平地机简介外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译

1、 附录一：平地机简介平地机是利用刮刀平整地面的土方机械，它可以完成公路重要内容场、农田等大面积的地面平整和挖沟、刮坡、推土、排雪、疏松、压实、布料、拌和、助装和开荒等工作。是国防工程、矿山建设、道路修筑、水利建设和农田改良等施工中的重要设备。平地机的历史与发展原始的平地机可以追述到 19 世纪末的美国。自 20 世纪 20 年代起，在近 80年的发展历程中，平地机经历了低速到高速、小型到大型、机械操纵到液压操纵、机械换挡到动力换挡、机械转向到液压助力转向再到全液压转向以及整体机架到铲接机架的发展过程。整机可靠性、耐久性、安全性和舒适性都有了很大的提高。今天随着高新技术的发展，机械制造和液压技术

2、的发展与应用。已及它们组合式地在工程机械产品上的应用，以现代微电子技术为代表的高科技正越来越普遍地用来改造工程机械产品的传统结构。成熟技术的移植应用已大大促进了平地机综合技术水平的进一步提高。平地机已经发展成自行平地的水平。自动化已经成为平地机的发展趋势。因此平地机也得已广泛的使用。整体式机架机架是一个支持在前桥与后桥上的弓形梁架。在机架上装着发动机、主传动装置、驾驶室和工作装置等。在机架中间的弓背处装有油缸支架，上面安装刮刀升降油缸和牵引架引起油缸。铰接机架设有左右铰接转向油缸，用以改变或固定前后机架的相对位置。平地机动力传动系统平地机传动系统一般由主离合器、液力变矩器、变速箱、后桥传动、平

3、衡箱串联传动装置等组成。PY180 平地机传动系统结构特点液力变矩器为单级向心式变矩器，具有一定的正透性。变矩器泵轮通过弹性连接盘（非金属材料）与发动机飞轮直接相连；采用定轴式动力换档变速箱，涡轮轴为定轴式动力换档变速箱的输入轴。由变速油泵向液压换挡离合器提供压力油，以实现动力换档。变速泵由泵轮轴驱动，安装在变速箱内的后上方。除向换档离合器提供压力油外，同时向液力变矩器供油，然后经冷却器冷却，再供给变速箱的压力润滑系统。PY180 平地机传动系统原理PY180 型平地机传动系统采用发动机 -液力变扭器 -动力换挡变速器的传动形式。他的传动原理简图如下图所示。发动机输出的动力经液力变矩器，进入动

4、力换挡变速器，由变速器输出，经万向节和传动轴输入三段型驱动桥的中央传动。中央传动设有自动闭锁差速器，左右半轴分别于左右行星减速装置的太阳轮相 连，动力由齿圈输出，谈后输入左右平衡箱轮边减速装置通过重型滚子链轮减速增扭，再经车轮轴输出到左右驱动轮。Y180 型自行式平地机采用 ZF 液力变矩器-变速器或采用 Clack 液力变扭器-变速器与发动机共同工作。液力变扭器与动力换挡变速器共壳体，前端与发动机飞轮壳体用螺栓连接。ZF 液力变扭器=变速器均为组成是变速器，由主、幅变速器串联组成，前者采用高低档副变速器，具有 6 个前进和 3 个倒退档。液力变矩器为电极向心式变矩器，具有一定的正透性。变扭器

5、泵轮通过弹性盘与发动机飞轮练级，我沦为变速器的动力输入轴。变速器为定轴式动力换挡变速器，变速齿轮均为常啮合了，操纵换挡离合器换挡，并有变速油泵供给压力油。变速齿轮油泵安装在变速器内的后上方。除向换挡离合器提供压力油外，变速泵也同时向液力变扭器供油，然后经冷却器冷却，再向变速器的压力润滑系统供油。变速器设有 K1、K2、K3、K4、K5 等 5 个换挡离合器和 1 个换向离合器（KR），换挡离合器为多片式双离合器机构，“KV-K1”、“KV-K2”和“KV-K3”换挡离合器均为单作用双离合器，即左、右离合器可以单独接合，也可以同时接合传递动力。左、右离合器公用一个油缸，分别有各自的压紧活塞。在变

6、速器后端胜出的泵轮轴上，装有平地机工作装置的驱动油泵。变速其输出的动力一部分用于驱动转向油泵和紧急转向油泵。变速器输出轴前端装有停车制动器，后端通过传动轴将动力传至后桥行走驱动装置。变速器采用电液系统控制换挡。电液控制系统由变速泵、换挡压力控制阀、电磁换挡液压信号阀、液压换挡阀、换挡离合器组机滤清器、安全阀、邮箱等液压元件和档位选择器等电气元件所组成。在电液换挡控制系统中，变速泵主油路提供电磁换挡信号阀的信号油压和通过液压换挡阀进入换挡离合器的接合油压，换挡时，手动操纵电控档位选择档位，季节同于选择器相关的电磁信号阀，并通过电磁信号阀输出信号油压，再控制液压换挡阀实现力换挡。平地机换向时，应将

7、档位降至 1 档进行。液控液压换挡换向阀设有缓冲装置，可使换挡离合器接合平稳、换挡无冲击。另外，变速器的电液换挡电气线路中设有空当保险装置，只有在变速其处于低档位是，才能启动发电机，这样可以避免发动机负载启动。转向液压回路PY180 型平地机的装向液压回路由转向泵 14、紧急转向泵 15、转向阀 22、液压转向器 23、转向油缸 4、冷却器 28、旁通指示阀 21 和压力油箱 24 等主要液压元件组成。平地机转向时由转向泵提供的压力油经流量控制阀和转向阀，以稳定的流量进入液压转向器，然后进入前桥左、右转向油缸的反向工作腔，推动左、右前轮的转向节臂，偏转车轮，实现向左或向右转向。转向器内的安全阀

8、可保护转向液压回路的安全，即回路过载（工作压力超过 15MPa）时安全阀开启、卸荷。当转向油泵出现故障、无法提供压力油时，转向阀即自动接通由变速箱输出轴驱动的紧急转向泵，由该泵提供的压力油即可进入转向回路，确保转向运动正 常进行。当转向泵或紧急转向泵发生故障时，旁通指示阀接通，监控指示灯显示，以提醒驾驶员注意。PY180 型平地机前桥工作特点平地机转向时，左右车轮可通过转向油缸推动左右转向节偏转，实现平地机转向，此时将前轮向转向内侧倾斜，可进一步减小平地机的转弯半径；平地机在横坡上作业时，倾斜前轮使其处于垂直状态，有利于提高前轮的附着力和平地机的作业稳定性。PY180 型平地机平衡箱工作特点平

9、衡箱可将主传动器的由半轴传出动的力，经链传动分别传给中、后车轮。因平衡箱箱体有较好的摆动性，因而保证了每侧的中、后轮同时着地，有效地保证了平地机的附着牵引性能，并大大提高平地机刮刀作业平整性。PY180 型平地机的工作装置平地机工作装置分为主要工作装置和附加工作装置；前者为刮刀，后者有耙土器、松土器和推土铲等，生产厂家可根据用户要求加装其中一种或两种。多数平地机将耙土器装在刮刀与前轮之间，用来帮助清除杂物和疏松表层土壤；松土器安装在平地机的尾部；推土铲安装在平地机前面，用来配合刮刀作业。PY180 型平地机刮土工作装置1）牵引架的前端个球形铰，与车架前端铰接，因而牵引架可绕球铰在任意方向转动和

10、摆动。2）支承在牵引架上的回转圈在回转驱动装置的驱动下绕牵引架转动，从而带动刮刀回转。3）刮刀切削角的改变：由角位器及角位器紧固螺母、切削角调节油缸共同完成。4）刮刀侧移：刮刀侧移油缸活塞杆通过滑轨带动刮刀侧移。5）刮刀移出机身：由牵引架引出油缸、刮刀侧移油缸及回转驱动装置同时动作实现。PY180 型平地机牵引架分为 A 型和 T 型两种。前者为箱形截面三角形钢架。A 型牵引架前端球铰与弓形前机架前端铰接，后端横梁两端球头与刮刀提升油缸活塞杆铰接。牵引架前端和后端下部焊有底板，前底板中部伸出部分可安装转盘驱动小齿轮。 PY180 型平地机回转圈及支承装置回转圈由齿圈、耳板、拉杆等焊接而成。耳板

11、应强度足够以免破坏。回转圈属于不经常传动件，所以齿圈制造及配合面的配合精度可不高，并且暴露在外。回转圈在牵引架的滑道上回转，滑道与回转圈之间为间隙配合且便于调节，并且因回转支承装置的滑动性能和耐磨性能都较好，不需要更换支承垫块。PY180 型平地机的刮刀刀身为一块钢板制成的长方形曲面弧形板，其下缘和两端用螺栓装有切削刀片。刀片由耐磨抗冲击高合金钢制成。其切削刃是上下对称，刀口磨钝或磨损后可上下换边或左右对换使用。为提高刮刀抗扭抗弯刚度和强度，在刀身的背面焊有加固横条，在某些平地机上，此加固横条就是上下两条供刮刀侧伸时使用的滑轨。PY180 型平地机松土工作装置用于疏松不能用刮刀直接切削的坚硬土

12、壤。可以分为耙土器负荷比较小，一般采用前置布置方式，即布置在刮刀和前轮之间；松土器负荷较大，采用后置布置方式，布置在平地机尾部，安装位置离驱动轮近，车架刚度大，允许进行重负荷松土作业。PY180 型平地机松土器分双连杆式和单连杆式两种。单连杆式松土器由于其连杆长度有限，松土齿在不同的入土深度下的松土角变化较大，但结构简单。双连杆式的近似于平行四边形机构，其优点是松土齿在不同的切土深度角基本不变，故对松土有利。且双连杆同时承载，改善了松土器架的受力状态。轮式随动装置的刮平控制装置方形连接套装在刮刀一侧的背面，连接整个装置的方形杆可插入套内，然后固定住。整个装置可以从刮刀的一端换到另一端，拆装方便

13、。工作时，随动轮在基准路面上被刮刀拖着滚动，轮子相对于刮刀上下跳动量直接传给刮平传感器上的摆杆，使之绕摆轴转动，转动角由传感器测得。转动角的大小反映了刮刀高度的变化。如果测得的高度与司机在控制箱上设置的高度存在偏差，通过信号立即传到液压伺服装置，控制升降油缸调节刮刀高度至设置高度为止。轮式随动装置常用于以比较硬的地面（如沥青路面等）为基准时的作业。滑靴式随动装置 滑靴由连杆带动，连杆与刮刀背面的接块铰接，可相对于刮刀作上下摆动，摆动量通过连杆上的支杆拨动摆杆传给传感器。基准绳控制刮平当没有可参照的基准路面时，基准绳的设置为：套着横杆桩杆钉入土内，横杆在桩杆上下滑动以调节基准绳的高度并用螺钉定位

14、。工作中传感器上的摆杆在弹簧拉力作用下抵在基准绳的下面，弹簧拉力可以起到补偿绳子下垂的作用。随着摆杆绕传感器轴转动，将跳动量传递到传感器。激光调平与电子调节结合型刮刀纵向刮平采用激光调平方式控制，而斜度控制采用倾斜仪测量控制，激光接收机只装在纵向刮平控制一侧的牵引架上，以激光束为基准调节这一侧刮刀的高度。倾斜仪装在牵引架上，可以检测刮刀的横向斜度，按照设置的斜度要求控制另一则升降油缸。控制箱装在驾驶室内，刮刀高度和倾斜度均可在控制箱上设置，实现 “自动控制”和“人工控制”的相互转换。此外还有一个优先设计，即当自动调节作业时，如果刮刀的负荷过大，则可用手动优先操纵各操纵杆。技术发展前景：系列化、

15、特大型化系列化是工程机械发展的重要趋势。国外著名大公司逐步实现其产品系列化进程，形成了从微型到特大型不同规格的产品。与此同时，产品更新换代的周期明显缩短。所谓特大型工程机械，是指其装备的发动机额定功率超过 746kW(1000HP)。它们主要用于大型露天矿山或大型水电工程工地。产品特点是科技含量高，研制与生产周期较长，投资大，市场容量有限，市场竞争主要集中在少数几家公司。以装载机为例，目前仅有马拉松勒图尔勒、卡特彼勒和小松一德雷塞这三家公司能够生产特大型装载机。多用途、超小型化、微型化为了全方位地满足不同用户的需求，国外工程机械在朝着系列化、特大型化方向发展的同时，已进人多用途、超小型化、微型

16、化发展阶段。推动这一发展的因素首先源于液压技术的发展通过对液压系统的合理设计，使得工作装置能够完成多种作业功能；其次，快速可更换连接装置的诞生安装在工作装置上的液压快速可更换连接器，能在作业现场完成各种附属作业装置的快速装卸及液压软管的自动连接，使得更换附属作业装置的工作在司机室通过操纵手柄即可快速完成。一方面，工作机械通用性的提高，可使用户在不增加投资的前提下充分发挥设备本身的效能，能完成更多的工作；另一方面，为了尽可能地用机器作业替代人力劳动，提高生产效率，适应城市狭窄施工场所以及在货栈、码头、仓库、舱位、农舍、建筑物层内和地下工程作业环境的使用要求，小型及微型工程机械有了用武之地，并得到

17、了较快的发展。为占领这一市场，各生产厂商都相继推出了多用途、小型和微型工程机械。如卡特彼勒公司生产的汀系列综合多用机、克拉克公司生产的“山猫”牌产品等。 多功能化多功能化作业装置改变了单一作业功能，多种作业已从中、大型工程机械应用的局限中解脱出来，在小型和微型工程机械上也开始了应用。节能与环保为提高产品的节能效果和满足日益苛刻的环保要求，国外工程机械公司主要从降低发动机排放、提高液压系统效率和减振、降噪等方面人手。计算机管理及故障诊断、远程监控系统及整机智能化以微电子、Internet 为重要标志的信息时代，不断研制出集液压、微电子及信息技术于一体的智能系统，并广泛应用于工程机械的产品设计之中

18、，进一步提高了产品的性能及高科技含量。附录二：Grader IntroductionGrader is the use of flat ground scraper earthmoving machinery, an importantpart of it can be done road courses, a large area of farmland ground leveling andtrenching, slope scraping, bulldozing, ranked snow, loose, compaction, fabrics,mixing, loading aid an

19、d land reclamation work. Defense engineering, mineconstruction, road construction, water conservancy construction and farmimprovements such as the construction of important facilities.History and Development gradersThe original grader can be traced to the late 19th century America. Since the1920s, n

20、early 80 years of development history, graders experienced a low speed tohigh speed, small to large, mechanically operated to hydraulically operated,mechanical shift to the power shift, mechanical steering to hydraulic power steeringand then hydraulic steering and overall pick shovel rack rack to th

21、e developmentprocess. Machine reliability, durability, safety and comfort have been greatlyimproved. Today, with the development of high technology, the development andapplication of mechanical engineering and hydraulic technology. They have beencombined and applied engineering machinery products in

22、 order to modernmicroelectronic technology, represented by high-tech are becoming more widely usedto transform the traditional structure of construction machinery products.Transplantation of mature technology has greatly facilitated the further increase thelevel of integrated technology grader. Grad

23、er has developed into its own ground level.Automation has become the development trend graders. Therefore, they have beenwidely grader used.Overall Rack Rack is a front axle and rear axle support arched beams. The rack filled withengine, main transmission, cab and working devices.With fuel tanks sta

24、nd in the middle of the arched frame at installation blade liftcylinder and cause the fuel tank above the traction frame. Hinged frame hasarticulated steering cylinder about to change, or the relative position of the fixed frontand rear rack.Grader powertrainGrader generally consists of the main clu

25、tch transmission, torque converter,transmission, rear axle drive, balanced tandem gear boxes and other components.PY180 grader structural characteristics of the transmission systemTorque converter is a single-stage centripetal torque converter, with somepositive permeability. Torque converter pump w

26、heel connected by elastic plate(non-metallic materials) is directly connected to the engine flywheel;Using fixed shaft power shift transmission input shaft of the turbine shaft is fixedshaft power shift transmission. Provide pressure oil from the hydraulic clutch shiftgear pump, in order to achieve

27、power shift. Variable speed pump driven by the pumpshaft mounted above the rear in the gearbox. In addition to providing the shiftingclutch oil pressure, but at the same time to the torque converter oil, then by the cooler,then the supply pressure gearbox lubrication system.PY180 grader transmission

28、 principlePY180 grader transmission system uses engine - torque converter - power shifttransmission drive form. His driving principle diagram shown below. Power output ofthe engine through the torque converter into the power shift transmission, thetransmission output, the input drive shaft universal

29、 joint and three sections of thecentral drive type drive axle. Central transmission with automatic locking differentials,respectively, around the sun around the wheel axle planetary gear unit is connected tothe power output from the ring, after talking about balancing the input box wheeldeceleration

30、 device through heavy roller wheel deceleration by twisting, and then bycar to the left and right drive axle output.Y180 type grader uses ZF torque converter - transmission or torque converterusing Clack - transmission and engine work together. Torque converter and powershift transmission altogether

31、 case, the front end of the engine flywheel housing bolted.= ZF torque converter transmissions are composed is the transmission, by the Lord,increase transmission in series, the former high-low splitter, with six forward andthree reverse gears.Torque converter electrode centripetal torque converter,

32、 with some positivepermeability. Torque converter pump wheel through the elastic plate and the engineflywheel leveling, I reduced power transmission input shaft.Transmission for a given type power shift transmission, transmission gears wereconstant mesh, and manipulation of the shift clutch shift, a

33、nd shift the supply pressureoil pump. Change gear transmission oil pump installed in the top post. In addition toproviding pressurized oil to shift the clutch outer, the variable speed pump also oil to the torque converter, and then cooled by the cooler, the transmission again pressureoil lubricatio

34、n system.Transmission has K1, K2, K3, K4, K5, etc. 5 shifting clutch and a reversingclutch (KR), for the multi-plate clutch shift dual clutch mechanism, KV-K1,KV-K2 and KV-K3 are single-action clutch shift dual-clutch, and the left andright clutch engagement individually, you can also engage to tran

35、smit power. Left andright common a clutch cylinder, respectively, each of the pressing piston.Winning on the rear of transmission shaft pump, oil pump drive fitted graderworking device. Power shift part of its output is used to drive the steering pump andemergency steering pump. The front end of the

36、 transmission output shaft is equippedwith a parking brake, after the power is transmitted to the rear end through the shaftdrives walking bridge.Transmission using electro-hydraulic control system shift. Electro-hydrauliccontrol system consists of a variable speed pump, shift pressure control valve

37、s,hydraulic solenoid shift signal valves, hydraulic shift valve, hydraulic componentsand gear shift selector clutch pack machine filters, safety valves, electricalcomponents, etc. E-mail composed.In the electro-hydraulic shift control system, variable speed pump main oilprovides a signal hydraulic s

38、olenoid valves and shift signals shift by a hydraulic valveinto a hydraulic shift clutch engagement when shifting manually operated electricalcontrol gear selection stalls, the same season in the selector valve associatedelectromagnetic signal and the output signal through electromagnetic signalshyd

39、raulic valve, hydraulic shift control valve again achieve power shift. When gradercommutation should be reduced to a stall stalls.Hydraulic control valve has a hydraulic shift buffer system that allows smoothshifting clutch engagement, no shift shock. In addition, the electro-hydraulictransmission s

40、hifting electrical circuit has a safety device when empty, and only inthat it is in low gear position is to start the generator, so to avoid the engine load tostart.Steering hydraulic circuitPY180 grader mounted steering route back to the hydraulic pump 14, 15emergency steering pump, steering valve

41、22, 23 hydraulic steering, steering cylinder 4,the cooler 28, the bypass valve 21 and the pressure tank instructions and other majorhydraulic components consisting of 24 . Grader steering provided by steering pumpoil pressure flow control valve and the steering valve, in order to stabilize the flowi

42、nto the hydraulic steering, and then enter the front axle left and right turn reverse theworking chamber cylinder, push the left and right front wheel knuckle arm deflectionwheels, steering left or right to achieve. Diverter valve inside to protect the safety ofhydraulic steering circuit, namely bac

43、k overloads (operating pressure exceeds 15MPa)safety valve opens when unloading.When the steering pump failure, unable to provide pressure oil, the diverter valveis automatically switched on by the gearbox output shaft driven emergency steeringpump, provided by the pump pressure oil to enter the ste

44、ering circuit, ensuring thenormal steering movements. When the steering pump or emergency steering pump failure, the bypass valve is turned indication, monitoring indicator displays to alert thedriver.PY180 grader working characteristics of the front axleGrader when turning left and right wheels can

45、 be pushed through the steeringcylinder about knuckle deflection achieve grader steering wheel to the steering Themedial tilt, can further reduce the turning radius graders;Grader at the time of cross-slope operation, tilt wheel it is in a vertical position,will help improve the stability of the fro

46、nt wheel adhesion work peacefully machines.PY180 grader balance box work characteristicsBalance box can be the main drive axle spread by the movement of forces, werepassed through the chain drive, the rear wheels.Box because the box has a good balance of the swing, thus ensuring each side ofthe rear

47、 wheels while the ground, effectively ensure the adhesion traction motorgrader, and greatly improve the grader blade operation smoothness.Working device type PY180 gradersGrader working device into the main unit and the additional work means work;the former is the blade, which has rake the soil, a r

48、ipper and dozer and othermanufacturers can install one or two according to user requirements.Most grader will rake the soil is mounted between the blade and the front wheels,to help clear the debris and loose topsoil; ripper installed in the rear grader; dozerinstalled in front grader, used to work

49、with the scraper.PY180 grader moldboard working device1) front-end traction frame a spherical hinge, and the front frame is hinged, sotraction frame can rotate around the ball joints and swing in any direction.2) supporting the shelves back in a circular motion in traction drive rotary drivemeans to

50、 rotate around the traction frame, so as to drive the blade rotation.3) cutting blade angle changes: by angular position and angular positioncontrol device fastening nut, cutting angle adjustment cylinder together to complete.4) scraper Sway: Sway cylinder rod scraper blade driven by lateral slide.5

51、) blade out of the body: the traction frame leads cylinders, cylinder and rotaryblade lateral movement while the drive to achieve.PY180 grader traction frameDivided into A and T type two. The former is a triangular box section steel.A ball joint front end traction frame with arched front hinged fron

52、t of the rack,the back-end beam at both ends of the ball head with the blade lift cylinder rod ishinged. The lower part of the front and rear traction frame welded plate, extending thecentral part of the front floor can be installed turntable drive pinion.PY180 grader turning circle and supporting d

53、evice Turning circle welded ring, ear plate, rod, etc. together. Board should be ofsufficient strength to avoid ear damage. Turning circle are infrequent transmissionparts, so with the precision manufacturing and the mating surface of the ring withouthigh and exposed.Turning circle on the traction f

54、rame rotary slide between the slide and the turningcircle is a clearance fit and easy to adjust, and sliding properties and wear resistancedue to the rotary support means are good, do not need to replace the bearing pad.PY180 grader blade typeCurved blade is curved rectangular plate made of a steel

55、plate, and ends with itslower edge provided with cutting insert bolt.Blades are made of wear-resistant high impact steel. Its cutting edge is verticallysymmetrical, blunt knife or worn up or down or left and right to change sides swappeduse.To improve the blade torsional bending stiffness and streng

56、th in the back of theblades welded reinforcement bar, on some graders, this reinforcement bar is availablewhen the blade up and down the two side rails extending use.PY180 grader ripper working deviceLoose soil can not be used for hard cutting blade directly.Can be divided intorake earthenware - loa

57、d is relatively small, the general pre-arrangement, which isarranged between the blade and the front wheel; ripper - a larger load, using the reararrangement, arranged in the rear grader, installation location away from the drivenearly round, frame stiffness, allowing for heavy tillage operations.PY

58、180 grader ripperDual-link single link sub-two. Single Link ripper because of its limited length ofthe link, ripper teeth buried in different depths of scarification angle variation is large,but simple structure.Dual-link approximates the parallelogram mechanism, the advantage ripper teethcut at dif

59、ferent angles is essentially the same soil depth, so the loose soil favorable. Atthe same time, and dual-link load, and improves the stress state ripper frame.Calibrating control means wheeled followerSet at the back of the square is connected on one side of the blade, the wholeassembly can be inser

60、ted into a square rod kit, and then fixed. The entire device canbe changed from one end to the other end of the blade, easy disassembly.When working with the drive wheels on the reference surface is dragged scraperscroll wheel up and down relative to the blade directly to Calibrating sensor runoutOn