20172018学年高中英语Unit1AlandofdiversitySection

1、Unit1AlandofdiversitySectionGrammar-名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句）语法图解研究发现ExactlywhenthefirstpeoplearrivedinwhatwenowknowasCalifornia,noonereallyknows.However,itislikelythatNativeAmericanswerelivinginCaliforniaatleastfifteenthousandyearsago.ScientistsbelievethatthesesettlerscrossedtheBeringStraitintheArctict

2、oAmericabymeansofalandbridgewhichexistedinprehistorictimes.Thatiswhytodayover40%ofCaliforniansspeakSpanishasafirstorsecondlanguage.Itisbelievedthatbeforelongthemixofnationalitieswillbesogreatthattherewillbenodistinctmajorracialorculturalgroups,butsimplyamixtureofmanyracesandcultures.我的发现(1)以上各句皆为主从复

3、合句，句顶用了相当于名词作用的从句(即名词性从句)在句中充任成分。名词性从句在句中可作介词的宾语(句)，动词的宾语(句)。名词性从句在句中可作主语，且可用it作形式主语，真实的主语从句置于句末(句、)。(4)名词性从句在句中可作表语(句)。一、主从句、从句和表从句的定及特色(一)主从句主从句是指在句中作主的从句，地点与述句的主同样。Whetherthesportsmeetwillbeheldisnotcertainnow.运会能否将行在不可以确立。Howthebookwillselldependsonitsauthor.本售如何取决于作者自己。Whereweshallhavethemeetin

4、gmakesnodifference.我在哪儿开会都无所。名点津若主部分构，能够使用形式主it，把真实的主从句放于后边。Thatshewilldowellinherexamiscertain.Itiscertainthatshewilldowellinherexam.她在考取会做得好，是确立无疑的。(二)从句1作及物的Everyoneknowsthattheearthismadeupofmatter.每个人都知道地球是由物组成的。2作介的如：besidesthat.“除以外”；butthat.“若不是”；exceptthat.“除了”；inthat.“在于；因”。Isthereanything

5、wronginwhatIsaid?我所的有之？Thesetwoareasaresimilarinthattheybothhavehighrainfallinsummer.两个地域相像，因在夏季降水都好多。3形容后形容后随从句的用法只限于少量形容，如sure(确信)，certain(一定)，afraid(担忧)，confident(有掌握的)等。Imnotcertainwhetherthetrainwillarriveontime.我不确信火能否将会按抵达。4注意事(1)从句的否认移：think,believe,suppose,imagine等后的从句中的否认要移到主句中，即主句的用否认式，而从

6、句的用一定式。2Idontthinkweneedtowastemuchtimeonit.我想我们不用在这上边浪费太多时间。(形式上否认主句，实质上仍能否认从句)宾语从句中不可以省略that的状况。动词后有两个或两个以上的宾语从句时，紧跟动词后的宾语从句能够省去that，其余的宾语从句前的that一般不可以省去。Ibelieve(that)youhavedoneyourbestandthatthingswillimprove.我相信你已经尽全力了，事情会好起来的。(第二个that不可以省)(3)“doubt宾语从句”的应用。一定句顶用whether或if，否认句和疑问句顶用that。Idoubt

7、whetherhecanpasstheexam.我思疑他能否能够经过此次考试。Idontdoubtthathecanpasstheexam.我不思疑他能经过此次考试。Doyoudoubtthathecanpasstheexam?你思疑他能经过此次考试吗？(三)表语从句1表语从句在复合句中作表语，出此刻连系动词以后，一般构造为“主语连系动词表语从句”。Thequestioniswhetherwecanfinishtheworkintime.问题是我们能否能实时达成这项工作。2可接表语从句的连系动词有be,look,remain,seem,sound等。Youlookasifyousleptbad

8、ly.看你那样子忧如没睡好觉。Thefactremainsthatwearestillnotadvancedenough.事实依旧是我们仍是不够先进。名师点津(1)表语从句其实是对主语进行增补说明，从句表达的是主语的内容。Thefactisthathedidntnoticethecaruntiltoolate.事实是他注意到汽车时已经太晚了。(2)主句的主语是名词idea,advice,suggestion,order,request,requirement等时，表语从句应用虚构语气，即谓语动词用“should动词原形”。Mysuggestionisthatweshouldhaveadiscu

9、ssionaboutthismatterinsteadofsettingitaside.我的建议是我们应当议论一下这个问题，而不是把它放在一边。即时操练1选词填空3(2016北京高考改编)Themostpleasantthingoftherainyseasonisthatonecanbeentirelyfreefromdust.(that/what)(2015北京高考改编)Howweunderstandthingshasalottodowithwhatwefeel.(where/how)(2014山东高考改编)Itisdifficultforustoimaginewhatlifewaslike

10、forslavesintheancientworld.(what/which)(2013安徽高考改编)Fromspace,theearthlooksblue.Thisisbecauseaboutseventy-onepercentofitssurfaceiscoveredbywater.(why/because)(2013陕西高考改编)Itremainstobeseenwhetherthenewlyformedcommitteespolicycanbeputintopractice.(if/whether)Thathehadmetakindlibrarianinthecitylibraryga

11、veusnosurprise.(that/what)二、连结词(一)that,whether和if1连结词thatthat指引从句时，自己无心义，在从句中不充任成分。可是that在指引主语从句、表语从句时，一般不可以省略；在指引宾语从句时，常被省略；可是以下两种状况除外：多个并列从句出现时，第一个that能够省略，其余的不可以省略。(2)含有形式主语it时，放于后边的宾语从句不可以省略that。Thathesuddenlyfellillmadeussurprised.他忽然患病让我们震撼。Shesaid(that)shewouldreturnthatbooknextweek.她说她将于下周送还

12、那本书。Shesaid(that)shewouldcomehereandthatIshouldwaitforhertillMonday.她说她将会来这儿并让我等到礼拜一。Theymadeitcleartothepublicthattheydidanimportantandnecessaryjob.他们向民众表示：他们所做的工作重要且必不行少。Thefactisthatwearebehindothergroups.事实是我们落伍于其余小组。2连结词whether和if连结词whether/if在从句中意为“能否”，不充任成分，一般不可以省略。主语从句位于句首时只好用whether；当用it作形式

13、主语时，whether与if都能够。表语从句中常用whether。宾语从句中连结词whether和if经常能够交换。4Whetherhepassedtheexamwasnotcertain.Itwasnotcertainwhether/ifhepassedtheexam.不确立他能否通了考。Thequestioniswhetherweshouldaskthemforhelp.是我能否向他求帮助。Iwonderwhether/ifhellagreewithme.我想知道他能否会赞同我。名点津从句顶用whether不用if的三种状况：(1)与ornot用WedontknowwhetherTomwi

14、llturnupatthemeetingornot.我不知道姆能否会参加会。位于介以后Everythingdependsonwhetheryouareforit.每件事情都取决于你能否成它。位于不定式从前Idontknowwhethertobelievehim.我不知道能否相信他。(二)接代what,which,who,whom和whose接代what,which,who,whom和whose在从句中的意分“所”“哪一个”“”“”“的”；在从句中起代的作用，可作主、表、或定。Thatswhatwehavesaid.(作)那就是我所的。Doyouknowwhichoftheboyswaslate

15、?(作主)你知道哪个男孩到了？Whowillcometogivethetalkisknowntousall.(作主)我都知道未来作告。Theproblemiswhomtheheadmasterwillsendtodealwithit.(作)是校将要派来理件事情。DoyouknowwhoseT-shirtitis？(作定)你知道是的T恤衫？名点津接代what,which的区：which引主从句需要限制一个有限的、小的范，而what指在一个广的范行家或许根本没有范。Whichoftheboysbrokethewindowisalreadyknown.5已经知道是哪个男孩打破了窗户。Idontkno

16、wwhatbooksthechildrencanread.我不知道孩子们能读什么书。(三)连结副词when,where,why和howwhen意为“何时”，在从句中作时间状语；where意为“哪里”，在从句中作地址状语；how意为“如何”，在从句中作方式状语；why意为“为何”，在从句中作原由状语。Whenwellsetoffforhomehasntbeendecidedyet.我们何时起程回家还没有被决定。ThatwaswhereIspentmyholiday.那就是我度假的地方。Nobodyknewhowshegottheprize.没有人知道她是如何获奖的。Thisiswhyweputo

17、ffthemeeting.这就是我们推延会议的原由。(四)复合连结词whatever,whichever,whoever和whomever连结代词whatever,whichever,whoever和whomever在从句中的意义分别为“不论什么”“不论哪一个”“不论谁”“不论谁”；在从句中起代词的作用，可作主语、宾语或定语。WhateverIhaveisatyourservice.我全部的全部都供你使用。Illtakewhicheverpictureyoudontwant.我随意拿一幅你不要的画好了。Whoeverbreaksthelawshouldbepunished.不论谁违犯了法律都应

18、当遇到处罚。Whomeveryouinvitewillbewelcome.你邀请的任何人都将受欢迎。名师点津(1)whatever,whichever,who(m)ever既可指引名词性从句，又可指引退步状语从句；nomatterwhat,nomatterwhich,nomatterwho(m)只指引退步状语从句。Whichever/Nomatterwhichdictionaryyouwanttobuy,Illpayforit.不论你想买哪本字典，我都愿意付款。(2)wherever(nomatterwhere);whenever(nomatterwhen);however(nomatterh

19、ow)一般指引退步状语从句。However/Nomatterhowtoughtheproblemmaybe,Illworkitoutbymyself.6无可能有多，我将自己解决。即演2全句子What_he_had_saidsurprisedeveryonepresent.他所的在每个人惊讶。Itseemedthat_he_had_donated_all_his_money_tothoseinneed.他仿佛已将全部的都捐了那些需要帮助的人。Idontknowwhere_I_can_place_my_luggage.我不知道我的行李能够放在哪里。Wediscussedwhether_we_sho

20、uld_use_the_moneytobuyanewhouse.我不用笔套新房屋。(2016北京高考改)Yoursupportisimportanttoourwork.Whatever_you_can_do_helps.你的支持我的工作很重要。你能做的任何事都会有所帮助。三、it作形式主或形式的名性从句(一)主从句中以it作形式主的四种常用句型1It不及物的适合形式从句Itseemsthat.仿佛是Ithappenedthat.刚巧Itfollowsthat.由此可Ithasturnedoutthat.果ItseemedthathehadbeentoBeijingbefore.仿佛他从前往北京

21、。2Itbe及物的去分从句Itissaidthat.据Itisreportedthat.据道Itisbelievedthat.人Itishopedthat.大家希望Ithasbeenprovedthat.已明Itissaidthathehasreadthenovel.据他本小。3Itbe名()从句Itisafactthat.事是Itisgoodnewsthat.是好信息。Itisaquestionthat.是个。7Itiscommonknowledgethat.是常。Itisafactthatsmokingisadangertohealth.抽烟危害健康，是事。4Itbe形容从句Itisnec

22、essarythat.有必需Itisclearthat.很清楚Itis(un)likelythat.很(不太)可能Itisimportantthat.重要的是Itisnecessarythatpeopleshouldlearntofacethereality.人学见面是有必需的。(二)从句中以it作形式的两种常用句型1复合(足)的句子，that引的从句常移到句子后边，而用it作形式。Wethinkitpossiblethatyoucanfinishtheworktoday.我你今日能达成工作。2表示喜、憎等心理活的后上先跟一个形式it，再接从句。如：hate,enjoy,dislike,lov

23、e,dontmind,feellike,appreciate,relyon,counton,seeto,take(),owe等。Itakeitthatyouwillagreewithus.我你会成我的。巧学助巧名性从句名性从句其实不，述气要当先。特注意引，引主、表和。主从句嫌太，it在句首属正常。从句也不短，it取代其实不乱。表从句不可以，当当在中。即演3全句子Itseemsthat_they_will_win_the_game.看起来他会得比。Itissuggestedthat_the_meeting_(should)_be_put_off.有人建会缓期召开。Ihate_it_whenthe

24、ytalkwiththeirmouthsfulloffood.我他嘴食品。8Ithink_it_necessary_thatwetakeplentyofboiledwatereveryday.我以为每日多喝开水是有必需的。.用适合的连结词填空1Whatsurprisesmemostisthatheistoovain.2Wherecarswillbeparkedinthefutureisaquestion.3Whenwewillhaveapicnicdependsontheweather.4Whichpartofthecountryhewilltraveltoneedsdiscussing.5I

25、thasnotbeendecidedwhowillattendthemeeting.6Itisreportedthatanewfilmwillbeputoninthecinema.7ThatMikedidntturnupatthemeetingyesterdaymadethechairmanofthemeetingunhappy.8WhetherthePresidentwillattendthepartyornotiskeptasecret.9Itisnecessarythatheshouldlearnaboutthewholematter.10Whythelittleboydiedinaba

26、by-sittercenterinYuxiofYunnanProvinceremainsamysterynow.单句写作1What_role_he_will_playinthefilmhasntbeenknown.在这部电影中他将饰演什么角色还不知道。2Heisagoodstudentexcept_that_he_is_a_little_careless.他是个勤学生，就是有点马虎。3Shealwaysthinksofhow_she_can_do_a_better_job.她老是在想如何把工作做得更好。4Whoever_fails_in_the_examshallnotbeallowedtog

27、ohome.不论谁在考试中失败都不赞同回家。5Wethink_it_important_thateverycitizenshouldhavegoodmanners.我们以为每个市民有礼貌是重要的。6It_is_said_thattheprofessorhasalreadysucceededincarryingoutthisexperiment.听说这位教授已经成功地达成了这个实验。7Thereasonforhisabsencewasthat_he_was_ill.他缺席的原由是他患病了。8Its_a_pity_thatyoumissedthefilm.你错过了那部电影真是遗憾。99Idont_think_I_can_rememberthe100wordswithintwohours.我想我不可以在两小时内记着这100个单词。10Iamnotinterestedinwhether_they_bel