学术与写作第十讲词法

1、1cvlabUESTC学以致用 用以促学第十章 科技论文英文的规范表达-词法数词1、分数表示法一般方式：分子(基数词)分母(序数词复数形式，分子不大于l时用单数形式)。五分之三 three fifths十分之七seven tenths二分之一one(a) half（不能用one second）2数词2.“零点几”和“零点零几”等的表示方法:分子(numerator) ：a few（或several）分母(denominator)：tenths，hundredths等该电阻上的电压为零点几伏。The voltage across the resistor is a few (或several)

2、tenths of a volt. 3The voltage across this component is a few tenths of a volt.练习1.这个元件(component)上的电压（voltage）为零点几伏(volt)。2.这种蓄电池的内阻仅为零点零零几欧姆。The internal resistance of this kind of storage battery is only _.The internal resistance of this kind of storage battery is only a few thousandths of an ohm

3、.4分子：A /an +序数词part分母：per或in a 或in 数字 (Arabic numerals)百万分之三 a third part per million a third part in 1,000,000 a third part in a million 3.表示“千分之几”、“万分之几”分子：基数词part（s）分母：per或in a 或in 数字百万分之三 3 parts per million 3 parts in a million 3 parts in 1,000,0005练习其误差（error）为6/1012。Its error is 6 parts in 10

4、12.63.倍数、分数the名词 倍数、分数 that (of 短语) 倍数、分数 what 从句This voltage is 80 times the signal applied to the amplifier. 这个电压是加给放大器的信号的80倍。Its speed is three tenths that of light.The speed is three times what it used to be.7练习1. 倍数、分数the名词该电路中的电流为电源（source）的短路电流(short-circuit current)的一半。The current in the ci

5、rcuit is _ of the source. 2.倍数、分数 that (of 短语) 月球的质量为地球的1/81.The _ of the moon is _. 3.倍数、分数 what 从句现在其内部的压力是原来的1/3。Now its internal pressure is _.8答案1. 倍数、分数the名词该电路中的电流为电源（source）的短路电流(short-circuit current)的一半。The current in the circuit is one half the short-circuit current of the source. 2.倍数、分数

6、 that (of 短语) 月球的质量为地球的1/81.The mass of the moon is 1/81 that of the earth. 3.倍数、分数 what 从句现在其内部的压力是原来的1/3。Now its internal pressure is 1/3 what it was.94. 表示倍数增长This wire is five times longer than that one.这根导线比那根长4倍。这根导线是那根长度的5倍。N times +比较级N times as 原级as10The information stored in this computer

7、is four times more than the information in that one.This computer stores four times more information than that one does.练习这台计算机存储的信息比那台多三倍。11介词1.Of在之中Of these, the first chapter treats pulse and data communications, the next covers radar, and the last one introduces television.练习：在这新的五章中，第一章论述负反馈的基本

8、原理。12Of these five new chapters, the first one deals with the basic principles of negative feedback.13下面句子中the science 和chemistry 是什么关系？The science of chemistry is very useful in the modern world.Of 表示同位关系练习本节介绍力的概念。This section introduces the concept of force.142.Withvary (change, increase) with 随着

9、变化The parameter varies with temperature.2)With +抽象名词副词These experiments should be done with care.With ease(容易地), with accuracy（精确地）15练习：他们极为困难地解出了这道题。(用with名词结构)They solved this problem with great difficulty. 163）With 结构The equation to the circle with its center at the origin and of radius a is x2+y

10、2=a2.圆心在圆点、半径为a的圆的方程为x2+y2=a2。173. By1) “根据、按照”，主要用在推导中By Eq.(3),we can obtain the following expression.2)通过通过分析这个模型，By analyzing the model, 3）by 表示除了时间和距离外的任何参量的数值The current and voltage in this circuit differ in phase by 90o.18练习：通过分析该仪器的参数(parameter)，我们可以了解它的性能（performance）。By analyzing the param

11、eters of this instrument, we can understand its performance. 194. For1) “对于，当时候，如果的话” ，主要表示条件For X1, this equation does not hold.2) For 与动词solve 连用表示方程所要求解的对象It is necessary for us to solve this equation for x.我们必须从这个方程中解出x。20练习若X1，则该方程无解（solution）。解这个微分方程（differential equation）把未知量（the unknown quan

12、tity）求出来并不困难。For x 1, there is no solution to the equation. It is not difficult to solve this differential equation for the unknown quantity. 215. on/upon (“一就”，“在之后”)Upon rearranging the above equations, we get to the following set of equations.练习：在把这些值代入（substitute）后，人们发现v就等于（be equal to）光速(veloci

13、ty) 。22Upon substituting these values, it is found that v is equal to the velocity of light. 236.in “用来度量”：in+表示单位的名词复数（hertz除外）We measure resistance in ohms.“在方面”This device is good in quality.“朝方向”Radio/sound waves travel in all directions.24练习：1.我们以牛顿为单位来测量力。2.这个电路的工作情况(in operation)类似于图1-10的电路。3

14、.这台计算机的性能很好。1.We measure force in newtons.2.This circuit is similar in operation to that of Fig. 1-10.3.This computer is very good in performance. 257. Over “与相比”这类计算机与那类相比有许多优点。This type of computers has many advantages over that type.“在范围内”我们要求出它在这段距离上的平均速度。We will find out its average velocity ov

15、er this distance.26动词1.实义动词(lexical verb)做连系动词（get，turn，stay，appear，look，prove等）The result proves correct.The graph looks puzzling.2.半助动词(semi-auxiliary) (remain, seem, appear, happen等)与不定式构成合成谓语This problem remains to be solved.27练习：1.这道题的答案看起来是正确的。2.这个系数（coefficient）有待确定。This answer to this proble

16、m looks correct.This coefficient remains to be determined. 283. 代动词do，一般用于由than，as引导的比较状语从句，常常省略This computer occupies much less space than a typewriter does. 这些无线电波的性能像光波一样。 These radio waves behave as light waves do.29练习交流电路中的阻抗(impedance)与电阻(resistance)在直流电路中的作用相同。Impedance in an ac-circuit _ tha

17、t resistance _ in a dc-circuit.Impedance in an ac-circuit plays the same role that resistance does in a dc-circuit.30副词副词做后置定语1.地点副词：above, below, here, around, nearby, up, downThe table below lists the chemical features of the substance.2.时间副词：now， then，today, afterwardThe problem now is that 31练习：

18、1.后面的（later）几章会经常用到下面两个等式。2.现在的问题是如何测量此元件（component）上的电压。32The two equations below will be used often in later chapters. The problem now is how to measure the voltage across this component.333.数量状语副词away， apart等One end of the rope is tied to a tree 10 feet away.练习：1.这里我们使用相距（apart）10厘米的两个金属球。2.这些数据将

19、被传到2千米外的计算中心。341.Here we use two metal balls 10 centimeters apart. 2.These data will be sent to the computing center 2 kilometers away. 35形容词1. 后置形容词present, else, whatsoever，available, obtainable, achievable, responsible, possible, usable, inclusive 等In this case no rotation whatsoever will result.

20、This formula can be found in the physics books available.362. “副词/数量状语某些形容词”常作后置定语Let us consider a wire 10 meters long.37练习我们将使用长10米的电缆。We will use a cable 10 meters long.383. 单个形容词作方式状语These machine parts are usually processed dry.394.形容词短语作定语和状语An example of this is motion parallel to the earths

21、surface.Simple in structure and low in price, this device is in great demand.40练习计算机由于运算(operation)准确(accurate)、速度快而得到了广泛的应用。41Accurate in operation and high in speed, computers have found wide applications. 42名词1.表示尺寸、大小的名词短语作后置定语原子核的直径仅为原子本身直径的0.01。The nucleus has a diameter only 0.01% of that of

22、the atom itself.They made hollow steel boxes the width of the bridge.43练习这辆警车装备了(be equipped with)像火柴盒(matchbox)那样大小的接收机(receiver) 。441.This police car is equipped with a receiver the size of a matchbox. 452. 用不带冠词的单个名词作方式状语This device is computer controlled.练习过去，电话（telephone calls）是靠接线员（operator）来连

23、接的。461. In the past, telephone calls were operator connected. 473. 名词作同位语The car noses up when it accelerates, a familiar effect.AC can be changed into DC, a process called rectification. 交流电（AC）可以转变为直流电（DC），这一过程称为整流（rectification）。AC can be changed into DC, _ _. 48指出以下句中哪一部分可以翻译成同位语1.磁铁能吸引铁质材料，这是大家

24、熟悉的现象。3.计算机能够处理信息，而这一过程以前只能在我们的头脑里完成。49翻译1.磁铁能吸引铁质材料，这是大家熟悉的现象。A magnet attracts iron materials, _.3.计算机能够处理信息，而这一过程以前(previously)只能在我们的头脑(head)里完成( plish)。Computers are capable of processing information, _.501.A magnet attracts iron materials, a familiar phenomenon. puters are capable of processing

25、 information, a process that previously could be plished only in our heads. 514.名词的复数的特殊形式（1）某个字母、参数及数字的复数形式，一般用“S”表示All the Rs and Cs are made equal.我们使所有的R和C均相等。练习在上面几个式子中，所有的h都是混合参数（hybrid parameter）。In the equations above, all the hs are the hybrid parameters. 52（2）数字小于1，其修饰的名词用复数The odometer of

26、 a car has a resolution of 0.1 miles.汽车里程计的分辨率为0.1英里。练习标准磅（the standard pound）的质量等于0. 千克。The mass of the standard pound is equal to 0. kilograms. 53（3）缩略词的复数形式放在缩略点之前，如figs., eqs., secs., pp.第1.1和1.2节将讨论其他几个问题。Secs. 1.1 and 1.2 will discuss several other problems. 545. 名词与介词的搭配 名词与介词的一种搭配模式为：名词of A介

27、词B，这个模式中的A和B均为名词。掌握了这种模式而写出来的句子就显得地道。55 本节论述晶体管与电子管相比的一些优点。 This section deals with the advantages of transistors over electron tubes 速度被定义为距离与时间之比。 Speed is defined as the ratio of distance to time56 这条曲线画出了该电路的电流随外加电压的变化情况。 The curve shows the variation of the current in the circuit with the appli

28、ed voltage. 功率随管壳温度增加而下降的速率为。 The rate of decrease of power with increased case temperature is 57练习我们必须把温度对半导体的影响考虑进去。We must take _ of _ on _ into _.这一曲线显示了距离对速度的依从关系。This curve shows the _ of _ _ speed.581.We must take the effect of temperature on upon semiconductors into account.2. This curve sho

29、ws the dependence of distance on/upon speed. 59 分词1. 作定语(1)一般原则：单个分词在前，分词短语在后60These moving electrons form the current.A capacitor is a device consisting of two conductors, separated by a non-conductor.电容器是由非导体隔开的两个导体组成的一种装置。This is the problem being discussed.（表示正在发生的被动动作）61练习1.变压器（transformer）是由绕（

30、wind）在铁芯（iron core）上的两个或多个线圈（coil）构成的一种装置（device）。A transformer is a device _ .A transformer is a device consisting of two or more coils wound on an iron core. 622. 该放大器放大接收到的信号。3. 运动的分子（molecule）具有动能(kinetic energy)。This amplifier amplifies received signals.Moving molecules have kinetic energy. 63(

31、2)特别注意以下表达Distance is equal to speed multiplied by time.Current equals voltage divided by resistance.64练习1.速度等于距离除以时间Speed equals distance _.65Speed equals distance divided by time.662.作状语用在句首、句末、句中，表示时间、条件、原因和附加说明Being a good conductor of electricity, copper is widely used in electrical engineering

32、.Given current and resistance, we can find out voltage.This battery, properly used, may last for a long time.Silver is the best conductor, followed by copper.67练习1.这本书如果使用得当(properly)，对读者是很有帮助的。2.若已知时间和速度，我们就能求出距离来。3. 英特网被称为“网络之母”（the mother of all networks），它是使用极为广泛的国际网络。68This book, properly used,

33、 is of great help to readers.2. Given/Knowing time and speed, we/one can find out distance.3. Called “the mother of all networks,” the Internet is a widely used international network.693.分词独立结构构成：逻辑主语分词Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best.There are several basic laws governing these interactions, all of them discovered early in the nineteenth century.70练习1.由于光速极大，我们不能用普通的方法来测量它。1. The speed of light being extremely great, we cannot measure it by ordinary methods.714.With 结构With 名词（代词）分词（短语） 介词短语 形容词（短语） 副词 不定式短语 名词（短语）With friction present