《德伯家的苔丝》悲剧成因探析

1、?德伯家的苔丝?悲剧成因探析abstratthashardyasafausritialrealistiriterattheturnfthe19thenturyinengland;tessfthedurbervillesisthestinfluentialnefallhisrks.thisnveldesribesatragilifeabutnebeautifulandpuregirlafterdisgrae.theartiledesribesthesietyenvirnent,thenbeginstanalysisfharaterspersnalityandreliginfatrspenutat

2、thattie.tessstragilifeisausedbythatsietyanditstheresultfthattie.exeptthis,itantbeseparatedfrherneaknessinharater,beauseshebviuslyhasthedualnaturefthesietyharater-resistaneandprise.asanpersn,heend,sheturneduttbethesarifiialvitifsietylikealltherthingshihdisbeytheralit

3、yandethi.keyrdstessstragedy;sialenvirnent;failyenvirnent;ralethi;harater摘要托马斯哈代是19世纪英国著名的批判现实主义作家，?德伯家的苔丝?是他最为有影响力的一部巨著。该小说主要讲述了一个美丽纯真的少女失身后悲惨的命运。文章通过对小说中社会环境的描写，再从人物性格和当时的宗教原因着手，由此揭露出苔丝悲惨的命运是那个社会所造成的，是一个时代思想，传统，秩序的局限所造成的结果。除此之外,这与她自身性格的弱点也是分不开的，因为她对命运有着对抗的一面也有妥协的一面。所以，作为普通人的苔丝与当时社会的抗争是无助的，最终会像所有一切与

4、道德伦理相悖的事物一样，被沦为社会的牺牲品。关键词苔丝的悲剧;社会环境;家庭环境；伦理道德;个体性格intrdutintessfthedurbervillesanberegardedasnefthegreatesttragediesinprseinthehistryfenglishliterature.thughhardyainlyritesabutthenuntrypepleinessex,suthesternpartfengland,heshsgrandeuranddignityinhistragediessiilarthatefindingreektragedyandhisgravean

5、delabratestylentributestthetragisenseflife.hardyisrearkablefrhistreendusperfprduingtragediesparabletlassitragedies.tessasaprpeasantgirlhantedtrelynherhandstpursuitindividualhappinessright,buttheperfresfsietyantlettingffaeakgirl,hisnvel,thegreatintenseunter-religin,antfeuda

6、lral,unter-burgeisielatendeny，althugheetppsitinintheenglishuppersiety,reeivedlvingfthenreaders.researhthisnvelanletuskntheviefralityandethiinthehypritialburgeisieinthebritainsvitrianera,tessstragedyisduettheralrtfsietyandthestableviefenhastityinthesietyhihaleisenter.insharpppsitinthisviehenhardyguid

7、ingtesssbehavefind,theritiquespearpintreferssietyandhristianhurhhihprtetthisvie.earefeelingthatiagingputritersdisussininthebritainsvitrianerarethannehundredyearsag,eaazingtheavant-gardeindfhardy,heeltedthiskindfindattieshenhereatetessthisharater,frthatnlythenentrustsiththisiagerihernntatinandtherepr

8、fundsialritique.thisbkbeaethenefthestgreatrksinthelatefvitrianera,rdutinfthashardythashardy,(1840-1928),neftherepresentativesfenglishritialrealisattheturnfthe

9、19thentury,heasalsapet;heisfausfrnvelsfharaterandenvirnent.hisbirthplaeasinauntryhihnaedegdnintheestland;thisnaturalenvirnentfredtheainenvirnentinthehardysrites.hisfatherasastneutter,butlikeusi,hisparentspaidreattentinnhardyseduatin.inhishildhd,hereeivedtheeduatinfrthelgy,buthenhegreup,heturnedtlear

10、ntheliterature.hardyleftshlbeaeaarhitetsapprentiein1856。andthenenttlandnbeaeapstfthebuildingdraftsanin1862，alsinthistiehetkadvanedursesfrlanguageinlandnuniversityandbeganliteraturereative。hisliteratureareerbeganithpetry,butduetnthavethegdfrtunetpublish,hangedtheatterfrnvelreatin.hisfirstlngnvelaspub

11、lishedin1871,theelebratedrkashisfurthnvelfarfraddingrdin1874,frthenn,andhedrppednstrutinindustryanddevtedtthenvelreatinthereereearly20lngnvelsinhardyslife,thestfausnvelsaretessfthedurbervilles(1891),judethebsure(1895),theayrfasetbridge(1901).hardysrksrefletedthehangedfsialeny,plitial,ralandtraditinh

12、enthehypritialburgeisieinvadedtheuntriesinengland,espeiallyexpsedenstragilifeandhyprisyfburgeisierals,legalandreligius。hisrksntnlyinheritedthegreattraditinfenglandrealis，butalspineeringtheayfr20thenturybritishliterature.ii.bakgrundfthenvelthisstryhappenedinthelatefbritainsvitrianera，inthistie,apital

13、istlassntrlledallright,andthelaereserviedfrthe.farersereatthebttlefthesiety,theyhadneverequalrightastheapitalistlass.tessasaaninthevitrianera，sheanntavidedthe“hegenyfatherrightnsiusnesst“healensiu

14、sness,bytheapitalistinvasin，thseself-reliantfarershhadasallauntflandandtheeansfprdutinhadflledtheinslveny。fealebeautyntnlyregardedasthetrublesbutalsbeeanexusefrentshirktheirrie；thealerequestsfeininetbelyalandthebdilypureandhaste,atuallydisregardsnindulging.butinunderalepersuppressin,feininethughtpat

15、ternalsasntrlledslidlybythiskindfstrngtrendasevenelting.tessfthedurbervillesasaveryinfluentialrkfhardy,hihtldthetragilifestryfabeautifuluntrygirl.tessasaprpeasantgirl.sentedbyherthertlaikindredithareprsperusbranhfthedurbervillesfaily,sheasseduedbytheyungasterfthehuse,ale,andhadtreturnheindisgrae.aft

16、ergivingbirthtahildhdiedininfany,sheenttrkasage-labreratadaisyfarattalbthays.theresheetangellare,asnflergyan,andhefelledinlveithherandarriedher.ntheeddingnight,tessandlaretldeahtherabuttheirpasts,andlare,afterhearingtesssnfessinleftherabruptlyfrbrazil.pvertyfredtesstseekfrrkandsherkedfralngtieataapi

17、talistfaratflintb-ashheresheasinsultedandppressedbytheaster.thenthenesfherfathersdeathandtheexpulsinfherfailyfrtheirttagedrivedhertseekfrassistanefrale,andthelatter,napreaher,snresueshisfrerilliitrelatinsithher.angellarereturnedrepentantandreadytbereniledttess,butthegirlfundthatherlivingithalehinder

18、sherfrreturningtlare.shekilledaleandthenasspeedilyarrested,triedandhanged.iii.tdeepstratifiatinfthetesstragedyinthenvela.failyandsietyausedtessstragedy1.failybakgrundftessatthebeginningfthenvel,tessasadaughterfpvertydesenthihhadneagnifient.sheasadairyaid,hlivedintheuntry,asadaisynthevillageradside,b

19、eautifulbuthuble,andbeingithherfailyasbrkenupanddeiatedsixtyyearsagbefrethestrybegan.andastheriterexpressetin,“nransdesent,ntfrthesupprtfvitria1800,theealth,averyinnsequential!distinguishedbakgrunddesntbringanybenefitsttess,buthertragilifeasbegun.tesssfatherasapruntrysidehaker,hhadthenaturaldispsiti

20、nislazyandnstantlyexessivedrinkingalsbenighted,tessstherasadairyaid,hslppysuperstitinandindsiply.theyerepitifulreaturehhartadiresthevanityandlistenedtdependnthetieindandrainillfullytdevastate.justassuhterriblepatentsbeaethesetterfabadexapleftessstragedy.inrdertshedffns-alledaristratstatusandsatisfie

21、derevanity,tesssparentsantedtbyaknledgesasrelatives,arriestiprvenstatus.althughtessbnxiusparentshyprisy,despisednblerigin,andpersistedthughtneselfispeasantfailysdaughterhlivingnnlabr,butsheastheldestinthefaily,parentsinpetentadetheheavyburdennherselfearly.shelvedherlittlesistersandbrthersdeeplythata

22、nntruelenughtlkedtheysufferhardships.unfrtunately,hentheldhrsediedhatherfailylivingnit,tessgreatrelutanebeyedtheaunttassigntgfrshelterrihlyadulteratinrelativeithsaesurnae,intheresultshesuffereddevastating,beaethesarifiialvitiandthenfuianisriinalhihthebeastants.afterards,inrdertherfailytessfredtleave

23、nativeplae,everyherethedenspanhrs,experienestheviissitudes.henendfhillsandrivers,tessaebaktaleagainfrfaily,reeivedinexhangefrfailyebersarandsuffiientnditinbynhuanbdy.thegdgavetessaanfhighstatinssul,letshehasthefinedustdesntdye,unusualrefined,buttherealityatuallygavehertfallthesulthefailybakgrundthat

24、adeshegtridfbeteenthisrtalrldinapablyallsrtsftrubled.thiskindfspiritextreeisntharniusiththeeatausedtessstragifate.2.hypritialapitalisralsvieandunequallegalsystetessaslivedinthevitrianerahihapitalisinvasintheruralengland.sheasahardrking,kind-hearted,intelligentandbeautifulgirl；butregardasalabrer,aanf

25、pragriulturalrkers,shehaslsialstatusthatnaturallyillreeivedppressinandhuiliatinintheapitalistsiety。researhthisnveleanknatthattieinvitriadynastytieenglandburgeissietysralethisvie,heapitalistsiety,legalregieandralut

26、lkalleretakeaintainstheexplitinglassthebenefitandtheaknledgentexplitinglassppressespeplesauthrityasthepreise,ereserviedfrprtetreatinaryntrl.aleildlydinatedinthetnship,didallkindsfevilthings,butsheasprtetedbythela.tessatuallyisndenedthedeathpenalty.thisjustasexplainingburgeisieplitissystereatinary,in

27、diatedtheuniprtantpersnsinthelerlevelsiallassereipssibletbtainthefairtreatentinthesiety.eayseeinthenvel,suhasalethisthunderatuallyreeivestheburgeisiestateapparatusandthereligiusralsprtetin.3.ipverishentanddeayfsallfarersthisstryhashappenedinthesuthernuntriesfengland.sallfarersipverishentandthedeayhi

28、helate19thentury,theenirisistkplaethereinburgeisrld;itledtthesialhange.thehangeadeanypeasantslsetheirlandsandbeaepeasantrkers.largequantitiesfpeasants

29、erebankrupt.itisthesaeiththedurbervilles.theirnarrindsandstupidityakethepuzzled.thesietyissruelthatitdesntgivetheahanetliveandakesthedisardtheirhildren.tessasbrnintthefailyfaprruraltradesan.herfatherdrinksaltanddesntrkhard.hertherherselfislikeahildandneverthinksabutthefuture.thereareanyhildreninthei

30、rfaily.herfailyisprandhentheldhrse“prineiskilledbyaident,theeninditinfherfailyasrse,thateansthebankruptfthefaily.herthersendshertlaikinithadistantrelativefnbledurbervillesfailyinthehpefhangingtheprandiserablenditinfthefaily.herdisjintfrtheuntryleadstherlatertragedy:theyungasteraleseduesherandtheflli

31、ngpregnanypelstesstreturnheindisgrae.hertragilifeasbegun.b.haratersanalysisinthenvelinnenvel,peplesharateralstakesaveryiprtantpart，inthisnvel,theriterthughtheenvirnenttdesribetessstragifate,butthetherreasnsausedthisresultispeplesharater，aleandlareareverylselyttesssfate.letsfusntessfirst.1.tesssharat

32、ertessasadaughterfprpeasantshadbeenreduedtaagelabrer.hernatureharaternentratedrefletinhuannatureindustriusandbrave,isrefratingthequalityfhuannaturesbravebenevlene.tesssbeautyandteperaentareharnyiththenature,sheas“thenaturesdaughter,andherindhihisntainatedafterthenusthasntbeengdandtherihsypathy,shene

33、verevenafly,rsarentruelenughtinjuryandalittlebirdinaageanakeshery.tessthisnharaterdeidedshehasnabilitytprtetherself,andtheeffrtsrequiredtpayinexessfherendurane.thetragedyfherfatesetthetneearly,andthetragedyshappennlytheprbleftierightdifferentinfr.tessexperienedajrhangesinhuanrelatinships.shebviuslyh

34、asthedualnaturefthesialharater-resistaneandprise.tessasinadiffiultpsitin,butsheneverspiritless.tessasherparentslibregnizethehiphihdurbervillesfailyarries,thisfieldnfiredbldrelatinstransatinhasruinedherpureandhaste,andalsadetessdubthernnature.frthenn,“alstataleaptessthushangedfrsiplegirltplexan.(thas

35、hardy,145)arriesthetentativeplanisdisillusined;tesssinnerasked“anshastity,reallytiehaslst,freverhaslst?allrganisshavetheabilitytrestrethesure,hyshuldntthesleaidenshastityhavethiskindfability?(thashardy,164)“hythesundshinenthejustandtheunjustalike？thashardy,184treatiththebadyunganale.tessrevltsnstant

36、ly.althughshebeaeadisgraean,shealayshldsaninvilableattitudetale.shedrppedriginallyayenjyeasyandfrtablelife,fsteredthehildlnely.peripherydisriinatesthejudgenthasntertainlyfrightenedher;shesilentlyenduredtheunfairinthelife.inrdertafterbeausethehildhgivesbirthtdieanbepeaeful,shedesntattendtblaspheethea

37、nn,nbeginstthehildtexeutethebaptis.althughlifegavehernlyattakanddisaster，sheallantenaiuslyendureandundertakeandneversettheexessiverequesttthelife.thesendtietesseetalejustherlivesinthestdiffiulttie.faedeveryentieentfale,shebasireainsunved,tessasntillingtprise.thedisasterarrived,tesssfatherdiedandherf

38、ailyasexpelledthevillage.tessentrustedthebdyneagaininaleinrderthertherandlittlebrthersandsistershaveaplaetlive，butanti-akesinlightfthishadntended,heend,sheusedaknifekilledale;thisisinevitableresultfherinnerstfeelingsrevlt.tesshadtheendingfvilentresistaneteviljustherharatertahig

39、herlevel.thethersideftessssialharaterisresignedtbadnditins.tessadptspletelyantherkindfannerttreatlare.therelatinshipbeteenlversshuldbeequal,buttessnstantlydisparagesherselfandraiseslare.atthebeginningflve“shelvesheextreely,shelksheasthegd.(thashard,261)“thersublietrustfulnessheasallthatgdnessuldbe-k

40、neallthataguide,philspher,andfriendshuldkn.shethughteverylineinthenturfhispersntheperfetinfasulinebeauty,hissulthesulfasaint,hisintelletthatfaseerthepassinfhislvefrher,asshesait,adeherliftupherheartthiindevtin.(thashard,276)thisisalvehihhstrngisblazingatuallyatssterilely.infrntflve,tesshaslstherself

41、,haslstthedignity.justthiskindfblind,unequallveaketessdrppedthehappyrightasaife,deepenedhertragedy.tessriteanfessinlettertlarebefrearried,andthentellher“rie,butlareisthetraditinalralsdefenderftraditinalralpriniples,his“neinddeandtessgivesfrgivenessandtlerantfrhisprfligatebehavirinthepast,tesshasdne,

42、butthetragipastftess,atuallyanntbtainlarerepays-liketheintlerane.tesshasntdnerevltsslightlyfaelareheartlessabandnent.ppsitely,shesaid:iertainlylikealpitifulslavefyurs,abslutebeysyu,ifyuaskenttbeabletfalltthegrund,suiidekilled,andidntvilateyu.(tashard,352)lareruel-heartedlyleaves;tessneverreduesherlv

43、etlare.apassinateletteratuallyanntalllaresie-ldheart.thedisasterlayernlayerauseshertbeablentbutakesthehieinthesialrleandthenaturaldispsitin,shestartedtlaresrevlt.harbrstlaresdespairing,heend,h

44、enlarefinallyaettellherthathehadfrgivenherandhestilllvedher.tessasbitterlyunhappy.shenhatedalebeauseneagainhehadbeentheausefherhusbandsrepudiatinfher.feelingthatsheplayedastinglriuspartandsheuldbehappyifaleasdead,inadditin,alesaidanybadrdstsatirizeher.shestabbedhiasheslept.thensheranutfthehuseandfll

45、edangel.theyhadafehappydaystgether.livingiththehusbandshetrulylved,sheasreadyfrherpunishent.justbeausefherntraditryandtragiharater,tesshadsuhiserablefate.2.aleandlaresharatersinthisnveltaleleadingharatersdesriptinhasrefletedatthattietheapitalistsietydarknessandfalseapitalisralsvie.aleistheeergingbur

46、geisiesrepresentatives;heisrepresentingtheburgeissietysauthrity,theealthandtheevil,tessstragilifereasnthi.hisfatherisariherhant,butafterrnbyaristratdurbervillessurnae。thisyunganlaynhisfathersneyandperdinatesthenativeplae.henheeetstess,thedisslutelasiviusuntenaneispletelyunasked;hesuppsesthesnarethat

47、destryedyunggirlspureandhasteandthelifehappiness.harstherstbenefithi,resrtstalleanstsatisfynabsurdfleshlydesires,andntnlydisplayedtheuntrysidelandlrdlasssessentialharateristi,butalsanifestedtheprpertyrealistiharateristi.althughafterardshehangedinldpastrlarehelpnextevillyrefrs,hever,severaldzensyears

48、abuseeradiatesbyneans.henheeetstessagain,hasteptatinsregeneratin.aleinrdertntrltessevenusestheneyandtheperandinfluenestrengthtausereginhihlivertesssfailyisinhasnhe.itanbesaid,tessslifeistheightandthevilenevitihihthealethunderrepresents.ifsenesayalerepresentativesevilfreisthediretreasntausetessstrage

49、dy,thenthetraditinalethisralitysurvivesnangellaredevastatesttessisnekindinvisible,therefearfulspiritinjures.angellareisaplexartistiiage.nhisbdy,ntnlyhastheertainenlightenedthught,butalsisretainingthetraditinalralprejudie.althughhebrninapastrfaily,ntillingtbeapastrservesfrgd,heisillingtrkatfaring,ser

50、vesfrthehuanity.hedespisesthelassprejudieandtherankidea,tiresfabandnstheetrplislivelylife,heantstgtheuntrytdthearduusphysiallabrasthsefarers,trieshardtgraspeahkindflasstheagriulturaltehnlgy.innaturebs,reatsfeinineandi

51、nthelvequestin,heild-anneredandultivated,seriusandearnest,payreattentinnetin,allfthesearedifferentithale.thisexplanatinsheastheburgeisintelletualshhasthefreethughtatthattie，buthedepartsfrtthissiallassalsisextreelyliited,heillbeengagedintheagriulturalprdutinthegalisfrlatertbealargelandedestate.hentat

52、sithtesshasntalaysabandnedthetraditinalideasthefetter.hentnlyassnasstartstregnizetessuldbeagdsteardinthefuture,thestiprtantishelvetessntlikehertlvehissuhselflessandsinere.inhiseyes,tessis“naturesnebrndaughter,hever,neshenfessedtheinsultthihihreeives,thennhisbdypreservestheinherentralshavestrangledin

53、hishearttherealsentient.althughhealshavehadtheprfligatebehavir,andbtainedtesssfrgiving,butatuallyisntillingtfrgiveriginallyinnenttess.thisindiatedhisheartsretraditinalralsethisideaingrained,heregardsaanfrtraditinalhastityvietbehasternt,thishasgiventessbydevastatingattak.ifesaybeausethealethunderferi

54、usadversaryausedthehastitylsingtbringthedeeppainttess,buthasntbeenabletdisappearthedesireandthefuturehpefherlive.then,laretherabandnent,saidinsekindfdegree,thenhasdestryedherspiritualprp(beausetessreallylveshi).thus,hisreturnausedhertfeelthehuiliatinhihnreeived,thusauseditspain,thelaentatin;tdespairhasahievedtheapex.herfinallykilledale,ntnlyustprvenhelpless,siultaneuslyalsareusttthepersnhihlvesprveninnene.frthis,aysaythat,ispreiselybyalerepre