工程监理中英文对照外文翻译文献

1、 中英文对照外文翻译Engineering supervision system in Chinas Engineering constructionin the positionWith the dominance of Chinas socialist market economy, thedetermination of the project supervision system in Chinas highwayconstruction is gradually becoming more mature. Talking about the project inthe country

2、, people always focus on project quality side, it seems that thefocus of the task of supervision is to protect the quality of projects, in fact, itis very comprehensive, according to FIDIC provisions in the projectconstruction, project quality, of course, crucial, but only to protect the projectsupe

3、rvision of the three objectives (quality, duration, cost), one of these threegoals are interrelated and influence, from different angles to protect theowners of the project efficiency. Of which cost control is also very importantto the management aspect of this work, good or bad, is directly related

4、 towhether the quality of the project can achieve the desired goals, and whether1 the progress can be completed on time.First, the design phase of the design phase of SupervisionThe introduction of engineering supervision, determine a reasonabledesign, mature technology, reduce the construction phas

5、e of major designchanges and program changes to occur, the effective cost control will play acertain role. Experts say: If the project supervision involved in the designstage, then, and can be ruled out, to correct 80% of the errors, but to theconstruction stage to be involved in supervision of work

6、s, at best, can onlysave 20% of the investment. According to the information briefing, a Germanuniversity laboratory building, the original design is three and a basement, theproject management company to meet the commissions space requirementsand functional conditions, proposed to increase the laye

7、r to shorten thetwo-axis then the abolition of the basement. But also reduces the flow ofpeople to evacuate distance (to the required standards), so modified after thedesign is not only reduced costs, has also been improved functionality, accessto credit and praise of the municipal government. At pr

8、esent, China forengineering supervision at the design stage to introduce the practice is stillrare, we should learn from foreign countries mature and developed system,the development of relevant systems, and standardize the market. Advocatesstrengthening the design phase of the supervision, control

9、and managementfrom a cost sense, ex ante control, prevention, which is scientific and2 reasonable. Therefore, to enhance the design stage to control the cost ofsupervision is necessary.Second, the construction phase of the SupervisionAs we all know, domestic and international construction markets ar

10、e thedominant owners of a buyers market, the construction of competition amongenterprises is very cruel. In order to bid, bidders tend to almost zero profits oreven below cost bids, but the owners often use low-cost way of winning.While the bidders promised to abide by the provisions of contract doc

11、uments,but once the contract, they refused to the end there is no profit or losingmoney, so, often with inferior materials, do not follow standard construction,bribery, or layers of subcontracting means to profit. This time, the absence ofan effective supervision mechanism, the victims can only be t

12、he owners.From the process, process control the cost of supervision of supervisionengineer should not only be concerned with whether the works to meet therequired quality goals, he should be the focus all the objectives of the projectdesign, in the actual operation, the contractor engaged in constru

13、ction prior topermanent per days must be carried out by a variety of inspection, testing,content or face a new job, workload, construction methods, measures,materials testing and sub-contracting part of the work or works submitted tothe approval of supervisory engineer. The contractor can only work

14、within theapproved, without approval or beyond the approved engineers work can not3 be recognized. At the same time is also an engineer approved the contractor toobtain a basis for progress payments. Engineers, contractors, anynon-approved inputs (manpower, materials, equipment) will not receivecomp

15、ensation, meaning that there is no engineers approval, the contractorshall not proceed to the next one process or face, shall not be put intoconstruction materials, use, shall not subcontract part of the project or work.Supervision and Control of project cost from the cost of the engineeringsupervis

16、ion of the project cost management goal is to project to be completedwithin the contract price can not be there far exceed estimates. Supervision ofthe strict monitoring of the project, due to the contractor causes the possibilityof super-budget is almost zero. This is because: Engineering Super-bud

17、get, nomore than two kinds of reasons, the first rise in unit labor and materials, first,during the construction works increased volume, while the contractors bid isa commitment to its binding, and the contractor not entitled to their ownworks to increase the amount of the project, even if there are

18、 engineers,required the contractor to increase the input of resources to protect the projectdesign goals, the contractor has no right to be compensated, therefore,because in the tender document, the contractor can protect a large number offrequently cited the successful completion of the project per

19、sonnel andmechanical equipment. From equipment costs, materials costs and equipmentcosts control supervision, materials costs in the capital projects account for4 about 70% of the entire cost. It is the project a major component of directcosts. Materials, equipment, high and low prices will directly

20、 affect the size ofthe construction costs.Thus, in the supervision process, can not be ignored that part. Tointroduce competition, and create competitive conditions. Owners candelegate the direct supervision through public tender selecting the suppliers,so that contractors can avoid unauthorized low

21、er prices, delays in providerpayments and thus lead to shoddy supplier, delivery is not timely, therebyaffecting the progress of projects happening. The contractor in the preparationof tender prices, mainly the prices of materials and equipment owners andsuppliers signed price quotation, by the supp

22、liers of materials and equipmentwill be mainly transported to the scene by the supervising engineers andcontractors to co-sign, the by the owner will focus on the procurement ofmaterials and equipment shall be paid directly to suppliers.From the above procedures is easy to see the contractor in addi

23、tion tosupervising engineers no choice but to obey. This is because the supervisingengineer contractor performance has a strong economic constraints means,economic means of payment by the project system and the deposit system,composition, they are the heads of the two contractors, inhibition.The pro

24、ject payment system: in fact, the project payment system is toproject the economic risk of being transferred to the contractor. Contractor5 must obtain economic benefits (the bid price and the difference between theactual cost of the project) prior advance money or other resources, that is: Hehad to

25、 buy the materials, equipment, payment of wages and other expenses,under the supervision of the supervising engineer contract documents allrequests to create a project. Can only be the work of the contractor tocomplete the written approval of the supervisory engineer and the quality ofbond, after de

26、ducting there from the owner to obtain compensation (forprojects). If the contractors work should not be so satisfied with supervision,he not only no hope of profit, and even the cost of inputs can not berecovered.Project Margin System: As a rule, signed contract before the contractormust pay the co

27、ntract price equal to 10% of the performance bond or letter ofguarantee. The contractor prior to commencement of course, can be obtainedfrom the owners of 10% of the total contract price of the advance payment,but he must also be matched to the owners to submit a bond or letter ofguarantee. Even if

28、the contractor has received final acceptance certificatesfrom the project, he will be leaving 5% of total contract price of the retentionmoney. Here the performance bond and retention payments totaling 15% ofthe project contract price, far greater than the contractors profit margin. Thecontractors d

29、efault can cause bond be forfeited, and whether the breach ofcontract only to evaluate the supervisory engineer.6 Third, completion of the project closing of SupervisionThe first job done in several stages, based on the completion ofsettlement on a lot easier. Labor Exchange acceptance of the projec

30、t handledimmediately after completion of billing processing. Completion of thecontract price settlement value is value of claims already liquidated damages.According to FIDIC terms or model of Chinas construction contractterms and the actual text of the provisions of the terms of the contract issign

31、ed: involving construction claims and breach of contract issues,supervision engineers must clearly define the responsibilities to minimize theclaims, to reduce the claim should note the following: strengthening contractmanagement, improve the terms of the contract; before projects should befully pre

32、pared to work; enhance the design of the review, the timely detectionof problems in the design to avoid the construction.Engineering design changes due to claims arising; to strengthen qualitymanagement, and strengthen the quality of tracking, to avoid or reduce thecontract sample tests or works out

33、side the review of claims arising; toimprove the quality of supervision engineers found that claims in a timelymanner.In short, the supervision engineer in Cost Control of the importance ofthe role and status is beyond question, supervision is entrusted by the ownerson the implementation of the proj

34、ect to conduct supervision and management,7 reform and opening up of Chinas foreign towards WTO needs. ProjectManagement is a need for a variety of professional and technical, economic,legal and other integrated management of multi-disciplinary knowledge andskills in intellectual-intensive service w

35、ork, which requires supervisorscontrolling costs, management contracts and information, the ability tomediate economic disputes, continually improve their own quality, andenhance awareness of contract management, improve the legal system. To thisend, the state unit of the Ministry of Construction Su

36、pervision of socialhierarchy and the corresponding conditions and qualification standards,supervision of qualified engineers to make separate provision accordingly.Project Management in China has generally been carried out, as a matureproject management experience in the management of cost control w

37、illcertainly play a key role.8 工程监理体系在中国工程建设中的地位在占支配地位的中国社会主义市场经济条件下，工程监理制度在中国的工程建设中的贯彻正逐步走向成熟。在中国，当我们谈论一个工程项目时，人们总是只关注工程项目的质量方面，似乎工程监理所肩负的职责就仅仅是保护工程项目的质量，事实上，工程监理对于工程的监管是非常全面的，根据 FIDIC 条款在工程建设中的规定，工程质量作为工程品质的保证，固然很重要，但在整个工程的运作中只有严格贯彻工程监理三大目标(质量、进度、成本)，使三者相互联系、相互影响，形成一个有机的整体，从不同角度实施对项目的监管，才能真正保证工程效益

38、。其中成本控制也很重要，成本管理工作的好坏，将直接关系到工程质量是否达到了预期的目标，工程进展是否可以按时完成。第一，工程设计阶段的工程监理。在设计阶段引入工程监理，可以确定合理的工程设计，选择成熟的技术方案，减少施工阶段的主要设计程序的更改，有效的控制工程成本。专家说：对于工程监理参与设计阶段，如果被排除在外，在施工阶段将需要对设计方案做 80%以上的更改，而工程监理参与工程设计，将至少节省 20%的工程建设投资。有材料显示，一个德国大学图书馆的建设，原本的设计有三个，包括地下室，项目管理公司在满足欧盟委员会对于建设空间要求和功能要求的条件下，提出了增加楼层，缩短层高，从而9 废除了原本的地

39、下室设计。与此同时也减少了人流疏散的距离(达到所要求的标准)，所以修改后的设计不仅降低了工程成本，也使整个设计得到了功能性的改善，从而得到了市政府的信贷并获得了称赞。目前，中国的工程监理参与设计阶段的实践经验还非常欠缺，我们应主动学习国外成熟的监理制度，并完善自己监理制度的发展,规范市场，主动加强设计阶段的监督、控制，重视前期的成本管理，科学、合理的进行事前控制。因此，加强设计阶段的成本控制和监管是至关重要的。第二，施工阶段的工程监理。正如我们所知，无论是国内还是国际的建筑市场，工程建设的主动权掌握在业主手中，所以建设市场的主导是买方市场，施工企业之间的竞争是非常残酷的。为了投标，承包方倾向于

40、几乎零利润或者低于成本的报价，但是业主往往使用低成本的方式赢得胜利。虽然施工方答应遵守合同文件的规定，但一旦合同开始履行，他们最终还是会拒绝没有利润或导致亏损的结果。所以，承包方在工程实施的过程中经常使用劣质的材料，不按规范要求施工，收受贿赂，并将工程进行非法转包，以此从中获取利益。此时，如果国家没有形成一个有效的监督机制，那么受害者只能是业主。在工程实施的过程中，监理工程师不仅应当关心工程的质量是否符合要求，还应当做好成本控制的管理，应当将工作重心放在工程的整体控制和实际操作上，承包方在工程开工前，必须按照规定对施工人员进行培训，对施工场地进行严格检查，对工程机械进行全面的测试，面对一个新工

41、程，施工方还应将总体工作量、采用的施工方法、10 紧急情况应急方案、材料的品种、工程转包的细节等和工程相关的内容报送监理工程师，接受审批。承包商应按照合同进行建设，未经监理工程师批准或者超出核定范围的工作，可以不予认可。只有经过监理工程师的批准，承包商才能进行工程建设支出和确定进度计划。在未经监理工程师允许的情况下造成的工程损失，无论是工程师、承包商、还是任何的工程输入(人工、材料、设备)将不会得到补偿，承包商未经许可不得擅自进入下一个工程环节，不得将建筑材料投入使用，不得分包项目的部分工作。工程监理项目成本管理的目标是监督和控制工程造价成本，使工程的支出在工程合同价格内完成，不能远超过工程估价。严格的监督监理控制，将完全遏制承包商试图提高工程成本的可能性。这是因为：工程成本的超额，不超过两种原因，第一是单位劳动力和材料价格的上升, 首先，是承包商在施工过程中试图增加施工量,从而提高报价，而承包商是无权自主增加工程的，即便是工程师要求承包商增加投入的资源来完成项目的设计目标,承包商也无权得到报酬，因此，根据合同中的规定，承包商有义务保证工程项目的施工人员和机械设备的工作质量，将项目成功完成。工程监理对设备成本，材料成本的控制监督，在总成本控制中约占到 70%的比例，是项目直接成本的主要组成部分。材料和设备价格的高低，将直接影响到建设成本的大小。因此，在工