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1、一、填空题 1、在任何外力作用下,大小和形状保持不变的物体称_。答案:刚体2、力是物体之间相互的_。这种作用会使物体产生两种力学效果分别是_和_。答案:机械作用、外效果、内效果3、力的三要素是_、_、_。答案:力的大小、力的方向、力的作用点4、加减平衡力系公理对物体而言、该物体的_效果成立。答案:外5、一刚体受不平行的三个力作用而平衡时,这三个力的作用线必_。答案:汇交于一点6、使物体产生运动或产生运动趋势的力称_。答案:荷载(主动力)7、约束反力的方向总是和该约束所能阻碍物体的运动方向_。答案:相反8、柔体的约束反力是通过_点,其方向沿着柔体_线的拉力。答案:接触、中心9、平面汇交力系平衡的
2、必要和充分的几何条件是力多边形_。答案:自行封闭10、平面汇交力系合成的结果是一个_。合力的大小和方向等于原力系中各力的_。答案:合力、矢量和11力垂直于某轴、力在该轴上投影为_。答案:零12、X表示力系中所有的力在_轴上的投影的_为零。答案:X、代数和13、力偶对作用平面内任意点之矩都等于_。答案:力偶矩14、力偶在坐标轴上的投影的代数和_。答案:为零15、力偶对物体的转动效果的大小用_表示。答案:力偶矩16、力可以在同一刚体内平移,但需附加一个_。力偶矩等于_对新作用点之矩。答案:力偶、原力17、平面一般力系向平面内任意点简化结果有四种情况,分别是_ 、_ 、_、_。答案:主矢和主矩都不为
3、零、主矢为零主矩不为零、主矢不为零主矩为零、主矢和主矩都为零18、力偶的三要素是_、_、_。答案:力偶矩的大小、力偶的转向、力偶的作用面19、平面一般力系的三力矩式平衡方程的附加条件是_。答案:A、B、C三点不共线20、摩擦角的正切值等于_。答案:静摩擦系数21、摩擦角是当静摩擦力下达到_时,全反力与支承面的_线的夹角。答案:最大值、法22、最大静摩擦力与两物体接触面积的大小_。与两物体间的_成正比。答案:无关,法向压力23、杆件的四种基本变形是_、_ 、 _ 、 _。答案:拉(压)变形、剪切变形、扭转变形、弯曲变形24、材料力学对变形固体的基本假设是_和_。答案:均匀连续假设、各向同性假设2
4、5、由于外力作用,构件的一部分对另一部分的作用称为_。答案:内力26、内力在一点处的集度值称为_。答案:应力27、轴向拉压时与轴线相重合的内力称_。答案:轴力28、轴向拉压时正应力计算公式的应用条件是_ 和_。答案:等截面直杆、外力作用线与轴线重合或内力只有轴力29、轴向拉(压)时,用虎克定律求变形时,应用条件是_和_。答案:或杆内应力不超过比例极限,在l长度内E、A、N均为常数30、低碳钢拉伸试验中的应力应变图可分为四个阶段分别是_ 、_、_、_。答案:弹性阶段、屈服阶段、强化阶段、颈缩阶段31、材料在受力过程中各种物理性质的数据称材料的_。答案:力学性能32、对其它塑性材料,卸载后试件残留
5、的塑性应变达到0.2时, 对应的应力值作为材料的_ 极限。答案:名义屈服33、通常规定铸铁在产生0.1的应变时,所对应的应力范围作为_的范围。答案:弹性34、铸铁压缩破坏面与轴线大致成_角,说明铸铁的_强度低于抗压强度。答案:45、抗剪35、塑性材料以_极限作为极限应力,脆性材料以_极限作为极限应力。答案:屈服、强度36、单位长度上的纵向变形称_。答案:纵向线应变37、强度条件有三方面的力学计算分别是_ 、 _ 、 _ 。答案:强度校核、设计截面、确定许用荷载38、由于杆件外形的突然变化而引起局部应力急剧增大的现象称_。答案:应力集中39、图形对所有平行轴的惯性矩中,图形对形心轴的惯性矩为_。
6、答案:最小40、对直径为d的圆形截面,它的惯性半径为_。答案:i=d/441、以弯曲变形为主要变形的杆件称_。答案:梁42、梁的内力正负号规定弯矩使梁_为正。答案:下拉上压43、主应力按代数值排列为_。答案:12344、在应力单元体中,若某一截面上的剪应力为零,则该截面称_面。答案:主平45、结构计算简图选取的两大原则是(1)_(2)_答案:(1)真实性:计算简图尽可反映结构的实际受力情况(2)实用性:计算简图尽可能使力学计算简化46、荷载按其作用时间的长短可分_和_。答案:恒载、活载47、平面内一个点有_个自由度,平面内一刚片有_个自由度:一个连接三根杆件的复铰,可使系统减少_个自由度;一个
7、连接几个刚片的复铰,可使体系减少_个自由度答案:2,3,4,2(n-1)48、一根链杆相当于一个约束,而一个单铰相当于_个约束,一个_或_相当于三个约束。答案:2,单刚结点,固定端支座49、平面内两个刚片用三根链杆组成几何不变体系,这三根链杆必须是_、_。答案:不全平行,不全交于一点50、在忽略材料应变的前提下,几何形状和位置是不会改变的体系称_。答案:几何不变体系51、在忽略材料应变的前提下,几何形状和位置是可以改变的体系称_。答案:几何可变体系52、确定物体的运动所需的独立几个参数的个数称_。答案:自由度53、静定结构可分为_、 _、 _和 _四大类答案:梁,刚架,桁架,三铰拱54、梁和刚
8、架的主要内力是_;桁架的主要内力是_答案:弯矩M,轴力N55、桁架计算简图选取的基本假设是_ 、 _、_。答案:光滑铰节点,直杆,节点荷载56、桁架从几何组成角度上来分类。可分为_、 _和 _三大类答案:简单桁架,联合桁架,复杂桁架57、拱与梁的主要区别是:拱在竖向荷载作用下有_。答案:水平推力H58、刚结点的两大特征是(1)_; (2)_答案:夹角相等,能承受并传递弯矩59、一次截取一个结点为研究对象,来计算杆件内力的方法称_。答案:结点法60、在一定荷载下,拱每一截面弯矩_时的拱轴线,称合理拱轴线。答案:等于零61、力在其它原因引起的位移上所做的功称_。答案:虚功62、在变形过程中,某截面
9、所转过角度,称为该截面的_。答案:角位移63、位移符号“ip”中的两个下标i、p,其中下标i的含义是_;下标p表示_答案:“i”产生位移的位置,“p”引起位移的原因64、当求得的位移ip为负植时,说明了_。答案:实际位移与虚拟力方向相反 65、图(a)、(b)、(c)中共标出了9个位移i,其中有3对位移的数值相等,试根据位移互等定理,写出这3对位移答案:2=93=65=766、结构的反力和内力完全可以由静力平衡方程加于确定结构称为_。答案:静定结构67、超静定结构_。答案:结构的反力或内力不能全部由静力平衡条件来确定,约束有多余68、超静定结构与静定结构相比,其不同之处是:(1)_;(2)_答
10、案:(1)计算方法(2)有多余约束69、力法的基本未知量是_;力法方程是通过_而建立的。答案:多余约束力x,比较变形70、切断一根链杆相当于解除_约束,而切断一根梁式杆相当于解除_个约束答案:1个,3个71、一个封闭框具有_次超静定答案:3次72、超静定次数等于_个数答案:多余约束的个数 73、位移法以_和_作为基本未知量,位移法方程是根据_条件而建立的答案:结点转角,结点独立线位移,静力平衡 74、力矩分配法是建立在_基础之上的一种_法;力矩分配法适用于计算_和_的内力。答案:位移法,渐进,连续梁,无侧移刚架 75、杆端的转动刚度s表示了杆端抵抗转动变形的能力,它与杆件的_和_有关;而与杆件
11、的_无关。答案:线刚度i,远端支承情况,近端约束 76、传递系数c 等于_弯矩和_弯矩之比;当远端为固定端时,c=_,当远端为铰时c=_。答案:传递(远端),分配(近端),1/2,0 77、通常规定:杆端弯矩以_为正;固端弯矩MAB以_为正答案:顺时针转,顺时针转 78、转动刚度_答案:反映了杆端抵抗转动变形的能力 79、杆端转动刚度与结点总转动刚度之比称为_。答案:分配系数 80、传递弯矩与分配弯矩之比称为_。答案:传递系数 81、单跨超静定梁在荷载单独作用下引起的杆端弯矩称为_。答案:固端弯矩82、杆件抗弯刚度绝对值EI与杆长L之比,称为_。答案:线刚度i 83、单位力P=1从结构的一端移
12、到另一端时,结构某量值随之变化的规律所描绘出来的图线称为_。答案:影响线 84、使量值s取得最大值的移动荷载位置称_。答案:最不二、做图题1、画出梁ABC的受力图。 答案: 2、画出三铰拱ABC整体的受力图。(用三力汇交定理) 答案: 3、画梁AB的受力图。 答案: 4、画出构件ABC的受力图。(用三力汇交定理) 答案: 5、画出AB梁的受力图。 答案: 6、用三力汇交定理画图示刚架整体的受力图。 答案: 7、画出图示指定物体ABC的受力图。 答案: 8、作AB梁的剪力和弯矩图。 答案:9、作ABC梁的剪力图和弯矩图。 答案: 10、作ABC梁的剪力图和弯矩图。答案: 11、作ABC梁的剪力图
13、和弯矩图。 答案: 12、作图示AB梁的剪力图和弯矩图。答案: 13、作图示梁的Q图和M图。答案:14、作图示梁的Q图和M图。答案:15、作图示多跨静定梁的弯矩图、剪力图。16、作图示多跨静定梁的弯矩图、剪力图。17、作图示多跨静定梁的弯矩图、剪力图。18、试按梁支座B、C截面与BC跨中央截面弯矩绝对值相等的条件,确定E、F两铰的位置x。19、绘制图示静定平面刚架的弯矩图、剪力图和轴力图。20、绘制图示静定平面刚架的弯矩图、剪力图和轴力图。21、绘制图示静定平面刚架的弯矩图、剪力图和轴力图。22、绘制图示静定平面刚架的弯矩图、剪力图和轴力图。23、绘制图示静定平面刚架的弯矩图、剪力图和轴力图。
14、24、绘制图示静定平面刚架的弯矩图、剪力图和轴力图。25、绘制图示静定平面刚架的弯矩图、剪力图和轴力图。26、绘制图示静定平面刚架的弯矩图、剪力图和轴力图。27、根据已经给出的弯矩图,求作剪力图和荷载图。28、根据已经给出的弯矩图,求作剪力图和荷载图。29、绘制图示多跨梁k截面的弯矩影响线和支座c处的反力影响线(方法不限)。30、绘制图示悬臂梁和的影响线,方法不限。31、试用静力法绘制图示并简支梁和的影响线。四、确定超静定次数1、确定下列各结构的超静定次数。答案:1次2、确定下列各结构的超静定次数。答案:6次3、确定下列各结构的超静定次数。答案:4次4、确定下列各结构的超静定次数。答案:3次5
15、、确定下列各结构的超静定次数。答案:7次6、确定下列各结构的超静定次数。答案:5次7、确定下列各结构的超静定次数。答案:7次8、确定下列各结构的超静定次数。答案:10次9、确定下列各结构的超静定次数。答案:2次10、确定下列各结构的超静定次数。答案:1次11、确定下列各结构的超静定次数。答案:4次12、确定下列各结构的超静定次数。答案:9次13、确定下列各结构的超静定次数。答案:2次14、确定下列各结构的超静定次数。答案:9次15、确定下列各结构的超静定次数。答案:1次16、确定下列各结构的超静定次数。答案:内部4次17、确定图示各结构用位移法计算的基本未知量(,)的数目。答案:=2,=1试卷
16、代号:2348中央广播电视大学20082009学年度第一学期“开放专科”期末考试建筑力学 试题一、单项选择题(每小题3分,共计30分) 1约束反力中能确定约束反力方向的约束为( )。 A固定铰支座 B固定端支座 C可动铰支座 D光滑接触面 2平面平行力系有( )个独立的平衡方程,可用来求解未知量。A4 B3 C2 D13三个刚片用( )两两相连,组成几何不变体系。A不在同一直线的三个单铰 B不在同一直线的三个铰C三个单铰 D三个铰4工程设计中,规定了容许应力作为设计依据:。其值为极限应力除以安全系数n,其中为( )。A B C= D5图示构件为矩形截面,截面对轴的惯性矩为( )。A B C D
17、5在梁的强度计算中,必须满足( )强度条件。A正应力 B剪应力 C正应力和剪应力 D无所谓 7在力法典型方程的系数和自由项中,数值范围可为正、负实数或零的有( )。 A主系数 B主系数和副系数 C主系数和自由项 D副系数和自由项8图示单跨梁的转动刚度是( )。()A2 B4 C8 D169利用正应力强度条件,可进行 ( )三个方面的计算。 A强度校核、刚度校核、稳定性校核 B强度校核、刚度校核、选择截面尺寸 C强度校核、选择截面尺寸、计算允许荷载 D强度校核、稳定性校核、计算允许荷载10在图乘法中,欲求某点的转角,则应在该点虚设( )。A竖向单位力 B水平向单位力C任意方向单位力 D单位力偶
18、二、判断题(每小题2分,共计30分。将判断结果填入括弧,以表示正确,以表示错误) 1对于作用在刚体上的力,力的三要素是大小、方向和作用线。( )2梁按其支承情况可分为静定梁和超静定梁。( )3力偶的作用面是组成力偶的两个力所在的平面。( ) 4如果有n个物体组成的系统,每个物体都受平面一般力系的作用,则共可以建立3个独立的平衡方程。( )5未知量均可用平衡方程解出的平衡问题,称为稳定问题;仅用平衡方程不可能求解出所有未知量的平衡问题,称为不稳定问题。( )6平面弯曲是指作用于梁上的所有荷载都在梁的纵向对称面内,则弯曲变形时梁的轴线仍在此平面内。( ) 7应力是构件截面某点上内力的集度,垂直于截
19、面的应力称为剪应力。( )8在工程中为保证构件安全正常工作,构件的工作应力不得超过材料的许用应力,而许用应力是由材料的极限应力和安全因素决定的。( ) 9压杆丧失了稳定性,称为失稳。( )10折减系数可由压杆的材料以及柔度查表得出。( )11在使用图乘法时,两个相乘的图形中,至少有一个为三角图形。( )12位移法的基本未知量为结构多余约束反力。( )13轴力是指沿着杆件轴线方向的内力。( ) 14桁架中内力为零的杆件称为零杆。( )15无多余约束的几何不变体系组成的结构为静定结构。( )三、计算题(共40分)1计算下图所示桁架的支座反力及1、2杆的轴力。(10分)2画出下图所示梁的内力图(10
20、分)。 3、用力矩分配法计算图(a)所示连续梁,并画M图。固端弯矩表见图(b)和图(c)所示。(20分) 参考答案一、单项选择题(每小题3分,共计30分)1D 2C 3A 4A 5D6C 7D 8D 9C 10D二、判断题(每小题2分,共计30分。将判断结果填入括弧,以表示正确,以表示错误)1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15三、计算题(共40分)1(10分)(1)求支座反力 由得,即由得,由得,(2).求杆1、2的轴力 由结点C的平衡条件,得由结点B的平衡条件,得(压)2(10分)(1)求支座反力 由,得 即由,得(2)画剪力图和弯矩图3(20分)(1)计算
21、转动刚度和分配系数, , ,(2)计算固端弯矩(3)分配与传递(4)画弯矩图()请您删除一下内容,O(_)O谢谢!2015年中央电大期末复习考试小抄大全,电大期末考试必备小抄,电大考试必过小抄After earning his spurs in the kitchens of The Westin, The Sheraton, Sens on the Bund, and a sprinkling of other top-notch venues, Simpson Lu fi nally got the chance to become his own boss in November 201
22、0. Sort of. The Shanghai-born chef might not actually own California Pizza Kitchen (CPK) but he is in sole charge of both kitchen and frontof- house at this Sinan Mansionsstalwart. Its certainly a responsibility to be the head chef, and then to have to manage the rest of the restaurant as well, the
23、31-year-old tells Enjoy Shanghai. In hotels, for example, these jobs are strictly demarcated, so its a great opportunity to learn how a business operates across the board. It was a task that management back in sunny California evidently felt he was ready for, and a vote of confi dence from a company
24、 that, to date, has opened 250 outlets in 11 countries. And for added pressure, the Shanghai branch was also CPKs China debut. For sure it was a big step, and unlike all their other Asia operations that are franchises, they decided to manage it directly to begin with, says Simpson. Two years ago a p
25、rivate franchisee took over the lease, but the links to CPK headquarters are still strong, with a mainland-based brand ambassador on hand to ensure the business adheres to its ethos of creating innovative, hearth-baked pizzas, a slice of PR blurb that Simpson insists lives up to the hype. They are v
26、ery innovative, he says. The problem with most fast food places is that they use the same sauce on every pizza and just change the toppings. Every one of our 16 pizza sauces is a unique recipe that has been formulated to complement the toppings perfectly. The largely local customer base evidently ag
27、rees and on Saturday and Sunday, at least, the place is teeming. The kids-eat-for-free policy at weekends is undoubtedly a big draw, as well as is the spacious second-fl oor layout overlooked by a canopy of green from Fuxing Park over the road. The company is also focusing on increasing brand recogn
28、ition and in recent years has taken part in outside events such as the regular California Week. Still, the sta are honest enough to admit that business could be better; as good, in fact, as in CPKs second outlet in the popular Kerry Parkside shopping mall in Pudong. Sinan Mansions has really struggl
29、ed to get the number of visitors that were envisaged when it first opened, and it hasnt been easy for any of the tenants here, adds Simpson. Were planning a third outlet in the city in 2015, and we will probably choose a shopping mall again because of the better foot traffic. The tearooms once frequ
30、ented by Coco Chanel and Marcel Proust are upping sticks and coming to Shanghai, Xu Junqian visits the Parisian outpost with sweet treats. One thing the century-old Parisian tearoom Angelina has shown is that legendary fashion designer Coco Chanel not only had style and glamor but also boasted great
31、 taste in food, pastries in particular. One of the most popular tearooms in Paris, Angelina is famous for having once been frequented by celebrities such as Chanel and writer Marcel Proust. Now Angelina has packed up its French ambience, efficient service, and beautiful, comforting desserts and flow
32、n them to Shanghai. At the flagship dine-in and take-out space in Shanghai, everything mimics the original tearoom designed from the beginning of the 20th century, in Paris, the height of Belle Epoque. The paintings on the wall, for example, are exactly the same as the one that depicts the landscape
33、 of southern France, the hometown of the owner; and the small tables are intentional imitations of the ones that Coco Chanel once sat at every afternoon for hot chocolate. The famous hot chocolate, known as LAfricain, is a luxurious mixture of four types of cocoa beans imported from Africa, blended
34、in Paris and then shipped to Shanghai. Its sinfully sweet, rich and thick as if putting a bar of melting chocolate directly on the tongue and the fresh whipped cream on the side makes a light, but equally gratifying contrast. It is also sold in glass bottles as takeaway. The signature Mont-Blanc che
35、stnut cake consists of three parts: the pureed chestnut on top, the vanilla cream like stuffing, and the meringue as base. Get all three layers in one scoop, not only for the different textures but also various flavors of sweetness. The dessert has maintained its popularity for a century, even in a
36、country like France, perhaps the worlds most competitive place for desserts. A much overlooked pairing, is the Paris-New York choux pastry and N226 chocolate flavored tea. The choux pastry is a mouthful of airy pecan-flavored whipped cream, while the tea, a blend of black teas from China and Ceylon,
37、 cocoa and rose petals, offers a more subtle fragrance of flowers and chocolate. Ordering these two items, featuring a muted sweetness, makes it easier for you to fit into your little black dress. Breakfast, brunch, lunch and light supper are also served at the tearoom, a hub of many cultures and ta
38、kes in a mix of different styles of French cuisines, according to the management team. The semi-cooked foie gras terrine, is seductive and deceptive. Its generously served at the size and shape of a toast, while the actual brioche toast is baked into a curved slice dipped with fig chutney. The flavo
39、r, however, is honest: strong, smooth and sublime. And you dont actually need the toast for crunchiness. This is the season for high teas, with dainty cups of fine china and little pastries that appeal to both visual and physical appetites. But there is one high tea with a difference, and Pauline D.
40、 Loh finds out just exactly why it is special. Earl Grey tea and macarons are all very well for the crucial recuperative break in-between intensive bouts of holiday season shopping. And for those who prefer savory to sweet, there is still the selection of classic Chinese snacks called dim sum to sat
41、isfy and satiate. High tea is a meal to eat with eye and mouth, an in-between indulgence that should be light enough not to spoil dinner, but sufficiently robust to take the edge off the hunger that strikes hours after lunch. The afternoon tea special at Shang-Xi at the Four Seasons Hotel Pudong has
42、 just the right elements. It is a pampering meal, with touches of luxury that make the high tea session a treat in itself. Whole baby abalones are braised and then topped on a shortcrust pastry shell, a sort of Chinese version of the Western vol-au-vent, but classier. Even classier is the dim sum st
43、aple shrimp dumpling or hargow, upgraded with the addition of slivers of midnight dark truffles. This is a master touch, and chef Simon Choi, who presides unchallenged at Shang-Xi, has scored a winner again. Sweet prawns and aromatic truffles whats not to love? His masterful craftsmanship is exhibited in yet another pastry a sweet pastry that is shaped to look like a walnut, but which you can put straight into the mouth. It crumbles immediately, and the slightly sweet, nutty morsel is so easy to eat youll probably reach straight for another. My favorite is the dessert that goes by t
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