如何撰写英文摘要课件

1、如何撰写英文摘要如何撰写和编辑英文摘要摘要概念摘要基本类型和内容摘要特点摘要时态摘要人称和语态摘要常用句式 摘要写作步骤关键词科技论文的结构The structure of scientific paper题目 Title 作者 Author作者单位和地址 Affiliation and address 摘要 Abstract关键词 Key words引言 Introduction材料与方法 Materials and methods 结果 Results讨论 Discussion致谢 Acknowledgments (optional)引文 References附录 Appendices(o

2、ptional)The IMRAD article: Introduction, Methods, Results And DiscussionAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionThe IMRAD article: Introduction, Methods, Results And DiscussionAbstractIntroductionResultsDiscussionMaterials and MethodsWhat is an abstract? An abstract is a condensed

3、version of a longer piece of writing that highlights the major points covered, concisely describes the content and scope of the writing, and reviews the writings contents in abbreviated formWhat is an abstract?What is the problem? IntroductionHow did I solve the problem? Materials and MethodsWhat di

4、d I find out? ResultsWhat does it mean? DiscussionWhat did I do in a nutshell? AbstractAbstract:Why is it important?通常是你文章最先被阅读到的部分；如果你的摘要不好，你就无法吸引审者和读者的注意；论文审者通常仅仅根据你的摘要就对你的论文作出了初步判断；A good Abstract is usually followed by a good paper. A bad abstract often indicates a bad paper.Beijing 10/11 Decemb

5、er 2008How to get publishedWhat is an abstract?摘要的基本特点：通常为一段（偶多段）， 应统一、连贯、简明、独立；应顺序体现论文的目的、方法、结果、结论和建议等；各个部分之间联系和转换逻辑上要严谨；不添加论文涉及范围以外的新信息，但可以总结本文What is an abstract?摘要的基本特点：能被更加广泛的读者理解；通常用被动语态，弱化作者，强化信息;格式要规范 不用非共知共用的符号和术语 一般不出现插图、表格，参考文献序号 一般不用数学公式和化学结构式What is an abstract?An effective abstract has

6、 the following qualities:adds no new information, but simply summarizes the paper. is understandable to a wide audience. oftentimes uses passive verbs to downplay the author and emphasize the information. What types of abstracts are typically used? 报道型摘要 （Informative abstract）指示型摘要（Indicative/Descri

7、ptive abstract）报道-指示型摘要（Informative/Descriptive-indicative abstract） Informative abstract communicate specific information from the paper. include the purpose, methods, and scope of the paper. provide the papers results, conclusions, and recommendations. are short from a paragraph to a page or two a

8、llow readers to decide whether they want to read the paper.Informative abstract 报道性摘要分为传统型或非结构式（non-structured）和结构式(structured)两大类型。报道性摘要传统型或非结构式结构式半结构式全结构式Informative abstract 非结构式摘要或传统型，上述要素以一定的逻辑关系连续写出，不分段落或以明显的标识加以区分。比较而言，段落不够分明，给编辑、审稿、阅读及计算机处理带来诸多不便。 Informative abstract 结构式摘要，上述要素分段或以一定的标识给予区分

9、。段落清晰、明了，便于编辑、审稿、阅读和计算机检索。结构式摘要根据包含上述要素的多少，可分为全结构式和半结构式摘要。 Informative abstract 全结构式（full-structured）摘要： 1974年4月，加拿大McMaster 大学医学中心的Dr R Brian Haynes首先提出建立临床研究论文的结构式摘要。在 Dr Edward J Huth创导下，美国Annuals of Internal Medicine 在国际上率先采用了全结构式（full-structured）摘要。Informative abstract Haynes所提出的全结构式摘要包含8个要素：目的

10、（Objective）：说明论文要解决的问题设计（Design）：说明研究的基本设计，包括研究的性质地点（Setting）：说明进行研究的地点和研究机构的等级对象（Patients, participants or subjects）：说明参加并完成研究的病人或受试者的性质、数量及挑选方法Informative abstract 全结构式摘要观点更明确（more explicitness），信息量更大（more information），差错更少（fewer errors），同时也更符合计算机数据库的建立和使用要求。但其缺点也是显而易见的，即烦琐、重复、篇幅过长, 而且不是所有研究都能按以上8

11、个要素分类的。于是更多的杂志扬长避短，采用半结构式（semi-structured）摘要。Informative abstract 半结构式(semi-structured)摘要： 半结构式摘要也称为四要素摘要，包括： 目的（objective/purpose/aim） 方法（methods） 结果（results） 结论（conclusion） 采用何种摘要形式要根据各杂志的具体要求而定。 Informative-indicative abstract 报道-指示型摘要: 以报道性摘要的形式表述一次文献中的信息价值较高的部分, 以指示性摘要的形式表述其余部分。 Parts of an Abs

12、tract The abstract is a very brief overview of your ENTIRE study. It tells the reader： WHAT you did, WHY you did it, HOW you did it, WHAT you found, WHAT it means. Parts of an Abstract The abstract should briefly state： the purpose of the research (introduction), how the problem was studied (methods

13、), the principal findings (results), what the findings mean (discussion and conclusion). It is important to be descriptive but concise say only what is essential, using no more words than necessary to convey meaning.Tense of Abstract 说法一：从理论上讲一般现在时 通过科学实验取得的研究结果、结论，揭示自然界的客观规律。一般过去时 在一定范围内所观察到的自然现象的规

14、律性认识，这种认识也许有一定的局限性。现在完成时 表明过程的延续性，虽某事件（或过程）发生在过去，但强调对现实所产生的影响。以一般现在时为主，也使用一般过去时和现在完成时Tense of Abstract 说法二： EI 数据库建议： 用过去时态叙述作者工作； 用现在时态叙述作者结论 说法三: 论文是通过科学实验揭示客观真理。所取得的结果，无论是过去，还是现在或将来都是如此。故常用现在时表达 Tense of Abstract 摘要写作时所采用的时态应视情况而定, 力求表达自然、妥当. 写作中可大致遵循以下原则 介绍背景资料时, 如果句子的内容为不受时间影响的普遍事实, 应使用现在时Agrob

15、acterium rhizogenes causes hairy root disease in plants. Among plant secondary metabolites terpenoids are a structurally most diverse group Synthetic genetic approaches often reveal potential interacting partners for any given target protein Tense of Abstract 介绍背景资料时,如果句子的内容是对某种研究趋势的概述, 则使用现在完成时 The

16、 advances in molecular biology have greatly improved our understanding of plant responses to stresses. DNA microarrays have long been the established technology for measuring gene expression levels It has been known that the transverse orientation is essential for normal cell morphogenesis Tense of

17、Abstract 介绍背景资料时,如果句子的内容是对某种研究趋势的概述, 则使用现在完成时4, Water deficit-induced ABA accumulation is one of the most important stress signaling pathways in plant cells. Redox regulation of cellular signaling has currently attracted particular attention, but much less is known about its roles and mechanisms in

18、plant signaling. Tense of Abstract 在叙述研究目的或主要研究活动时, 如果采用“论文导向”, 多使用现在时 (如: This paper presents) This article summarizes research on self-initiated and professionally facilitated change of addictive behaviors. The paper aims to establish a feasible and meaningful method to describe . This review focu

19、ses on the contribution of electron techniques to our understanding of cellular processesTense of Abstract 在叙述研究目的或主要研究活动时, 如果采用 “研究导向”, 则使用过去时(如: This study investigated) This study investigated whether captopril could reduce morbidity and mortality in patients . Our aim was to explore the relation

20、ship between the response of antioxidant enzymes and temperature in the two invasive weeds The present study investigated whether NO activity is involved in the signaling of drought-induced protective responses Tense of Abstract 概述实验程序、方法时, 通常用现在时 We describe a new molecular approach to analyzing .W

21、e present an analysis of atmospheric neutrino data from a detector We report here that immature thymocytes lacking .Tense of Abstract 概述实验程序、方法时, 通常用现在时,但描述的是具体已经发生的行为和动作时,用过去时 To investigate the mechanisms controlling flowering time, we screened for Arabidopsis mutants with late-flowering phenotype

22、s. One mutant was identified with delayed flowering time. A plant that is highly susceptible to this fungus was analyzed. Tense of Abstract 概述主要结果时, 通常用现在时Our results indicate that p21 may be a universal inhibitor of cyclin kinases. The results we obtained demonstrate that this technique .We present

23、 the results of two analyses of DNA sequences from . Tense of Abstract 概述主要结果时, 但是也有相当的刊物用过去时The results showed that childrens material needs and basic requirements .Multivariate analyses revealed very high genetic correlations among the variables. Tense of Abstract 叙述结论或建议时, 可使用现在时、臆测动词或may, should

24、, could等助动词We suggest that climate instability in the early part of the last interglacial may have delayed the meting of .Our data suggest that overexpression of the HbNHX1 gene could improve the tolerance of transgenic tobaccos to salt摘要的人称和语态 有相当数量的作者和审稿人认为， 科技论文的撰写应使用第三人称、过去时和被动语态。但调查表明， 科技论文中被动语

25、态的使用在19201970年曾经比较流行， 但由于主动语态的表达更为准确， 且更易阅读，因而目前大多数期刊都提倡使用主动态，国际知名科技期刊Nature、 Cell等尤其如此， 其中第一人称和主动语态的使用十分普遍。摘要的常用句式 引言部分回顾研究背景, 常用词汇有: review, summarize, present, outline, describe等We review evidence for this view of . This paper outlines some of the basic methods and discusses related theoretical a

26、nd practical issues.We summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as .We present estimators for several .We describe the conceptual background and development of .摘要的常用句式 引言部分阐明写作或研究目的, 常用词汇有: purpose, attempt, aim等; 另外还可以用动词不定式充当目的状语来表达We attempt to recover a function of unknown smoothness

27、from noisy sampled data.To investigate the mechanism of Bcl-2s effect, we examined whether Bcl-2 interacted with other proteins.For comparison purposes we present some . With the aim to provide observational constraints on the evolution of the galactic disk, we have derived .摘要的常用句式 引言部分介绍论文的重点内容或研究

28、范围, 常用的词汇有: study, present, include, focus, emphasize, emphasis, attention等 This paper presents basic methodology of MCMC, emphasizing the relationship with .This paper focuses on the promise of artificial neural networks.We emphasize the following points .The paper lays particular emphasis on the c

29、alculation of .We draw attention to two problems associated with .摘要的常用句式方法部分介绍研究或试验过程, 常用词汇有: test, study, investigate, examine, experiment, discuss, consider, analyze, analysis等 We tested this hypothesis in various human T cells .This paper examines how the molecular shapes of . This paper discuss

30、es a class of models for .This article considers the role of the hippocampus in memory function.摘要的常用句式方法部分说明研究或试验方法, 常用词汇有: measure, estimate, calculate等 This study presents estimates of lifetime . We assume a standard reddening law and use the colors of elliptical galaxies to measure the reddening

31、 per unit flux density of 100 m emission.We provide a analytic procedure to calculate the equilibrium profiles摘要的常用句式方法部分介绍应用、用途, 常用词汇有: use, apply, application等 Our program uses a maximum likelihood approach.As an application, we implement a compact image coding algorithm.We apply the network to th

32、e source separation problem.摘要的常用句式结果部分展示研究结果, 常用词汇有: show, result, present, demonstrate等We show this cell death to be dependent upon expression of .Our results show that p53 exerts a significant in .The results we obtained demonstrate that this technique will contribute to .摘要的常用句式结果部分介绍结论, 常用词汇有:

33、summary, introduce, conclude等We introduce a procedure that suppresses noise.We conclude that PQL is of practical value for .We give a summary of the main physics component of .摘要的常用句式讨论部分陈述论文的论点和作者的观点, 常用词汇有: suggest, report, present, explain, expect, describe等The results suggest that abnormalities

34、in male sex development .In this study, we described a psychobiological model of .We present the derivation of a new molecular mechanical force field for . Exciting new research has elaborated several important findings that . We expect the uncertainties in the relative ages to be about 25%, althoug

35、h the absolute errors may be larger.摘要的常用句式讨论部分阐明论证. 常用词汇有: support, provide, indicate, identify, find, demonstrate, confirm, clarify等 We showed that it is possible to identify constituents which represent .These results demonstrate that p53 is required for radiation-induced cell death in .Our concl

36、usions are supported by a statistical analysis of . Here we provide evidence from direct experiment of diversity by .摘要的常用句式讨论部分推荐和建议, 常用词汇有: suggest, suggestion, recommend, recommendation, propose, necessity, necessary, expect等The authors suggest that the most promising route to effective strategie

37、s for .We suggest that information maximization provides a unifying framework for .For the gene, we recommend that the italicized root symbol CYP for human . We propose that the formation of these materials takes place by means of . The Abstract is always the last section written.This is because you

38、 wont know what to include until you have completed a full version of the paper.Steps for writing abstracts在准备一篇论文时，什么时候着手写摘要？Steps for writing abstracts 在准备一篇论文时，通常是全文基本撰写完之后才着手准备摘要。撰写摘要应按照下列步骤完成： Reread the paper with the goal of abstracting in mind. After youve finished rereading the paper, write

39、 a rough draft without looking back at what youre abstracting. Revise your rough draft to correct weaknesses in organization. Print your final copy and read it again to catch any glitches that you find. Steps for writing abstractsReread the paper with the goal of abstracting in mind. Look specifical

40、ly for these main parts of the paper: purpose, methods, scope, results, conclusions, and recommendation. Use the headings, outline heads, and table of contents as a guide to writing your abstract. Steps for writing abstractsAfter youve finished rereading the paper, write a rough draft without lookin

41、g back at what youre abstracting. Dont merely copy key sentences from the paper，youll put in too much or too little information. Dont rely on the way material was phrased in the paper, summarize information in a new way.Steps for writing abstracts Use one or two concise sentences to summarize the mo

42、st important aspects of your project for each section listed below. Project Title (the same as the title of your scientific paper) Introduction (What is this project about? Why is this project interesting or important?) Hypothesis (What did you think you would find? Why?) Steps for writing abstracts

43、 Methods (Briefly explain your procedure.)Results (What did you find when you performed your experiment?) Discussion (Are your results consistent with your initial hypothesis? Why or why not?)Conclusion (What is your interpretation of what these results mean? Why should anyone become excited about o

44、r interested in your findings?)Steps for writing abstracts Motivation:Why do we care about the problem and the results?If the problem isnt obviously interesting“, it might be better to put motivation first But if your work is widely recognized as important, then it is probably better to put the prob

45、lem statement first to indicate which piece of the larger problem you are breaking off to work on.This section should include the importance of your work, the difficulty of the area, and the impact it might have if successful. Steps for writing abstracts Problem statement:What problem are you trying

46、 to solve? What is the scope of your work (a generalized approach, or for a specific situation)? Be careful not to use too much jargon. Steps for writing abstracts Approach:How did you go about solving or making progress on the problem? Did you use simulation, analytic models, prototype construction

47、, or analysis of field data for an actual product? What was the extent of your work？What important variables did you control, ignore, or measure? Steps for writing abstracts Revise your rough draft to correct weaknesses in organization. Improve transitions from point to point. drop unnecessary infor

48、mation. add important information you left out. eliminate wordiness. fix errors in grammar, spelling, and punctuation.Steps for writing abstracts Other ConsiderationsAn abstract must be a fully self-contained, capsule description of the paper. It must make sense all by itself. Some points to conside

49、r include: Meet the word count limitationAvoid using weasel-words such as might, could, may, and seem Think of a half-dozen search phrases and keywords that people looking for your work might use Steps for writing abstractsThe Abstract SHOULD NOT contain lengthy background information references to

50、other literature elliptical or incomplete sentences (i.e., ending with .) abbreviations or terms that may be confusing to readers any sort of illustration, figure, or table, or references to them摘要中常见错误从总体结构上缺少研究目的结果部分深浅详略参差不齐添加不必要的自我评价 摘要中常见错误从各个主要元素间的联系上对 “论文主导”和 “研究主导” 不明确语气不连贯摘要中常见错误其他方面不定式或In o

51、rder to 表示目的时 To examine how, Linear regression was used to In order to assess whether , the method was applied to 3036% 30 %36% From 30 %36% From 30 % to 36% 8612 mm (8612) mm数字英文数字和阿拉伯数字的用法句子开头用英文数字而不能用阿拉伯数字；单位是符号时一律用阿拉伯数字； 3 g; 6 m; 8 yr; 18 s 等文字叙述中小于等于10的数一般用英文，大于10的数用阿拉伯数字，两者同时有的时候都用阿拉伯数字；数字英文

52、数字和阿拉伯数字的用法 m = 5 kg； m = 5 kilograms; m = five kg; m = five kilograms; a 25-kilogram sphere； a 25 kg sphere; a 25-kg sphere;KeywordsWhat is a key wordA search term for people to use and that will help them to find your paperThey alert the reader to elements in a paper that might not appear in the a

53、bstractKeywords dont have to appear in the titleThey help the paper to reach a target audienceHow used?What for? How to choose?What makes a really good key word?Beijing 10/11 December 2008How to get publishedkeywords关键词是为了满足文献标引或检索工作的需要而从论文中选取出的词或词组； 应能反映论文的主题内容 ；一般38个；主题词含盖的范围和深浅得当；要使用规范的术语。Factors

54、 influencing the readability of a textReadability is reflected by the ease with which READERS can understand the intended meaning of the text.Content complexity Paragraph structure Sentence structure Word choiceThree MAJOR strategies to improve readabilityPut subject in topic position. “Sally kissed

55、 John”Use active verbs when possible. “John was kissed by Sally” (passive) “Sally kissed John” (active) Avoid nouns that start as verbs (nominalizations) “There will be an evaluation of the program by us.” evaluation evaluate We will evaluate the program.Three MAJOR strategies to improve readability

56、In this research the bed friction effect is estimated of a river estuary by use of hydrodynamic analysis. The on-site sampled data of the Wu River estuary is applied to the analysis. There are many dynamic factors that affect the flow characteristics in the estuary. The effect of tide on the generation of tidal current,bottom friction and