定语和定语从句

1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上专心-专注-专业专心-专注-专业精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上专心-专注-专业定语和定语从句 山东淄博一中 任大中定语从句贯穿每份高考试卷，是复习重点。由于它是定语的一种形式，复习应从“定语”抛砖引玉。一、定语定语是句子成分之一，可以由单词、短语或从句担当，对名（代）词修饰和限制。名（代）词称为中心词。形容词作定语一般前置，短语和从句作定语要后置，翻译成“的”。另外名词、数词、非谓语动词（短语）、介词短语也可以担当定语。例如：a beautiful girl （形容词作前置定语）一个美丽的女孩a girl in white （介词短语作后置定语）

2、一个穿白色衣服的女孩a girl who is singing （定语从句，a girl为先行词）一个正唱歌的女孩定语有限制性和非限制性之分。对中心词来说必不可少的定语叫限制性定语，一般不用逗号将两者分隔；只起补充说明，用逗号隔开的定语叫非限制性定语。 She had many red pencils .(red 作限制性定语) 她有许多红铅笔。 She had many pencils , red .(red作非限制性定语) 她有许多铅笔，是红的。 高考“定语”考点：名词作定语；不定式作定语；多个形容词作定语的排列；定语后置。【高考衔接】1. (NMET 1993)He dropped th

3、e _ and broke it . A. cup of coffee B. cup for coffee C. coffees cup D. coffee cup 2. (NMET 2001 )The _ is just around the corner and you wont miss it . A. bicycles shop B. bicycle shop C. bicycles shop D. bicycles shop 3. (1999 上海) There are five pairs of shoes _ , but Im at a loss which to buy . A

4、. to be chosen B. to choose from C. to choose D. for choosing 4. (NMET1997)- How was your recent visit to Qingdao ? - It was great . We visited some friend , and spent the _ days at the seaside.A. few last sunny B. last few sunny C. last sunny few D. few sunny last 5. (NMET 1998)If I had _ , Id visi

5、t Europe , stopping at all the small interesting places . A. a long enough holiday B. an enough long holiday C. a holiday enough long D. a long holiday enough 6. (NMET2000)_ to take this adventure course will certainly learn a lot of useful skills . A. Brave enough students B. Enough brave students

6、C. Students brave enough D. Students enough brave 7. Id like you to give me _ to read A. different nothing B. something different C. different anything D. anything different【答案与分析】1-2.D;B名词修饰名词。例如apple tree, door bell , church yard , shoe factory , cotton production , art works ; school gate , party

7、 member ; letter box 等。3.B不及物动词不定式作后置定语不能忽略介词。4.B几个形容词同时修饰一个名词的排列顺序：限定性的+数量的+描述性+度量+形状+新旧年龄+颜色+国家来源出处+材料质地，例如that pretty little old white house ; his interesting new history book。5-6A;C.考查enough用法。7. B 形容词修饰不定代词-thing要后置。二、定语从句概述 定语从句是定语的一种特殊形式，定语从句中的中心词叫做先行词。形容词常作定语，因此定语从句又称形容词性从句。定语从句也有限制性和非限制性之分，

8、注意两种形式的翻译。例如： I still remember the day when we went out for a picnic . .(限制性定语从句)至今我仍记得我们一起外出野餐的那一天。 This pupil studies very well , whose father feels glad .（非限制性定语从句）这位小学生学习不错， 他的爸爸感到挺高兴。重点 关系词的选择。主要是：which和that区别；as和which用法；介词+关系词。 关系代词的省略。定语从句和其他句型区别。 在复习过程中树立辨证、全面的观点，由普遍到特殊，结合具体语境发散思维。切忌死背语法条目，只

9、记特殊情况，忽略一般情况，形成思维定势。例如： 1. -Look ! My name is on the bag .- Yes . I think this is the same bag _ you lost yesterday . A. as B. that C. like D. who 2. (2002 上海春季) Is this the reason _ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work ? A. he explained B. what he explained C. how he explained D. why he

10、explained 【答案与分析】如果认为the same修饰的先行词后用as，reason后面用why，两个题目必错无疑。1. B根据上下语境，指“同一个包”，并非同类。2. A the reason在定语从句中作宾语。典型错误 书面表达使用定语从句常出现下列错误：成分多余或缺失；从句主谓不一致；关系词误用或搭配错误；与其他句型混淆。单句改错1. The boy I helped him that day isnt good at English . 2. Who is the soldier gave us a speech last month ?3. I , who is in Aus

11、tralia , feel proud of being a Chinese . 4. All what she could do was to go to church . 5. The building which roof we can see is a school . 6. The girl failed in the exam , that made us disappointed . 7. I still remember the house which I lived when I was a child .8. They talked an hour things and p

12、ersons who they remembered .9. Is this factory where he works ?10. The citizens welcomed the new mayor , most of who are workers .【答案与分析】1、删除him，如果使用关系代词可在I 前加that/who/whom；2、在gave前加that。注意关系代词作主语不能省略，为避免歧义，本句不能使用who；3、is改为am，应根据先行词确定谓语动词的形式；4、有2种改正方式：删除all，句子为主语从句；删除what或者把what改为that。5、有2种改正方式：误用关系

13、代词which，表示所有关系，关系代词作定语要用whose；在which前后分别加of和the。6、that改为which或as，两者可以代替整个句子。位于句首只能用as，即As made us disappointed ，the girl failed in the exam .7、which改为where；lived后面加in，此时which还可that或省略；which前加in。8、删除who；将who改为that，先行词既指人又指物，使用that。想一想：还有哪些情况只用that而不用which？9、this factory为主语，不是先行词，可where前加the one； 10、w

14、ho改为whom，其它改法参考（二）2定语从句的转换。命题 定语从句的命题一般不会太偏。单项选择命题以“隐身”为显著特点，即隐藏定语从句真面目不被轻易发现： 以假乱真：借助名词性从句、强调句等形似句型混淆。例如：It was (at ) the bus stop _we met the singer and dancer . 保留at是强调句，填that；去掉是定语从句，应填where/at which。 改头换面：采用并列复合句，使句子结构复杂化。例如：Do you think that it could be in the inn in _ you sang a folk song yes

15、terday _ you lost your passport ?此句包含宾语从句的疑问句、强调句和定语从句，应填which和that。 笑里藏刀：借助关系词辨析、标点符号、插入语等手段，增加试题难度。例如： A. it B. as C. that D. what E. which 1. _ is known to everybody , the moon travels round the earth .2. _ is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth .3. _ is known to everybody is

16、 that the moon travels round the earth .4. _ everybody knows, the moon travels round the earth .5. The moon travels round the earth ,_ everybody knows.【答案】1.B; 2.A; 3.D; 4. B; 5. A/E【高考衔接】2004上海春季高考的36、37、38和41题。 1. (36)A fast food restaurant is the place _ , just as the name suggests, eating is per

17、formed quickly . A. which B. where C. there D. what 2.(37) It was only with the help of the local guide _.A. was the mountain climber rescued B. that the mountain climber was rescuedC. when the mountain climber was rescuedD.then the mountain climber was rescued 3.(38) The other day , my brother drov

18、e his car down the street at _ I thought was a dangerous speed . A. as B. which C. what D. that 4.(41)Along with the letter was his promise _ he would visit me this coming Christmas . A. which B. that C. what D. whether 【答案与分析】1. B先行词the place和从句之间加入插入语just as the name suggests，使两者分隔，加大了辨别难度。2.B本题实际

19、考查强调句，其中A,D两个选项迷惑性较强，前者借助倒装，后者借助定语从句模样加以干扰。3.C 如果不正确分析结构，容易选择B. what I thought was a dangerous speed作at的宾语 .4. B 为保持句子平衡，本句进行了部分倒装，his promise是主语，后面为that引导的同位语从句。三、定语从句的合成和转换1定语从句的合成定语从句的合成是1+1=1，即2个简单句合并成1个复合句。例如：Tom has an English book . The cover of it is very beautiful . 把合并成一个句子表达：Tom有本封面很漂亮的英语

20、书。找重合 an English book = it合并 Tom has an English book the cover of it is very beautiful .（an English book 和it重复）换关系词Tom has an English book the cover of which is very beautiful.（which起替代、连接简化和在从句中作宾语作用）其它表达形式： Tom has an English book of which the cover is very beautiful. Tom has an English book whose

21、 cover is very beautiful. 另外，上述三个定语从句还可以使用非限定性定语从句形式，这样共有6个定语从句。 2定语从句的转换（一）合久必分。定语从句首先可以转换为2个简单句，即1=1+1的“断句”。断句是把握定语从句结构的关键。（参考1）（二）定语从句可以转换为单词或短语的定语，使其简单化。（1）非限制性定语从句转化为两个简单句、并列句或同位语形式。例如： I found many flowers in the garden , most of which were red I found many flowers in the garden ; most of them

22、 were red .(两个简单句)I found many flowers in the garden . Most of them were red . (两个简单句)I found many flowers in the garden ,and most of them were red.（并列句）I found many flowers in the garden and most of them were red.（并列句）We finally reached London , which was the end of our journey . We finally reached London , the end of our journey .（同位语）（2）限制性定语从句可以转化成含有形容词、非谓语动词或介词的短语。在定语从句中，如果谓语动词是主动语态，就用现在分词短语替换；如果是被动语态，可用过