words : their membership is fixed or limited. E.g. pro. prep. conj. art. etc. 2) Open-class words: whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited. e.g. n. v. adj. adv. E.g. regarding / with regard to ; throughout, in spite of第22页Word: is a minimal free form of a language tha

15、t has a given sound and meaning. 第23页4. From Word to Text1. What is syntax?2. What is category? What is syntactic category?3. What is IC analysis? 4. What are endocentric and exocentric constructions?5. What is concord? 第24页1. What is Syntax? Syn :“together ” Tax:“to arrange”Syntax: It studies the r

16、ules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language. In short: It studies the formation of sentences. 第25页2. CategoryCategory refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb.

17、Syntactic category: 能在句子中起相同作用词组成相同句法范围。句法范围不一样于词类，两个属于不一样词类词可能属于同一句法范围。第26页3. What is Immediate Constituent (IC) Analysis? The relation between a sentence and its component elements is a Construction（结构体） and its Constituents（成份）. To analyze their relations is IC. To show how small constituents in

18、sentences go together to form large constituents.第27页With Bloomfields IC Analysis: The boy kicked the ball The boy kicked the ball第28页 S NP VP Det N V NP Det N The boy kicked the ballWith Chomskys Tree Diagram analysis 第29页4. Endocentric and Exocentric constructions:向心结构和离心结构 P78 Endocentric Constru

19、ction: is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents. A word or a group of words serves as a definable “center.”某一成份决定了整体短语性质two pretty girls第30页Exocentric Construction: opposite of endocentric construction, refers to a group of syntactically related

20、 words where none of the words is functionally equivalent to the group as a whole; there is no definable centre or head inside the group.整体短语中成份无法决定整体短语性质。 It includes basic sentence, PP, (V+O) construction, and connective construction (be+complement). 第31页Concord : also known as Agreement, the form

21、 of two or more words in a syntactic relationship should agree with each other in terms of some categories. There is a book on the shelf.There are some books on the shelf.We are studying English.He studies English.第32页5. Meaning1. What is semantics?2. What is referential theory?3. What is ideational

22、 theory?4. What is the Semantic Triangle?5. How many kinds of meaning did Leech find and study?6. What is sense relation?7. What is entailment? What is presupposition？ 8. What is componential analysis? 第33页Semantics: is generally considered to be the study of meaning in language.The theory of meanin

23、g which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to, or stands for, is known as the referential theory.第34页Frege 为填补指称论之不足，提出了观念论，认为语言符号和符号所指对象之间不存在直接指称关系，它是经过涵义（Sense）这一过渡层面使得语言与所指对象发生联络，意义不但仅在于与所指对象之间关系，也包含词语本身涵义。Ideational Theory 观念论第35页Ogden & Richards(1923): Semantic Triangle (Trian

24、gle of Significance) P36 Concept(Sense) 概念（涵义） -word (symbol) thing (referent) 符号形式 指称对象第36页G . Leech recognizes 7 types of meaning in his Semantics.1. Conceptual meaning 概念意义2. Connotative meaning 内涵意义3. Social meaning 社会意义4. Affective meaning 感情意义5. Reflected meaning 反射意义6. Collocative meaning 搭配意

25、义7. Thematic meaning 主题意义第37页Sense relation: A word which is related to other words in sense within a language system itself. 词与词之间不一样涵义关系第38页 Polysemy Homonymy Sense Relation Synonymy Antonymy Hyponymy第39页1. Polysemy (一词多义) ：is the common feature peculiar to all natural languages. 第40页2. Homonymy:

26、The words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling. 第41页 Perfect homonym Homonymy Homographs Homophones 第42页3. Synonymy （同义关系）: words different in sound and spelling but nearly alike or exactly the same in meaning.第43页4. Antonymy （反义

27、关系）: as words which are opposite in meaning. Complementaries Types of antonyms Contraries Converses第44页V. Hyponymy （上下义关系）: deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. The meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word. 第45页Entailment 蕴涵关系：Entailment is an im

28、portant sense relation or logical relation between sentences. a. John killed Bill. b. Bill died. a. I saw a boy. b. I saw a child.(3) a. John is a bachelor. b. John is an unmarried.第46页Presupposition 预设下句为上句预设。 甲：当今法国国王是个秃子。 乙：当今法国有位国王。第47页Componential Analysis(语义成份分析)：by breaking down the sense of

29、a word into its minimal components , digging them out and classifying them, and showing their relationships is termed componential analysis. 第48页father， mother，son，daughter包含了一个两实体间关系词 HUMAN MALE ADULTMan + + +Woman + +Boy + + Girl + 第49页6. Language and Cognition1. What is Cognition?2. What are the

30、main basic elements of cognition?3. What is the core principle of Cognitive Linguistics?4. What is iconicity?5. What is prototype theory?6. What is image schema?7. What is metaphor? What is metonymy?8. What is salience?第50页What is Cognition？Cognition：“认识”和“认知”英汉词典“认识”指客观事体及其规律在人脑中反应。感+理辞海（1989,1999）

31、：认知就是认识，指人类认识客观事物、取得知识活动，包含知觉、记忆、学习、言语、思维和问题处理等过程。当代汉语词典（第5版）：经过思维活动认识、了解。第51页认知最基本两个要素：动觉图式和基本范围：经过人身体与客观外界互动而产生，可被直接了解，其它概念和范围则主要是经过隐喻认知机制而被简练认知。第52页认知语言学关键标准语言也是一个认知活动，是对客观世界进行互动体验和认知加工结果。现实 认知 语言第53页象似性语言符号象似于人们认知方式，且在其作用下一定程度地象似于现实世界，语符形式在音、形或结构上与其所表示意义之间存在映摄影同现象。该描写不但反应了象似性含有普遍性，存在于语言不一样层面，而且还

32、为象似性理论提供了一条可应用系统研究线索。音义象似 形义象似 距离象似性 数量象似性 次序象似性第54页句法象似性距离象似性John Haiman （1983）象似动因与经济动因一文中对距离相同性（the iconicity of distance）描述为：The linguistic between expressions corresponds to the conceptual distance between them.（词句中语符之间距离象似于它们所表示概念距离。）第55页give sb. sth. 与 give sth. to sb. 距离象似性give you a book gi

33、ve a book to youhelp sb. (to) do 结构与距离象似性He helped me finish the meal.He helped me to finish the meal.This medicine will help you to sleep. 第56页apple，treeapple treeapple trees语，文语文语和文第57页次序象似性语言单位排列次序象似于时间次序和文化观念Jacobson (1965) ：The order of clauses corresponds in general to the order of events, as

34、in “I came, I saw, I conquered.”(普通来说，分句次序象似于事件次序，比如：“我来，我看，我征服”。)第58页59英语语序与汉语语序经常是不对应，这是因为英语语序与实际生活中时间次序常是不对应。例：他 从 成都 坐 火 车 经 遂宁 到 重庆。 He came to Chongqing from Chengdu through Suining by train. 第59页 原型范围（范围，即划分类别。男人/女人,好/普通/差）第60页 意象图式 认知语言学关键标准为“现实 认知语言”，这是一个十分笼统概括，其中“认知”包含很多细微过程，我们可将其详述为： 现 实

35、互动体验 意象图式 范围 概念 意义 语 言 从上图可见，意象图式是在互动体验基础上形成，它又是形成范围、概念和意义基础。所以意象图式在认知语言学中含有举足轻重地位。 第61页 语言突显观第62页 语言突显观认为，语言结构中信息选择与安排是由信息突出程度决定。如：The car crashed into the tree. The tree was hit by the car.第63页 台上坐着主席团。 主席团坐在台上。 笑声充满晚会。 晚会充满笑声。 The picture is above the blackboard. The blackboard is below the pictu

36、re.第64页7. Language in Use1. What is pragmatics?2. What is the relation between pragmatics and semantics?3. What is the difference between sentence meaning and utterance meaning?4. What is the speech act theory?5. What is performative and constative?6. What is a locution, an illocution and a perlocut

37、ion?7. What is the cooperative principle?第65页什么是语用学语用学，即研究语言使用学科。 语用学，研究在不一样语境中话语意义恰当地表示和准确地了解，寻找并确立使话语意义得以恰当地表示和准确地了解基本标准和准则。 语用学，研究话语在使用中语境意义，或话语在特定语境条件下交际意义，尤其研究在不一样语言交际环境下怎样准确地了解语言和恰当地利用语言。第66页语义学与语用学联络和区分： 二者都是对意义研究，但它们是在两个不一样层面上对意义进行研究：语义学是对抽象语言能力研究，语用学是对言语行为（即经过言语实施行为，是说话人跟听话人对抽象语言能力利用）研究。二者之

38、间差异大致上就是意义和使用方法之间差异。然而不应该忘记言语行为是语言能力详细表达。 所以我们赞成利奇采取观点：“语义学和语用学是互不相同但又相互补充研究领域。”第67页句子与话语 句子：是一个句法学、语义学概念，是脱离语境条件抽象单位，多用于指抽象语法结构或脱离语境条件结构组合，也就是说,它是按照一定语法规则组合起来、含有意义语言单位，其意义就是词汇意义和语法意义组合，在任何条件下它意义都是恒定。 话语：是一个语用学概念，话语就是特定语境条件中所使用句子、词或词语，表达是特定语境意义。第68页 言语行为理论 是英国约翰兰素奥斯汀1955年提出。他认为：为了传递信息，人们需要使用话语，但话语并非

39、都是为了传递字面意义或表示话语本身语义信息，在很多时候说话人都是在“经过言辞行事”（doing things with words）。比如，实施许诺、发出警告或威胁、表示请求、表示命令、进行批评等。 在一定语境条件下经过话语实施行为，被称为“言语行为”（speech acts），是说话人跟听话人对抽象语言能力利用。第69页I name this ship the Queen Elizabeth.I bequeath my match to my brother.I bet you six pences it will rain tomorrow.I promise to finish it in time.I