汽车与电气自动化

1、汽车与电气自动化第1页，共12页，2022年，5月20日，9点2分，星期四 Benz 奔驰HONDA 本田AUDI 奥迪第2页，共12页，2022年，5月20日，9点2分，星期四兰博基尼The end第3页，共12页，2022年，5月20日，9点2分，星期四 Automotive Lighting The worlds first practical automobile was invented by Karl Benz in 1885. With a top speed of less than 10 miles per hour, only one major obstacle stoo

2、d in its waydarkness. The “Benz Patent Motorwagen,” for all of its technological achievements, didnt have headlights. Automotive lighting refers to the illumination systems of the automobile. From headlights to taillights, blinkers to side markers, dashboards to vanity lights, modern automotive ligh

3、ting has come a long way from Karl Benzs solutionthe gas lantern. Lets look at the different types of bulbs that can currently be found in automobiles: Incandescent Halogen (Halogen). A halogen lamp also uses a (tungsten) metal filament, but it is encased inside a much smaller quartz bulb (the heate

4、d filament is so close to the walls of the bulb, that a bulb made of glass would melt). The gas inside the bulb is halogen, a gas that actually helps extend the life of the filament and bulb through a recycling process that allows the bulb to last much longer than the tungsten counterpart. Since hal

5、ogen bulbs burn hotter, they emit more light. Their visible light is also much whiter, allowing drivers to see further down the road. Under normal use, halogen bulbs will last approximately 60,000 miles of driving. High-Intensity Discharge (HID). The bluish tint you see on some vehicle headlights is

6、 created by a light technology that uses no filament. High-Intensity Discharge (HID) bulbs, also commonly referred to as xenon headlights, create light by applying electricity to high-pressure gasxenon in this case. The gas is heated white hot, giving off visible light that appears nearly bluish-whi

7、te in color. The color of the light is much closer to the color of sunlight, making it comfortable for the driver. The HID bulb uses less electricity, and lasts much longer than the other types of filament bulbs. HID bulb life is approximately 200,000 miles. 第4页，共12页，2022年，5月20日，9点2分，星期四 What bulbs

8、will I find in my vehicle What bulbs will? In 1898, the first electric headlights appeared as an optionon some vehicles, but their application was hardlywidespread. Cadillac introduced the first electrical lightingand ignitionsystemequipped with shock-resistant incandescent headlightbulbs in 1912. S

9、hortly thereafter, nearly all vehicleswere exclusivelyusing incandescent bulbs, in headlights, interiorlightsand fordashboard illumination. Replacing bulbs wascommonplace, as they burned out frequently. Todays headlights are typically halogen bulbs, with standard or focused lenses, placed behind pla

10、stic covers (for aerodynamics and bulb protection). Upscale vehicles are often equipped with HID headlights with an auto-leveling feature to ensure that the light is directed properly for different vehicle-load conditions. Adaptive headlights, which were recently introduced, turn with the vehicle to

11、 aid illumination while cornering. Daytime running lights keep the headlights illuminated during the day for increased vehicle visibility in traffic. The future of automotive lightingThough HID technology seems optimal for headlight use, it is the light-emitting diode, or LED, that will be commonpla

12、ce on nearly all automobiles in the future. Their low cost, small size and extreme reliability will allow them to become the “light of choice” for exterior and interior automotive lighting. As LED technology is still relatively new, advancements will soon increase light output by nearly 30 timesenou

13、gh to even make LED headlights feasible. Like the gas lantern hung on the first automobile, it is just a matter of time before the traditional filament-based bulb burns out completely. back第5页，共12页，2022年，5月20日，9点2分，星期四Rain-Sensing Wipers Windshield wipers, which have been standard equipment on most

14、vehicles since 1916, were developed to improve visibility during inclement weather. For nearly 100 years, drivers operated the wipers with manual controls mounted on the dashboard. Today, technology has made possible motorized windshield wipers that automatically recognize a developing visibility pr

15、oblem and clear the glass before the driver can react to the problem.The term “rain-sensing wipers” is commonly used for a system designed to clear the windshield of rain, snow, and debris without driver intervention. The system is programmed to automatically activate and alter the speed and rate of

16、 the wiper blades to keep outward visibility unobstructed at all times. A rain-sensing wiper system does not clean the windshield any better than a manual system; it simply monitors outward visibility and automatically activates the wipers.第6页，共12页，2022年，5月20日，9点2分，星期四How do they work?The technology

17、 behind rain-sensing wipers is not complicated. A small area of the front windshield glass is monitored by an optical sensor. The sensor is designed to project harmless infrared light at the windshield at an angle and then read the amount of light that is reflected back. A clean windshield will refl

18、ect nearly all of the light back, while a wet or dirty windshield will cause the light to scatter. The optical sensor can determine the necessary frequency and speed of the windshield wipers by monitoring the amount of light reflected back into the sensor. What are the benefits of rain- sensing wipe

19、rs?The benefits of a rain-sensing wiper system are most obvious during inconsistent rain or snow, when a standard wiper system requires constant attention by the driver to keep the windshield clear. Under such conditions, the rain-sensing system adapts to periods of heavy rain or snow and increases

20、the speed of the wipers. During dry periods, when the windshield is clear, the wipers completely stop. If other vehicles splash or spray water or debris on the windshield, the rain-sensing system automatically intervenes by starting the wipers to keep visibility unobstructed. 广告小插曲 back第7页，共12页，2022

21、年，5月20日，9点2分，星期四Electronic Stability Control In the early days of the automotive industry, stability meant keeping the vehicle upright and the passengers comfortable. Engineers spent decades working out ride and handling compromises to develop suspensions that effectively control thousands of pounds

22、 of automotive steel, rubber, and glass when in motion. As vehicle suspensions and roads have become much more refined, the term “automotive stability” has evolved to mean something very different. Today, stability refers to keeping drivers in control and ensuring that the vehicle remains on the roa

23、d through all types of maneuvers, planned or otherwise. Engineers developed Electronic Stability Control (ESC), a technology designed to help keep the vehicle stable and on the road, regardless of conditions or steering inputs from the driver. Technically, ESC is a computerized system that regulates

24、hydraulic and mechanical components on the vehicle to assist driver control. The systemworks full time, requires no driver interaction, and is completely transparent to thedriveruntil it is needed.Sudden steering wheel inputs on ice or snow, on dirt or gravel roads, or even during emergency avoidanc

25、e maneuvers, can immediately put your vehicle in an unstable an unstable statea condition where it is nearly uncontrollable. In these circumstances, without an ESC system or expert driver training, your vehicle would be nearly impossible to keep on the road. 第8页，共12页，2022年，5月20日，9点2分，星期四Technology b

26、uilt on ABS and traction control Following the modern development of automotive anti-lock brakes (ABS) in the 1980s, and traction control in the 1990s, the development of stability control was the next logical progression. All three share the same technology, and all operate in conjunction with one

27、another in an automotive environment. In a typical electronic stability control system, the anti-lock brake system monitors wheel spin at each wheel. The traction control system controls any wheel spin. As both of these sensors monitor the vehicles longitudinal (front-to-back) movements, a third sen

28、sor monitors lateral (side-to-side) movements, determining if the vehicle has strayed from its intended course, as indicated by the position of the steering wheel.Do you need Electronic Stability Control? Electronic stability control is an active safety feature; it helps you avoid an accident. In an

29、 emergency, even the most experienced drivers may find themselves in a situation where they are driving outside the normal limits of their vehicle, and a loss of control is imminent. An ESC system will recognize this impending situation, even before the driver can take evasive action, and take corre

30、ctive action before vehicle control is lost. back 第9页，共12页，2022年，5月20日，9点2分，星期四附录：ABS-Anti-lockBrakeSystem制动防抱系统这是一项在80年代末才兴起应用的新技术，但发展得很快，现在已经成为许多轿车的必装件了。据统计，汽车突然遇到情况发刹车时，百分之九十以上的驾驶者往往会一脚将刹车踏板踩到底来个急刹车，这时候的车子十分容易产生纯粹性滑移并发生侧滑，即人们俗称的“甩尾”，这是一种非常容易造成 车祸的现象。造成汽车侧滑的原因很多，例如行驶速度，地面状况，轮胎结构等都会造成侧滑，但最根本的原因是汽车在紧急制动时车轮轮胎与地面的滚动摩擦会突然变为滑动摩擦，轮胎的抓地力几乎丧失，此时此刻驾驶者尽管扭动方向盘也会无济于事。针对这种产生侧滑现象的根本原因，汽车专家早在60年代就研制出车用ABS这样