容量分析精品课件

1、关于容量分析第一张，PPT共三十七页，创作于2022年6月volumetric 体积的，容量的unknown test sample未知试样coincide 符合，一致stoichiometric 化学计量的endpoint 终点titration 滴定molarity 摩尔浓度normality 当量浓度equivalent 当量gram molecular weight 克分子量mole weight 分子量curve 曲线graph 曲线图representation 代表，象征 marking 刻度，条纹，标志burette 滴定管tap water 自来水rinse 冲洗drain

2、依次排出vinegar 醋methyl red 甲基红record 记录pH meter pH计frost 霜，霜化render 致使，使成为simultaneously 同时地in the case of 在情况下，要是bring about 导致，引起1. 学习词汇第二张，PPT共三十七页，创作于2022年6月mol(e)- 摩尔，分子 molarity n. 摩尔浓度 molecule n. 分子 molecular adj. 分子的nor- 正，正常，降，去甲 normal adj. 正常的，普通的 normalize v.使正常化 normality n. 当量浓度 norborne

3、ne n. 降冰片烯 noradrenaline n. 去甲肾上腺素前后缀第三张，PPT共三十七页，创作于2022年6月坩埚crucible2. 常用的化学实验仪器第四张，PPT共三十七页，创作于2022年6月蒸发皿evaporation dish第五张，PPT共三十七页，创作于2022年6月三脚架tripod第六张，PPT共三十七页，创作于2022年6月泥三角Clay triangle第七张，PPT共三十七页，创作于2022年6月beaker第八张，PPT共三十七页，创作于2022年6月烧瓶圆底烧瓶平底烧瓶round bottom flaskflat bottom flaskFlorence

4、 flask第九张，PPT共三十七页，创作于2022年6月烧瓶两口烧瓶2-neck Boiling flask 第十张，PPT共三十七页，创作于2022年6月集气瓶gas-jar第十一张，PPT共三十七页，创作于2022年6月Alcoholburner wire gauzegas-jarround bottom flaskStopper Stopper Ring stand with ring第十二张，PPT共三十七页，创作于2022年6月广口瓶Wide mouth bottle第十三张，PPT共三十七页，创作于2022年6月滴瓶Droppingbottle 第十四张，PPT共三十七页，创作于

5、2022年6月温度计100 mL10 mL量筒Thermometer graduatedcylinderMeasuring cylinder 第十五张，PPT共三十七页，创作于2022年6月注意区别BuretteAcid buretteBase burette第十六张，PPT共三十七页，创作于2022年6月容量瓶容量瓶volumetric flask第十七张，PPT共三十七页，创作于2022年6月Burette clampBurette standAcid buretteBase buretteBurette stand with double clampsHolding two burett

6、evolumetric flaskErlenmeyer flask Conical flask第十八张，PPT共三十七页，创作于2022年6月分液漏斗separating funnel第十九张，PPT共三十七页，创作于2022年6月Buchner funnel第二十张，PPT共三十七页，创作于2022年6月Allihn type condenserWest type condenserserpentine condenser 第二十一张，PPT共三十七页，创作于2022年6月adapter第二十二张，PPT共三十七页，创作于2022年6月Distilling head第二十三张，PPT共三十七

7、页，创作于2022年6月Test tubeTest tube rackTest tube brushtest tube clamp 第二十四张，PPT共三十七页，创作于2022年6月pipette pipette triangular flask 第二十五张，PPT共三十七页，创作于2022年6月Plastic squeeze bottle第二十六张，PPT共三十七页，创作于2022年6月Rubber pipette bulb第二十七张，PPT共三十七页，创作于2022年6月3. 练习全文翻译 Chemical analyses can be made by determining how m

8、uch of a solution of known concentration is needed to react fully with an unknown test sample. The method is generally referred to as volumetric analysis and consists of titrating the unknown solution with the one of known concentration (a standard solution). By titration, you can determine exactly

9、how much of a reagent is required to bring about complete reaction of the test solution. 化学分析的一般通过测定一已知浓度的溶液与未知试样完全反应的关系来进行，该方法一般也称为容量分析，方式是用已知浓度的标准溶液来滴定未知溶液。通过滴定分析，你可以测定与试样完全反应的标准溶液的消耗量。General principles 通用原理第二十八张，PPT共三十七页，创作于2022年6月Usually, completion of the reaction is indicated by a sudden, vis

10、ible change in the reaction system that coincides with the stoichiometric relationship between moles or equivalents of-the reagent solution and the reactant in the test solution. A drop or two of an appropriate indicator solution produces a color change at the point where the reaction is complete-re

11、ferred to as the endpoint. 一般来说，反应体系出现可见的突变表明反应已完全进行，此时滴定剂与被滴定物质的摩尔数或当量满足一定的化学计量关系。12滴合适的指示剂可在某个时刻产生颜色突变，此时滴定反应完全进行，称为滴定终点。Molarity is the number of moles (gram-molecular weights)of substance per liter of solution. The mole weight of sulfuric acid is 98.08 g, and therefore, 1 mole of H2SO4 contains

12、98.08 g. If 49.04 g are diluted to 1 liter then the concentration is 0.49 or 0.5M. In the case of hydrochloric acid, HCl, a 1 M solution is prepared by taking 36.465 g of HC1 and diluting to 1 liter. The procedure is the same for bases. 摩尔浓度是每升溶液中含有某物质的摩尔数（或克分子量）。硫酸的克分子量为98.08 g，因此1 M的硫酸溶液含有98.08 g的

13、硫酸；如果49.04 g的硫酸稀释到1 L溶液，那硫酸的浓度为0.49 或0.5 M。以盐酸为例，1 M盐酸由1 M HCl溶于1 L水制得，碱的情况亦是如此。第二十九张，PPT共三十七页，创作于2022年6月Normality is the number of equivalent weights of substance per liter of solution. The equivalent weight of an acid is the weight of that acid capable of furnishing 1 mole of protons (H+), and the

14、 equivalent weight of a base is the weight of base capable of receiving 1 mole of protons. The equivalent weight of H2SO4 is 98.08g/2 or 49.04 g. Therefore, a normal solution (N)of H2SO4 contains 49.04g per liter. 当量浓度是一升溶液中某物质的当量数，酸的当量指能提供1 摩尔氢离子的酸的质量，碱的当量是接受1摩尔氢离子的碱的质量。硫酸的当量为98.08 g除以2或49.04 g，因此一

15、当量的硫酸溶液每升含有49.04 g硫酸。The normality of an acid or base of unknown concentration may be determined by titration. The advantage of using normality rather than molarity is that equal volumes of solutions of equal normalities have identical capacities for neutralization, because they contain the same num

16、ber of equivalent weights. 未知浓度的酸/碱的当量浓度可用滴定分析测定，当量浓度优于摩尔浓度在于相同体积的等当量溶液具有相同的中和能力，因为两者具有相同的当量数。第三十张，PPT共三十七页，创作于2022年6月In a titration, we compare equivalent weights of acid and base. The number of equivalents of acid is equal to the product of the volume of the acid solution and its normality. The nu

17、mber of equivalents of base is the product of the volume of the base solution and its normality. Neutralization has taken place when the number of equivalents of acid is equal to the number of equivalents of base. 滴定时我们会比较酸与碱的当量。酸的当量数等于酸的体积乘以它的当量浓度，碱的当量数等于碱的体积乘以当量浓度。当酸与碱的当量数相等时，中和反应发生。第三十一张，PPT共三十七页

18、，创作于2022年6月Care must be exercised throughout the titration procedure. The burette should be thoroughly cleaned with soap and water, rinsed with tap water, and finally, rinsed with distilled water. Just before use, the burette should be rinsed with two 5-ml portions of the solution to be used in the

19、burette. This is done by holding the burette in a semi-horizontal position and rolling the solution around the entire inner surface. Allow the final rinsing to drain through the tip. 滴定过程要十分小心，滴定管必须用肥皂和水完全洗净，再依次用自来水和蒸馏水冲洗。使用前滴定管还要用5-mL的使用溶液清洗两遍，其过程为：将滴定管半平放，转动滴定管使管内溶液与内表面充分浸润，然后从滴定管尖嘴放掉润洗溶液。Procedur

20、e 步骤Fill the burette to a point above the top marking and allow the solution to run out until the bottom of the meniscus is just at the top marking of the burette. The burette tip must be completely filled to deliver the volume measured. 在滴定管内引入溶液到高于顶端刻度线以上，然后从尖嘴处放出溶液直至凹液面与顶端刻线齐平，滴定管尖嘴要完全充满溶液以放出准确的体

21、积。第三十二张，PPT共三十七页，创作于2022年6月In addition, the burette must be cleaned thoroughly after use because sodium hydroxide and other types of solutions will eventually frost the glass and render an expensive piece of equipment useless. 此外滴定管在使用后也要完全洗净，因为氢氧化钠和其它类型的试剂会腐蚀玻璃，导致滴定管的某个昂贵组件无法使用。1. Titration of Vine

22、gar Measure 50 ml of vinegar with a pipette and pour into a 250-ml beaker. Add 2 drops of phenolphthalein indicator. Fill a burette with a 1 N solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and draw out the excess as described above. From the burette add NaOH to the beaker of vinegar until 1 drop of NaOH produ

23、ces a pale pink color in the solution. Maintain constant stirring. The appearance of pink tells you that the acid has been neutralized by the base and there is now 1 drop of excess base which has turned the indicator. Read the burette and record this reading as the volume of base used to neutralize

24、the acid. 1. 食醋的滴定：用吸液管量取50mL的食醋到250 mL烧杯，加入两滴酚酞指示剂，将1当量的氢氧化钠浓度装入碱式滴定管，并按上述操作放出多余的溶液。从滴定管将氢氧化钠加入到烧杯与食醋反应，直至过量的一滴氢氧化钠使酚酞产生浅粉色，滴定过程中要一直振荡溶液。粉色的出现表明酸已完全被碱中和，过量的一滴氢氧化钠与指示剂反应使其变色。读出滴定管的刻度，记下中和食醋的氢氧化钠的体积。第三十三张，PPT共三十七页，创作于2022年6月According to the equation：NaOH + CH3COOH Na+ + CH3COO- + H2OOne molecule of N

25、aOH neutralizes one molecule of acetic acid, or one gram-molecular weight of NaOH neutralizes one gram-molecular weight of acetic acid. Calculate the amount of acetic acid present in the vinegar. Report this amount as the percentage of acetic acid. 根据反应式NaOH + CH3COOH Na+ + CH3COO- + H2O，一分子氢氧化钠中和一分

26、子的乙酸，或一克分子量的氢氧化钠中和一克分子量的乙酸 。然后计算出醋中乙酸的含量，用乙酸的百分比来表示。2. Standard Titration Curve If a pH meter is available, repeat the above process using a pH meter for constantly determining the pH. When the endpoint is reached, continue adding the base to expand the curve further. Make a graph for this titration

27、. 2. 标准滴定曲线：如果有一个pH计，重复上述滴定过程，同时用pH计测定体系的pH值，到达滴定终点后，继续滴加氢氧化钠并记录pH值，作一张（滴定剂消耗量vs pH值的）滴定曲线图。第三十四张，PPT共三十七页，创作于2022年6月3. Equivalents of Acid Using the 1 N solution of NaOH, determine the number of equivalents in two samples of benzoic acid. Carry out the procedure for the two determinations simultane

28、ously. From this value calculate the equivalent weight of the acid. The solid should be weighed in a beaker and should be dissolved in about 25 ml of ethyl alcohol before titration with the base. Between 2.0 and 2.2 g of the solid provide the best results. Record all data and make all calculations necessary to determine the equivalent weight of the solid acid. Compare your experimental value with the equivalent weight of benzoic acid (calculated from the formula) and determine the percentage of error of your work. 3. 酸的当量：用一当