跨文化交际复习资料

1、monochronictime(MTime)：Itschedulesoneeventatatime.Intheseculturestimeisperceivedasalinearstructurejustlikearibbonstretchingfromthepastintothefuture.polychronictime(PTime)：schedulesseveralactivitiesatthesametime.Intheseculturepeopleemphasizetheinvolvementofpeoplemorethanschedules.Theydonotseeappointm

2、erculturalcommunication：isaface-to-facecommunicationbetweenpeoplefromdifferentculturalbackgroundshostcultureisthemainstreamcultureofanyoneparticularcountry.minoritycultureistheculturalgroupsthataresmallerinnumericaltermsinrelationtothehostculture.subcult

3、ureisasmaller,possiblynonconformist,subgroupwithinthehostculture.multiculturalismistheofficialrecognitionofacountrysculturalandethnicdiversity.cross-culturalcommunicationisaface-to-facecommunicationbetweenreprentativesofbusiness,governmentandprofessionalgroupsfromdifferentcultures.high-contextcultur

4、e：acultureinwhichmeaningisnotnecessarilycontainedinwords.Informationisprovidedthroughgestures,theuseofspace,andevensilence.low-contextculture：acultureinwhichthemajorityoftheinformationisvestedintheexplicitcode.perception:initssimplestsense,perceptionis,asMarshallsingertellsus,”theprocessbywhichanind

5、ividualselects,evaluates,andorganizesstimulifromtheexternalworld”Inotherwords,perceptionisaninternalprocesswherebyweconvertthephysicalenergiesoftheworldintomeaningfulinternalexperiences.Non-verbalcommunicationItreferstocommunicationthroughawholevarietyofdifferenttypesfsignalcomeintoplay,includingthe

6、waywemore,thegesturesweemploy,thepostureweadopt,thefacialexpressionwewear,thedirectionofourgaze,totheextenttowhichwetouchandthedistancewestandfromeachother.IndividualismIndividualismreferstothedoctrinethattheinterestsoftheindividualareoroughttobeparamount,andthatallvalues,right,anddutiesoriginateini

7、ndividuals.Itemphasizesindividualinitiative,independence，individualexpression,andevenprivacy.13.ParalanguageThesetofnonphonemicpropertiesofspeech,suchasspeakingtempo,vocalpitch,andintonationalcontours,thatcanbeusedtocommunicateattitudesorothershadesofmeaning.人际交际interpersonalcommunication:asmallnumb

8、erofindividualswhoareinteractingexclusivelywithoneanotherandwhothereforehavetheabilitytoadapttheirmessagesspecificallyforthoseothersandtoobtainimmediateinterpretaionsfromthem.指少数人之间的交往他们既能根据对方调整自己的信息，又能立即从对方那里获得解释。内文化交际intraculturalcommunicationisdefinedascommunicationbetweenandamongmembersofthesame

9、culture.指同一文化内某成员之间的交际，总的来说，同一种族，政治倾向宗教，或者具有同样兴趣的人们之间的交际。跨民族交际interthniccommunication：referstocommunicationbetweenpeopleofthesamerace,butdifferentethnicbackgrounds.指同一种族，不同民族背景的人们之间的交际。跨种族交际interracialcommunication:occurswhenthesenderandthereceiverexchangingmessagesarefromdifferentracesthatpertainto

10、differentphysicalcharacteristics.指信息源和信息来自不同的种族，种族具有不同的身体特征。跨地区交际interregionalcommunication:referstotheexchangeofmessagesbetweenmembersofthedominantculturewithinacountry.指一个国家内主流文化成员之间的信息交换过程Context场景Thefinalcomponentofcommunicationiscontext.Generally,contextcanbedefinedastheenvironmentinwhichthecom

11、municationtakesplaceandwhichhelpsdefinethecommunication.Allcommunicationhassevencomponents:thesource,encoding,themessage,thechannel,thereceiver,decoding,feedback.TheInferentialModelofcommunicationfourpresumptions:linguisticpresumption,communicativepresumption,presumptionofliteralness,conversationalp

12、resumptions.Conversationalpresumptionsfiveaspects：1relevance：thespeakersremarksarerelevanttotheconversation2sincerity:thespeakerisbeingsincere3truthfulness:thespeakerisattemptingtosaysthtrue4quantity:thespeakercontributestheappropriateamountofinformation5quality:thespeakerhasadequateevidenceforwhats

13、heorhesays.TheMessageModelcannotaccountfor:1disambiguation2underdeterminationofreference3underdeterminationofcommunicativeintent4nonliterality5indirection6noncommunicativeacts.Sixcharacteristicsofculturedirectlyaffectcommunication:1learnedtransmittedfromgenerationtogbasedonsymbols4subjecttochange5in

14、tegrated6EthnocentricTheprimarycharacteristicsofcommunicationinclude:nodirectmind-to-mindcontactwecanonlyinfercommunicationissymbolictime-bindinglinksustogetherweseektodefinetheworldcommunicationhasconsequencecommunicationisdynamiccommunicationiscontextualcommunicationisselfreflectiveFunctionsofnonv

15、erbalcommunicationNonverbalcommunicationhasitsownuniquefunctionsininterpersonalcommunication.Wewillsumupsomeoftheimportantwaysofnonverbalcommunicationinregulatinghumaninteraction.Siximportantcommunicationfunctions:indicatedegreesofattentiveness,interest,andarousalinfluenceattitudechangeandpersuasion

16、regulateinteraction4communicationemotionsdefinepowerandstatusrelationshipsandassumeacentralroleinimpressionmanagementculture：whatthebehaviorandcustomsmeantothepeoplewhoarefollowingthemAnsharedartifact(thematerialandspiritualproductspeopleproduce)sharedBehavior(whattheydo)sharedConcepts(beliefs,value

17、s,worldviewswhattheythinkCulturemeans:Thearts,customs,andhabitsthatcharacterizeaparticularsocietyornation.Thebeliefs,values,behaviorandmaterialobjectsthatconstituteapeopleswayoflife.WhatarethetourcharacteristicsofcultureDynamic/shared/learned/ethnocentricCultureisshared.Allcommunicationstakeplacebym

18、eansofsymbols.Cultureislearned.Cultureislearned,notinherited.Itderivesfromonessocialenvironment,notfromonesgenes.Enculturation(文化习得):Alltheactivitiesoflearningonesculturearecalledenculturation.Cultureisdynamic.(P6)Cultureissubjecttochange.Itsdynamicratherthanstatic,constantlychangingandevolvingunder

19、theimpactofeventsandthroughcontactwithothercultures.Acculturation(文化适应):theprocesswhichadoptsthechangesbroughtaboutbyanothercultureanddevelopsanincreasedsimilaritybetweenthetwocultures.Cultureisethnographic(文化中心主义).Ethnographicisthebeliefthatyourownculturalbackgroundissuperior.Ethnocentrism:thebelie

20、fthatyourownculturebackgroundissuperior.WhatarethesixcharacteristicsofcommunicationDynamic/irreversible/symbolic/systematic/transactional/contextualCommunicationisdynamic.Communicationisongoing,ever-changingactivity.Awordoractiondoesnotstayfrozenwhenyoucommunicate;itisimmediatelyreplacedwithyetanoth

21、erwordoraction.Communicationisirreversible.Oncewehavesaidsomethingandsomeoneelsehasreceivedanddecodedthemessage,theoriginalsendercannottakeitback.Communicationissymbolic.Symbolsarecentraltothecommunicationprocessbecausetheyrepresentthesharedmeaningsthatarecommunicated.Symbolsarevehiclebywhichthethou

22、ghtsandideasofonepersoncanbecommunicatedtoanotherperson.CommunicationissystematicCommunicationdoesnotoccurinisolationorinavacuum,butratherispartofalargesystem.Ittakesplaceinaphysicalandasocialcontext;bothestablishtherulesthatgoverntheinteraction.Communicationistransactional.(P8)Atransactionalviewhol

23、dsthatcommunicatorsaresimultaneouslysendingandreceivingmessagesateveryinstantthattheyareinvolvedinconversation.Communicationiscontextual.(P8)Allcommunicationtakesplacewithinasettingorsituationcalledacontext.Bycontext,wemeantheplacewherepeoplemeet,thesocialpurposeforbeingtogether,andthenatureoftherelationship.Thusthecontextincludesthephysical,social,andinterpersonalsettings.StudyingInterculturalCommunicationTh