07工程翻译-英汉短文

1、PASSAGE Sinceabout 1800, near thebeginningof the IndustrialRevolution, coal, petroleum, and gas havebeenused a ly increasing rate. The supply of these fuels is limited, and er is very any .Some scientists ve solar energy is the only source which can meet PASSAGE Sinceabout 1800, near thebeginningof

2、the IndustrialRevolution, coal, petroleum, and gas havebeenused a ly increasing rate. The supply of these fuels is limited, and er is very any .Some scientists ve solar energy is the only source which can meet the worlds enormous need Great progress had been made in harnessing the sun. Not only is t

3、he sun now used in cooking, but it er for such things as beacon lights for ships and airplanes. It ephone lines, portable radios, clocks, hearing aids, and even communications lites. Some homes and office arenowbeingheatedwithsolarhe United The three most significant types of solar equipment so far

4、are the furnace, the still, and the cell. heat water or air, which is then circulated through a building to make it comfortable. Solar stills lly important because they can provide fresh water at a relatively cheap rate. Salt can be easily fromseawatersolarThe most highly developed is the solar cell

5、. Some cells are so t they can turn 16 per cent of energy they receive from the o electric energy. One of the cells biggest advantages t it can be eithersmallenoughtocarryorlargeenoughtoproduceatcanrunanautomobile.Besides,sa long life. It is still too expensive for the average consumer. But when way

6、s are discovered to produce it cheaply,wecanexpectitsusetobewide-Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theoriescentering on the t children engage in criminal beh

7、avior because they were not sufficiently penalized for misdeeds t they have learned criminal behavior eraction with others. Theories focusing on role of society t children commit crimes in response to their failure to rise above their usorasa rejectionofmiddle-classMost theories of juvenile delinque

8、ncy have focused on children from disadvantaged the tchildren from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes for lack of parentalcontrol.Alltheories,however,areiveand aresubject toChanges in the l structure may indirectly affect juvenile crime rates. For le, changes in economy,

9、which lead to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment in general, make employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent urn lead more o s have also experienced changes these years. More s consist of one parent households or working parents; consequently, childr

10、en are likely to have less at n was common in traditional family structure. This lack of parental isthought to be an influence on juvenile crime Other identifiable causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased availability of drugs and alcohol, and the growing inci

11、dence of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increasethe probability of a child committing a criminal act, although a direct causal relationship has not yet (错觉cancuthighways reduced automobilecrashes on some roads by nearly 75 percent using a veit ornot,opticalJapan isa case

12、 in .optical . Bent stripes, called chevrons (人字形，箭尾形herringbone) , ed on the roads make tthey are driving ntheyreallyare, and(错觉cancuthighways reduced automobilecrashes on some roads by nearly 75 percent using a veit ornot,opticalJapan isa case in .optical . Bent stripes, called chevrons (人字形，箭尾形he

13、rringbone) , ed on the roads make tthey are driving ntheyreallyare, andthus driversslowNowtheAmericanAutomobiletionFoundationforTrafficSafetyinWashingtonD.C.isplanningrepeat Japans s. Starting next year, the foundation will chevrons and other patterns of stripes selectedroadsaroundthecountrytotestho

14、wwellthepatternsreducehighwaysive speed plays a major role in as much as one fifth of all fatal traffic accidents, according to foundation. To help reduce those accidents, the foundation will conduct its tests in areas where speed-hazardsarethegreatestcurves,exitslopes,trafficcircles,andSome t strai

15、ght, horizontal bars ed across roads can initially cut the average speed drivers in half. However, traffic often returns to full speed with ed bars.Chevrons, scientists say, not only give drivers the onths as e used to seeing t they are driving n they really but also make a lane appear to be narrowe

16、r. The result is a longer lasting reduction in highway speed and numberoftraffic铁路客运公司) was experiencing a down-swing in rider-ship (Amtrak ty shipments)alongthelinescomprisingitsrailsystem.OfmajorconcerntoAmtrakanditsadvertisingagencyDDB Needham, were the long-distance western routes where rider-sh

17、ip had been declining significantly.At one time, trains were the only practical way to cross the vast areas of the west. Trains were fast, very luxurious, and quite convenient compared to other forms of ion existing at the time. However, change and the automobile became Americas standard of convenie

18、nce. Also, air travel had easily itself as the fastest method of traveling great . Therefore, tile task for DDB Needham was to consumers to consider other aspects of ravel in order to change their attitudes and increase the ttrainswouldbeconsideredforTwo portions of the total market he ed: 1) anxiou

19、s rsthose concerned with safety, and cleanliness and 2) travel-loversthose viewing themselves as relaxed, casual, erested in the experience as part of their ncy then developed nt focused on travel such as freedom, , relaxation, and enjoyment of the great western outdoors. It stressed byusingthetrain

20、sandportrayedwestern ripsas wonderfulAdvertisements showed pictures of the beautiful t could be enjoyed along some of the famous western routes and emphasized the names of some of these trains (Empire Builder, etc.) ads were strategically placed among family-oriented TV shows and programs involving

21、nature and America orderto mosteffectively .Resultswereimpressive.TheEmpireBuilder,whichwasoninone ad,enjoyed a15percentincreasein profitson itsChicago toSeattle ve something new to look at as they fly over Britains People ondonsHeathrowcity. It is striking, simple and a little strange. The Millenni

22、um Dome is a huge semi-circle of plastic and steel itcontainsthe largestpublic heworld.sbeen built to house an exhibition of ve something new to look at as they fly over Britains People ondonsHeathrowcity. It is striking, simple and a little strange. The Millennium Dome is a huge semi-circle of plas

23、tic and steel itcontainsthe largestpublic heworld.sbeen built to house an exhibition of tis best in life, learning and leisure. The Millennium Dome was designed by Sir Richard Rogers, one of Britains famousarchitects.Hisworkisnjustaspectacularthingtolookatand walkaround.Italsosthe tdevelopments in a

24、rchitecture. Think of it as a giant clue to the buildings in which we will all be living henear But buildings are also a part of history. Walking around the Forbidden City gives us a storing ife was like in imperial court of China. People make judgments about what it was like to live in a timeandpla

25、cedbythebuildingsitproduced.Theyexpressthecultureofthe British architects like Richard Rogers, Lord Norman Foster and Zahia Hadid are all aware of responsibility.While theyhavedifferent individual styles, their workalsohas acommon thevaluesoftheinformation tis to What is an “information age” buildin

26、g? The Dome is a good le. After the Millennium exhibition it will be used for e. Just as people no longer have “jobs for life”, modern buildings are foranumberofdifferentAnother Richard Rogers building, the ou Center in France, uses the t information communication. Instead of being he walls, heating

27、 pipes and elevators are open to public view. ou Center is a very honest building. ls you how it works. A typical information age building contain large open and use as much natural light sible. It will not be shut away from the Instead it will share “public space.” The aim is to break down barriers

28、 and to encourage human contact and Richard Rogers himself says, “We used to have a highly ritualistic life where everybody went to work he morning, including Saturday, came home totally exhausted and went to bed. You went on dong until you retired or died. Society is ore n it used to be. People wan

29、t to go where they pleasethe cinema or museums or just to meet each other. Why cant we meet our girlfriends or boyfriends in human For most of the 20th century, architecture was dominated by the ideaof “modernism.” This wasa of the industrial age which put efficiency before emotion. Factories were t

30、o work and homes machinesfor“living”.Thenewarchitecturalthinkingt shouldbeadaptedtopeople,notviceEvery city has its own character and whilst each is different from its neighbors, all human settlements express in their architecture and urban design some of the most significant aspects of their develo

31、pment. Topography and climate, the availability of different building materials, perhaps even more the evolving l and economic and the advance of technology by which cultural progress is measured heform and functionofourHistorically some towns grew at the bridging s of rivers, some developed from mi

32、litary centers of education and learning, or of religion. Some were planned but most were not. With new centers grew ly near the source of materials or er to use them. Finally there were the （货物集散地）andcapitalsofempiresButwhatevertheoriginalreasonofacityinfluencingitsinitialformarchitecture, other us

33、es soon develop, urban prosperity and vitality depending on the quality ty eraction n all the ivities, planned or unplanned, and particularly on the speed of response changingasoldindustriesdeclineonlytogivewayIn past centuries most buildings were made of local materials in form adapted to both soci

34、ety and only the most important being designed by architects or list builders who then often used imported more durable materials. With the development eraction n all the ivities, planned or unplanned, and particularly on the speed of response changingasoldindustriesdeclineonlytogivewayIn past centu

35、ries most buildings were made of local materials in form adapted to both society and only the most important being designed by architects or list builders who then often used imported more durable materials. With the development of mass communication over the years t has Building designs, methods an

36、d materials are now ernational and standardized, changing ofteninaccordwiththees n theneedfor As ended use of a building is (or should be) reflected in its design as well as the form and character a city is a consequence of its economy and l structure. And just as buildings are altered, adapted or t

37、he better to cater for new needs, often of a character quite different from r ones, it must be t ensure the prosperity of a community over time a human settlement, be it village, town or city, must continually to reflect new , lly t industries can generally be located wherever it thefancyorthe ofthe

38、 Sometimes change ed because it is a consequence of increased wealth or l us; itionfrequentlyarisesquiteillogically,perhapsfromanapparentdislikeofanyalterationtowhat isor because of a fear of the future, overlooking the t evolutionary change is the single most characteristic of cities. How to t chan

39、ge in order to realize the most l combination of old new rpetual problem, lly as the impact on development of the ever accelerating rate of innovation ernational communications and public alike, who by outlook and institution are better equipped to deal pastnpreparing to take t The use of er has alr

40、eady spread all over the world. However, scientists still have not agreed what should be done with the large amounts of waste t tend to increase every year. Most materials are ed of simply by placing them somewhere. But nuclear waste must be handled with great It gives off dangerous radiation and it

41、 will continue to be deadly for How should we get rid of such waste materials in such a dreds, thousands, or even millions t it will rm the environment? canwe safelydistributeit?Oneideaistoputthisradioactive wasteinsideathick container,whichis then to the deep bottom of the ocean. But some scientist

42、s t this way of discarding nuclear waste could fish and otherliving he oceans erfere with theirgrowth. Anotherwayto remove nuclearwasteissend o space, to the sun, where it would be burned. Other t this polluting material buried thousandsof metersunder the rface. dergroundareasmustbe free siblearebei

43、ng made.But itmaystillbe manyyears beforethisproblemcouldbefinally ASewageTreatmentSewage treatment requires the removal of major contaminants from waste water in order to purify it reuse. This s takes place in sewage treatment plants and requires the use of l equipment chemicals.Thesewagetreatments

44、is othreestagesprimary(第一treatment,secondary（第二treatmentandtertiary（第三During the primary stage of treatment, large, heavy, suspended solids（悬浮固体）are removed from sewageinflow（流入，注入）Thepollutedassesthroughascreen（筛） oagritchamber（沉砂池anic solids drop to the bottom of the grit chamber. Then the pollute

45、d water continues to o （澄清槽）wheresludge（泥浆，沉淀物）fromthewaterothesludge（泥消化池）Fromthereitflowsouttoasewageinflow（流入，注入）Thepollutedassesthroughascreen（筛） oagritchamber（沉砂池anic solids drop to the bottom of the grit chamber. Then the polluted water continues to o （澄清槽）wheresludge（泥浆，沉淀物）fromthewaterothesl

46、udge（泥消化池）Fromthereitflowsouttoadryingbed（干燥床）Thewatercontinuestoflowthroughtheto henextphaseofthe treatmentIn the secondary anic matter is further broken up and removed. As the water flows from otheir.This sincreasestheoxygen contentthewaterandalsoincreasesthenumberof aniss tfeedondissolvedwastes.T

47、hentheo a chlorination chamber（氯化室）. In this phase of the s, chlorine kills most of the After leaving the chlorination chamber the water begins the tertiary or final stage of his by chemical and physical means（化学和物理方法）. Now the water is ready for reuse.To summarize, waste water can be made reusable in sewage treatment facilities by undergoing a three-treatment s. These stages include primary treatment which remov