食人主义和女性主义翻译课件

1、 Cannibalist Approaches Long-standing notion of the translation :inferior to the original Recent work in translation studies has challenged this notion，and a major source of that challenge comes from the domains of the fearsome cannibals， which is originated from Brazil. Once upon a time，in the16th

2、century, in what is now Brazil，members of the Tupinamba tribe devoured a Catholic priest, Father Sardinha. The devouring of the priest is not an illogical act on the part of the Tupinamba，and may even be said to have been an act of homage. In the 1920s，a group of Brazilian writers returned to that s

3、tory in an attempt to rethink the relationship which Latin Americans had with Europe，for Europe was regarded as the great Original，the starting point，and the colonies were therefore copies，or translations of Europe，which they were supposed to duplicate. The metaphor of cannibalism is proposed in Osw

4、ald de Andrades Manifesto Antropofago（1928）as a way forward for Brazilian culture. The cannibalistic metaphor in translation studies has come to be used to demonstrate to translators what they can do with a text. From the1960s, with the poetical work of the de Campos brothers，the metaphor has been u

5、sed by the strong Brazilian translation-studies community to stand for the experience of colonization and translation： the colonizers and their language are devoured，their life force invigorating the devourers，but in a new purified and energized form that is appropriate to the needs of the native pe

6、oples. Translation， according to Haraldode Campos whose work is discussed in detail by Else Vieira may be likened to a blood transfusion, where the emphasis is on the health and nourishment of the translator. Whereas Arrojos interests seem to lie purely on the theoretical level， Vieira refers to pos

7、tcolonial characteristics in actual translations. In stressing practice rather than theory，Vieira points out that it might also be fruitful to attempt to produce a history of the variousisms in literary translation following a logic familiar from art history in general. In her articles published in

8、English，Vieira，however，mainly refers to translators paratextual statements rather than actual translations，and she does not focus on the interrelationships and mutual contradictions between metalanguage and praxis. For Munday（2001：137), the Brazilian cannibalists are strongly influenced by Western t

9、hinkers，especially the experimental work of Ezra Pound and Walter Benjamin，and the concept of the transformational strength of pure language. For the moment， however，it is important to be aware that these different postcolonial writings on translation have found their echo within Europe specifically

10、 in the Irish context.Translation deals with language transfer，thus issues of gender have necessarily impacted the field of translation studies. The feminist theorists see a parallel between the status of translation，which is often considered to be derivative and inferior to original writing，and tha

11、t of women，so often repressed in society and literature. The core of feminist translation theory seeks to identify and criticize the tangle of concepts which relegates both women and translation to the bottom of the social and literary ladder. For feminist translation，fidelity is to be directed towa

12、rd neither the author nor the reader，but toward the writing projecta project in which both writer and translator participate.The task of feminist translation theorists is to examine the processes through which translation sustains and stimulates gender constructs. This may be done by addressing issu

13、es such as reevaluation of translations，interventionist methods，interrogation of gendered terms and linguistic constructions，etc. And by seeking ways to transform historically clich translation practices.Gender awareness in translation practice poses questions about the links between social stereoty

14、pes and linguistic forms，about the politics of language and cultural difference，about the ethics of translation，and about reviving in accessible works for contemporary readers. It highlights the importance of the cultural context in which the translation is done.In her Gender in Translation：cultural

15、 identity and the politics of transmission（1996），Sherry Simon states that translation is not simple transfer，but the continuation of a process of meaning creation, the circulation of meaning within a reviving network of texts and social discourses.She sees a language of sexism in translation studies

16、，with its images of dominance，fidelity，faithfulness and betrayal. Gender is the subjective and ideological influence on translation that Simon is concerned with. Showing how the growing influence of feminisms coincided with the developing interest in cultural studies and translation studies in the m

17、id-1980s，Simons book explores the conjuncture of these relatively new fields of academic investigation. In the theoretical first chapter of Gender in Translation，Simon examines the project of feminist translation as it developed in Canada in the1970s and1980s when experimental feminist texts from Qu

18、ebec were translated into English. Here，she explores feminist theories of language，on the traditionally sexist metaphorics of translation，and on the abusive use of language by feminist writers. Another important figure who approaches translation studies from the feminist perspective is Luise von Flo

19、tow whose Translation and Gender：translating in the era of feminism（1997/2004）confirms the leading role Canadians play in feminist translation studies. Von Flotow manages to unfold in her work a complex argument about revolutionary impact of gender on translation practice，history and theory over the

20、 recent three decades. According to von Flotow, a favorable cultural context for feminist translation was created around the 1970s by the womens movement, which brought gender into academic discussions and redefined language as a powerful political tool. Feminist experimental writing contributed to

21、politicizing translators and initiated a wave of new translation practices，including translating the body，cultural puns， and word play； asserting the presence of the feminist translating subject；and recovering womens writing lost in patriarchy. The goal of feminist translation，viewed as rewriting in

22、 the feminine，is to make women visible in language.Theories of translation reveal increasing gender awareness，drawing attention to the translation-effect as a trace of the translators gendered agency in the text. This agency often assumes the form of annotations or critical commentaries accompanying the translation. Feminist theorists pose questions about the politics of language and cultural difference as well as the ethics of translation. Howe