2018年高考英语(江苏卷)-Word版含答案

1、2018年高考英语(江苏卷)-Word版含答案2018年高考英语(江苏卷)-Word版含答案2018年高考英语(江苏卷)-Word版含答案2018年高考英语江苏卷-Word版含答案:未经允许 请勿转载 绝密启用前2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英 语江苏卷第一部分 听力共两节,满分0分做题时，先将答案:：标在试卷上。录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案:：:转涂到答题卡上。未经许可 请勿转载第一节 共5小题；每题5分，满分7.5分听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的、三个选项中选出最佳选项。听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对

2、话仅读一遍。未经许可 请勿转载例：Howmuchshe shirt？A. 19. 15B. 9. 18C 9. 15.答案:是C。1Wht il Jas orro?A.Wath a TV proram.B.ve tal.C.Writ a reort.未经许可 请勿转载2.Wacan we about the woa?.e genrr.B.Shes curou.CShes elpful.未经许可 请勿转载3.When does the tran leave?A. ：3.B.At8:.CAt 10:30.4ow does the woman gotoork？A.By a.B.n ft.CBy bi

3、ke 5.What is therobae elatnshipbetween t sekrs?未经许可 请勿转载.Classmate.Beacher and stdnt.CDcto and atet.未经许可 请勿转载第二节共15小题;每题1.5分，满分22.分听下面5段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的、三个选项中选出最佳选项。听每段对话或独白前,你将有时间阅读各个小题,每题秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读两遍。未经许可 请勿转载听第6段材料，回答第6、题。6.What oe he womnreget?A.Givingup her rsearch

4、.Droppinut ofclege.C.haniy hr aor.7.What shwoman intereted instuyin now?.EolgyB.Ecaon. CChemitry. 听第7段材料，回答第8、9题。.Whas he an?A.A hotel manger.BA our guide.C.A taider.未经许可 请勿转载9.h is the n igorthe woman？A.lokin or some locafod.B.Showng her round the sesdeC.feinginormatn aut a otel.听第8段材料,回答第10至12题。10

5、.hre des the convrsation raly tae place?未经许可 请勿转载A.Ina offic.B.At homeCAt artaurat.未经许可 请勿转载1.Whatwl t spkrsdotooroweeig?.Gotoa conertB.Viita friendC.ork exrahour.未经许可 请勿转载12Wh s lice goingto l?.i B.Joan .Caerne .听第9段材料，回答第3至6题。13.hydoe he wmnmeet teman?A.T look at anpaten.B.o elvr some furntureC.To

6、 e a mal toether4.hat does he mnlke about te carpe?Is olor.B.Its desig.CIs ality.未经许可 请勿转载5.Wh deth man ay bout he kitcn？.Its a good size.Its newl ainte. Its adqutel equippd .未经许可 请勿转载16.Whatwiltwoman proably doet?A.Go dowtown.B.Talk witerrnd CMakepnt .未经许可 请勿转载听第1段材料,回答第7至20题。17.o te speae problyta

7、king o?A.Movens .B.News reprers.Colege sudent .未经许可 请勿转载18he ithspeak takEnglhclass?A.Before e left his hotnBAfr hecam tomericaC.We a 1 yars ol.9.w oesth spae fel abut hi teac?A.Hesrou.Hes sympathetic.CHes grteful 未经许可 请勿转载20.What doe the seaernly talkabot ?A.How ducatin hped hisiB.How hilangugills

8、imrovd.ow he manaed hisusissll.第二部分:英语知识运用共两节，满分35分第一节:单项填空共5小题;每题分,满分15分请认真阅读下面各题,从题中所给的A、B、四个选项中,选出最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。例：It is geerlly osired unws tgie a child _ e oshe ants.未经许可 请勿转载A hwever B. whatver C hichver D. wenver未经许可 请勿转载答案:：是。Bybt is heon wa o gt here, which i _ we arrved.未经许可 请勿转载 A where

9、B w. hy. how2. idshoulthaveacesstoienfmsbeaushymight_ thethinshey e A. inicaeB. inetigae C. iitae D. innoate2. Slfdriviniaarea_ Chiaandherestofheworldaeotheamar line. A. tht B where .whic Dwe24.Itstrnhthe_ etakenthebooksithoutheowersermison. .wo.sulC.cou D. might25. DveigteYngtzeRivercooicBelissymat

10、icprojectwic_ a lear oad mp and 未经许可 请勿转载imtbe.A. allsforB. callson C.calsoff cals未经许可 请勿转载2.Around1,50nejobsweeceatedurinthepri， _theexpectednber of12,0 heldby未经许可 请勿转载mrketnayss. avingxeedB. oexcC xcedd. exceedin未经许可 请勿转载2. Theeisagoodsciaieinhvige, adwish_ asonatobecome moeinvled.A.had B. illave

11、C. woldhavehad. aveha未经许可 请勿转载2. Yuknowwhat?IveotaNwYercnrticke.Oh,_ Yorkidng. swha? B.gahea.C. comon. D wha fo?未经许可 请勿转载29. _ youcansleepwell，youwillosetebilittoocu,plaandstay tivateat onewoihts.A ne B.Unss C.f D Whn未经许可 请勿转载0. Iasentothellageastmonthtoseeowteeelopmntplan_ nhpastwoyarsA hdbecariedo

12、u . wuld becried oCisbingcarredout has bee crrid u未经许可 请勿转载3. opfulli225ewilnolongerbee-maiingehother, for_ more conveen lecton未经许可 请勿转载ommuniaiontolbye.A. ave develped B.haddelopedC.wilhaveveloped. deelope未经许可 请勿转载32. Tyonrstandwhatsactuallhaping isteado acig n th _youve ade.A. sgnment . socition C

13、. cquision ssumtion未经许可 请勿转载3.Chinassoftwergro_ thenreainppecitionandundesandng of China gloally.未经许可 请勿转载A. i lie wi . in eplto C in etrnfor D. in our of未经许可 请勿转载4.Dspite the poo serice o the hotel， the mangers _ o inestinsuffiient training or his saff.未经许可 请勿转载 A ke . lutat C. anious D.ready未经许可 请

14、勿转载3 Whatapen? ouoss s to_.Dtyouknowisecretarlekethesecetrrtttheprss？A bevrtemo .auhishaof C. allrs. yofthhadl未经许可 请勿转载第二节：完形填空共20小题;每题1分,满分0分请认真阅读下面短文,从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出最佳选项,并在答题卡上将未经许可 请勿转载该项涂黑。Raynr Winn and herhusbad Mot bame omlss e to theiwrg nvestment. hir svigsd been 未经许可 请勿转载 36 topay

15、 lawyers fees.Toake maters orse, oth wasdagned诊断itha 7 dsese.Thr a no 3 ,only painrelif.未经许可 请勿转载Falintofind ny otherway out, the decied tomae 39 oury,asthe cusiht ofal未经许可 请勿转载hkes徒步旅行者uidThis ws l joure o tomed hardhi nd 40 recvery. Wen leaving hme,Ranor n未经许可 请勿转载Mot hadjst 320 n thebk They annd

16、to kep te 41 lw y livin o boiled oodes, w the 4 amburgershp at.未经许可 请勿转载Wl campin is in England Toaoid bincaugt, the Wnns hd otteirtnt up 4 未经许可 请勿转载a acked iaway ealy in the ornig. Th Winns on discoveredh dail hiking tei 0s islt 45 tha they meme it ws in thei20s. ayor 6 all over and sire a bth. Mot

17、h, mawil，aer an nial , found isymptoms wrestrnely 4 by trdaly tirngjurney未经许可 请勿转载 49 , the coulefund ttther boie turned or hebtter, w re-fon srong mucles ha hey 未经许可 请勿转载hought h 50 evr. Ou haras fredadaing out, ails broken， clothes 5 to hred, ut e weealive.未经许可 请勿转载Duing he jone,aynor ega acaerasa

18、 nture wrter. h wries， 52 ad take evry aeril 未经许可 请勿转载hn om me and left e tornbre，an epty page atthe nd fan 5 written book. It had ao gvn e a 54 , ethe t lave hpae 55 r okeewritin th stoy with oe I chose hope.未经许可 请勿转载36A. np B.useupC bcedp D.epup37.A. mldB omon. prevntabD. seious8. A. ureB.luk .r D

19、. promise39.businssB. akingC. bu D railA. expctedB. frghening. sappotnD. srii41. . budget. revenueC.compnsaonD. allownce4. A.fquenB ocasinal. abudatD nstat43 A unpoplaB. lawfu.atacveD. ilegal44. Ason B erly . late D. slwl未经许可 请勿转载45. .adeB eser cheaper. funie46. A rolledB.bleC. hdD. trembled47. A sr

20、uge. prore. xcitementD.esearch8.A dveopedB contlled reducedD. icased4 A. IiiallyB vntal.TeporarlyD. Cnsuently5.A. gained epC.ound D. los A ew B.aed C. orn D. irond52. A.DocrsB. Hiking C. wyers . Hmlsnes53. ell B. parl neatl D. origilly54. A. chcBewar C.promise D brek5. A.loose B. full .blnk D. misin

21、g未经许可 请勿转载第三部分: 阅读理解共15 小题；每题2 分, 满分0 分请认真阅读以下短文, 从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、四个选项中,选出最佳选项， 并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。Te etroolia Mueum ofAt1000 FifhAveueYok, NY 00811-53710 www.etmuseum.ognanceFift venue a 82nd StretHou 7 days week.Sudy-Tsay 1:00-17:30riday and Sarday 10：00-2:0Clsed hksgvng Day, Dceme2,Januay1,anthe frst Mon

22、d inMay.未经许可 请勿转载Amissin$2.rcommdedfaduts, $12.0recomned or students,includes teain BilingandheClosters回廊on te sae day;fre fo chren unde12 wthanadult.未经许可 请勿转载Freeith AdissionAll spcia exhibitios, ellsfims， lecturs, uidd turs,cocerts, gallry talks， d未经许可 请勿转载am/childnspogramsarefeewithmiso.未经许可 请勿转载

23、sk bout todays activiies at the reat Hal Infrmao Dek.未经许可 请勿转载The Cloisters Muum a Grdenh Cloisers museum an rdenis abracho Te Metropoi Mseum oft devotet th r ad archiecur o Europe in the Midde Ages. Theeenve未经许可 请勿转载colectionconiss of masterworks in supture, coord glas,andprecis objects from urope

24、atin rom bt t9h tohe15th cenry.未经许可 请勿转载ors： en 7 das a wee.rch-Otber 10:017:15Nvebe-Fbuar 10：00-16:45led Thanksgiinga, Decembe25,anJanary .未经许可 请勿转载5. How mucay ey pyf n 1-ye-old gl ad her working parents vsit the msum?未经许可 请勿转载A. $2B. $7. $ 50.D $ 657. The attactionofte Cloisers ueumad gard lies t

25、he fctta _未经许可 请勿转载A.it oensall theyea rond . its collectins ae from te MiddeAeC.i hsa moder uoea-tle gardeDi selsexclentEuopean glass olectiosBIn te 160s, MahrnRozeopn aseres ofhs t boast享有aspeciametspcalled cosomme. Although the mai attctonw hsup， Roe chainso loet aewsandad or iningo, whihheledtoe

26、tablih Roze s te vetoof th moern retarn未经许可 请勿转载Tody，schols havgenratedlarg amounts finstruive rearh about resturants.Tae未经许可 请勿转载suahints tha infune what we et: ders srved theselves abot 20 percent ore pasa意大利面食when thir plaes mtchedthir fd. Whena dk-colored cake was erved o blaplaeraher thana whit

27、e one,cmersrcogni i s weeter nd mre asty未经许可 请勿转载iting maer, to. hen Bel restrnt customr ae indrness, thy culdnt tlhow uch theyd had: thoseivn ea-large shar t e th veyoneee, bt were none he wierhey dt feelfuller, and ey wre just as redfordessert.未经许可 请勿转载ime is mney, but thatpriclemeasfernt hings fo

28、r iferent typs o esaurats. Unikefsfood plae. ine inigshops pfrcsters o sta loernd spend n wa to未经许可 请勿转载encourage csomer tosta ndoderta exra rou: pu n soe Mozart莫扎特hen未经许可 请勿转载clsical, ath han op， music w pln, dnsspent moe Ftuic urid dinrs out.未经许可 请勿转载Paticula s alsohave aneffec: drs wogot te scent

29、of vender薰衣草sayed loner未经许可 请勿转载and spemre thn those who selld lemon,o nosce未经许可 请勿转载Meanwile,higsha omight expect to dscourae endingbad be, rowdng未经许可 请勿转载high prices dn cessril Dines at ad ale net to the kitc door,a spen nearl as uhas ots bt soo fld.It canbe concudea rsaurant kepers need no be ove

30、rly conerned ab b abes， ge that theyrepoitbleAs or wds,aHogon studyfun thtthey icease restaants eputain,suggstin grat food at firpricenddublig a bufts pic led some to say that its piza was 1 rcenttastier.未经许可 请勿转载5. Theneind hase none te wser n pragrph3 mst probaly lies that the 未经许可 请勿转载 cutomers w

31、er .A. ot aare f eating ore hanusual B. not wllin to sare fd with thrsC.not consciu f h food quay D. nt fn of he food provied59. w could a ne diningshpmemore roft?未经许可 请勿转载. playin clsical musicB. Intoduci leon scent.C.Makng e itbrig,. Uing plates f lge e.0 What doestheastrgphtalk bout？A. Tipsto ttr

32、actore customers.B.Problemsresauants e fed ith.C.Wa toimpove rsurans retio.D. Commonisundertandi bout retaunts.CI youwat o ditub ha dustr，oud betteravea few il dolrs： mand-pop未经许可 请勿转载crakers ar unikey t eatte ggest cr ompnes. Bt in agriculure, smllfarmes c get未经许可 请勿转载ebst of major plersB connectin

33、g directy with customes，and byponding quikl t未经许可 请勿转载changes in he markets as wl the cosstes生态系统, smllarmern ep one ste未经许可 请勿转载aheadof bigguys. A the ofounder f the Ntional ng Frs Coalitio NYFC, 美国青年农会ad a fmy arer mysf. I have rnt-o eato he nnao mongsllfarmers that e rasfomin th ndustry.未经许可 请勿转载

34、Fo example, taketheuck CutGreen Harestr， a tool devlope ju a uleof ya go bya ong farer， Jnathan Dysinge, n Tnesse, wi sall loan fom loalSlow Mey grup Itnabssmal-scl rmers tohaves17 ndsof g vegetabls per houa hg provmet ver hasting js a few dozen ns by hdsddenlymking poble fot litteguyto compte with

35、large famsf aior.efor th ool cm ot, sml armes oudntouchte rice pr poud fered b Caifonia frms. But now, with t combinaionof btte priepiand a gnerallyfshe prduct,they can stay iusiness.未经许可 请勿转载Thessanab sucessof smal rm,thoug， wnthpen tt fundameta change未经许可 请勿转载to the idsy. ne crcia actor issecure a

36、ccess to ld. otiiono vstors.delopers， nd tablishe large farers makes ownin ons wn land uatainable formany new fmes.未经许可 请勿转载Frm0 o 013, ricturalland vles dobled， and they continue to se nma regin.未经许可 请勿转载Anothe chalenge for mre hn a miln of the most qualified farmorkers ndnaers sa no-eten ath tocit

37、iensip he geaest barier t uilding a farm of hr wn. Witharmers vr thageo 65ounubi多于farer ygerthan 3 b six to oe， andwih wothrds of the ations farman n eedo a new frmer, w msclear thahor talented people illng togrow the ntio fo.未经许可 请勿转载Teearesutions that culdlihtth toard a esustaiead far armecnom，未经许

38、可 请勿转载but arers cant clumsl pu thm ogtebeeus. We a heNYC needbroa pprt as we未经许可 请勿转载urg Cogress tocresearmland cosra,as w push or immgrationeorm， and as 未经许可 请勿转载seek picies that willensureth s of a diversend mbitious nx geraton ffarms fom未经许可 请勿转载al bckgroud. With a n far il be debed inCongress, c

39、osumers mustke a stand with yunfarers.未经许可 请勿转载6.The uthor mentios carndury t the binnofte passa to ntroduce .未经许可 请勿转载A. he prgres mae cariustrB. apcial aure of agrculteC. a trend of develpmentin aricultureD. th impoe of estginaindusty6.Wa dos h uor wantto llustewththe eml in pararp 2?未经许可 请勿转载Loan

40、 tosall oca famer are necessary.B.Tehnology i vital fr ariculturadevloment未经许可 请勿转载 Copetiionetwe small andbi farmsis fierce未经许可 请勿转载. Smll armers may ga om advantago big nes.未经许可 请勿转载6 Wha s hediult forthos ewfrmers? o ga morfnaial iB. To hre ood farm mager.C. Tohve ansofhir own.D. n ol fars spport

41、. What shul fams fr ore sustainaba ai fa ecnmy?未经许可 请勿转载A. Seek suprt eyondNYFC.B. pndfarmland nseaon.C. ecomeebes YC. Ivet or o imprv tecnolgy.Dilenas oung a ten are beomigdepenosocalediafor their snsof self-orth， a majr stdy ar未经许可 请勿转载It foud n unstr少年no masur eir status y ho uhpublic approthe未经许

42、可 请勿转载gt in, ten hrough “ike. So chang thei beior in e leomprove therimagethe we.未经许可 请勿转载The rot into younsers gd from 8 to 12 wacarried out bChrens Cmmissioner 专未经许可 请勿转载员Anne onieldSe i socia edia frms we xpsgchldremajor mtional risks,未经许可 请勿转载wih some youngters strtng seondary shool l-quppd to p

43、e with the tmendo pressure未经许可 请勿转载hey faednline.ome soca aps erepopular amn techildren eve thouh h spsedlyrequire usersobealeat 13.eoungtrs admitted planig trip aroundpottia hot-ootunities ate essagingriedand frieds offres to dead “lkes for tei online t.未经许可 请勿转载Te eprtfunth yogtersfelteirfrinship

44、ouldbe at risk if ty id ot rspond未经许可 请勿转载t scal mdapos quicky， and arund eclc.未经许可 请勿转载hidenagedto 1 we startin tfe happwhen othersliked e ot.wver,未经许可 请勿转载those in the 0 to 12a gropwerecncerned th how ny peolelikethir posts,suggeting a“needfor ocial recognitin hat et strongr thodr tey become未经许可 请

45、勿转载Mis Lngfel warned hat a neratio o chidnrisked gringupworabut eir未经许可 请勿转载aparanc and imaasa resltote unralistc lfesyles fllown plafrm,and未经许可 请勿转载ineasngly axiab swiching off ue o the consntemands o socl medi.未经许可 请勿转载esad:hidren e sing socialedia wih family adiedsnd tpla games when未经许可 请勿转载the r

46、 inprmary schol. Bu what sarts as funusagof as tunintotrmedo rsr n未经许可 请勿转载rea soil media inractionat secondary shool.未经许可 请勿转载As their word expaned. shsid, chilpared thsvesto tes nl n wa ttwashugelyaaging nermsof teir sef-ident, n terms f their ofience, also in term of their abilty to developthemse

47、lvs未经许可 请勿转载ssLogield added: The there i thi ush to connectifyou go ofline，willou miss未经许可 请勿转载omethig, wilyou mss out, wil you shw that dntar aboutthosepeople yo ar未经许可 请勿转载olowing,al of those cme tether i ahug way atonc.未经许可 请勿转载For chiren t vry, ver dffict to cope with eotoall he Children Commiss

48、ioner for nands tuyli inLkeund hat chidn as younas 8 wereusin ocial medi ltfrms lagely o play.未经许可 请勿转载Hover, the eserhinvoineig grous f 3cldren aged 812suggestedthat as heheaded oward teir es, they bameicreasingl aus onin.未经许可 请勿转载y he te hy tated sendry soola age 11childre we areay frmewar ofhr ae

49、online andl under he pssure enure eiposts e poulr,the report found.未经许可 请勿转载wevr,e stl dotknowhw to ceih an-spiritd oks, or the sene of未经许可 请勿转载ncomeenetey igh feeli thecmpared theselves to cebrties名人r ore brilliant未经许可 请勿转载friend online The rprt said they als faced pree to rspond saes at all hours

50、f te未经许可 请勿转载dyepelly a sendarschoo wh mor ounster have bile hones.未经许可 请勿转载Th Chidres Cmmissor aid schoo an parent must nw mre o repare hildren未经许可 请勿转载for the emotional mnefield雷区they facd nlne. And sh said soc mia comanes must未经许可 请勿转载alsoae e rposibility The shud either moit wesie better so tat

51、chldre ntsgn u too eary, or hey shoud adust thrwebsit to the neds ofyoungr sr.未经许可 请勿转载Javed Kn, of idrens crity Bmdo, sai： Itvital thate cplsry age未经许可 请勿转载aporite etonshipndsex educatnlssons in England shud help equiphildre t dea未经许可 请勿转载wit h grong dmands of scial mea.“Its lso uely iportat fr pae

52、t t ko which apps heir childen areuig.未经许可 请勿转载5.Wyidsesecondary school tudens eeltoo ucpesure?未经许可 请勿转载. Th were not providewith aquate eqipmt.未经许可 请勿转载B. hey renot ell prepaed for etinal riks.未经许可 请勿转载C. They were rured o ivequick rspossD. They wre preventedfrm uing moie phones.6. ome cial app com

53、panies we olabecase .未经许可 请勿转载A. ty idntaequtely c heir user eistaton未经许可 请勿转载B. theyrgaized photo tipsto attractmore yongsters未经许可 请勿转载C theyencuragedygsters to pt mo photos未经许可 请勿转载D. heydidnt op yongsrsfromstayin p le未经许可 请勿转载67 Cildrens compaigthemselves t otesonli my led to .未经许可 请勿转载A. es frnd

54、lnsst each otherB. low selidntity ad cfence. n nreseionlie chatngD. on desr to styoline68. Acordig o Lfe inLike，as chilre grw, tbeame re anious to .未经许可 请勿转载A circuate teir poss quickly .knw the uaiteo hpossC.us oile nes for plyD. gemo pulic approval69. Wha rent d t sove he prl?. Commucaemorewithseo

55、ndary schols. rge mei copnes to cret sfer app.C. eep rack ofchilns uof soci meiaD. Forbd hir cildrn fm visitin te we.70 Wha os thepag nytalkabou?A Theifuee fsocial media nchldren. Teimportanc of scia edia childen.C. The prolem in buildin a hathyelationship.未经许可 请勿转载D. e easure torduceriskfrom cial m

56、edia.第四部分:任务型阅读共0小题;每题1分，满分1分请认真阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。注意：请将答案:写在答题卡上相应题号的横线上。每个空格只填一个单词。Hw Ats romoe urEco hmost peplehikof the r, thy imaine the ed produc, tebauiful pitg, wonrl pie f usic, or an ward-nnigeforn i the teater.Bt ats gopsbrin broae vlue to ou commnities.Theenmi mpac of h

57、e rtsis ftn vlooed adbdly judged未经许可 请勿转载 hat create jbstt hep evl th eonmy. n en performa take a tour b ful of artists，tehnial exers, mangrs, mucians, r wtes to reat anapealing pcofart. These peple earn a ling waeor heiroesonl knoledge and skils.未经许可 请勿转载 Anther rop ofols s neeed to lp arket teeent

58、. “ youbuild hey will coe is a misleadng belief. Paints, digtal mdixerts, potoaphrs, boking agents anrmoers ar hied to selticke ad pomote theevet. Acordin the Dallas Ar Cultral docacy Coaliion,as encis emloy mrethan ,00 peope s ful-or partteepyees o inenent cractors.未经许可 请勿转载 A successful artsighbor

59、oods ceate a rippe efc连锁反应throuhouta ommit. n 005， when the ishp Art Teare was donatedto ur town, he lction was cnideed a poor areaof town. After inestig mor thn 1 lion i recnstructing the u,e bean rocing a ful season of theater perfoances, jz cncerts， d yearroud arteucagrams in8. Nary 0percet o jaz

60、zloer lve ouse f t Dlla citylmts and drve r fy to enjoyan evenn nte Bhop Arts Dstr.未经许可 请勿转载 Ndoub the heate has cntb to t eas delpmet an eonomic owth Today,therea alleres，studios, returans and nly builtor spaces weenighbo shre exeienes, whee he is rnew ifan negy. n th wa, ats and culure ls serve as