国外社会心理学3课件2

1、国外社会心理学3课件2Going Beyond the Information GivenThe procedure is actually quite simple. First you arrange things into different groups. Of course, one pile may be sufficient, depending on how much there is to do. If you have to go somewhere else due to lack of facilities, that is the next step; otherwi

2、se you are pretty well set. It is important not to overdo things. That is, it is better to do too few things at once than too many. In the short run this may not seem important but complications can easily arise. A mistake can be expensive as well. At first the whole procedure will seem complicated.

3、 Soon, however, it will become just another facet of life. It is difficult to foresee any end to the necessity for this task in the immediate future, but then one can never tell. After the procedure is completed one arranges the materials into different groups again. Eventually they will be used onc

4、e more and the whole cycle will then have to be repeated.How Concepts Guide InterpretationDN96Now Try It When You Understand the ConceptsDrinking16Not Drinking19What Concepts Are We Thinking About - Activating ConceptsStimulus features - this seems obvious so it really hasnt been studiedSalienceSolo

5、 Status StudiesMcGuire StudiesPriming -The Donald Study (Srull & Wyer, 1979)The Devine (1989) StudyChronic AccessibilityGoalsDonaldI ran into my old acquaintance Donald the other day, and I decided to go over and visit him, since by coincidence we took our vacations at the same time. Soon after I ar

6、rived, a salesman knocked at the door, but Donald refused to let him enter. He also told me that he was refusing to pay his rent until the landlord repaints his apartment. We talked for a while, had lunch, and then went out for a ride. We used my car, since Donalds car had broken down that morning,

7、and he told the garage mechanic that he would have to go somewhere else if he couldnt fix his car that same day. We went to the park for about an hour and then stopped at a hardware store. I was sort of preoccupied, but Donald bought some gadget, and then I heard him demand his money back from the s

8、ales clerk. I couldnt find what I was looking for, so we left and walked a few blocks to another store. The Red Cross had set up a stand by the door and asked us to donate blood. Donald lied by saying he had diabetes and therefore could not give blood. . .The Nature of ConceptsClassical View - you c

9、an define things with necessary and sufficient categories.Problems with this view -Often it is hard to define things (What is a date?)All members of a category are not equally good membersThey vary in typicalityUnclear examplesProbabilistic View - (think of birds)Fuzzy categories Family resemblanceP

10、robabilistic View - The EvidencePeople make reliable typicality ratings A desk chair and a dining room chair are typical chairsA recliner and an office chair are less typicalA beanbag chair and a computer chair are atypicalPeople can make quicker judgements about typical objectsWhen asked for exampl

11、es people nominate the typical objectsThere is a strong correlation between how typical an object is and the number of features it shares with the categoryTwo Types of Probabilistic ModelsPrototype Model Abstracted list of features that are typical of category membersThink of a used car salesmanDish

12、onest, slick, can talk your ear off, confident, persuasive, obnoxious, etc.Exemplar ModelNo summary just specific instances are stored in memoryThink of a used car salesmanMy brother, Chick the guy I bought my last car from, Bill the nice guy who sold me 3 different cars, etc.So Which Is It? Evidenc

13、e for Prototype ModelEvidence for the Prototype View - Peoples judgments are sometimes made independently of their memories about specific group members Park & Hastie (1987) Gave people descriptions of two groupsGave people examples of people in the groupsManipulated memory for examples by repeating

14、 them Descriptions mattered more than examples in ratings of the group and generalization from the group to new membersEvidence for Exemplar ModelEvidence for the Exemplar View - Priming people with exemplars influences peoples judgments Schwarz & Bless (1992)Asked some people to name politicians in

15、volved in a scandal; others were not asked to name politiciansThey then evaluated politicians in general and several specific politiciansSchwarz & Bless (1992)Critique of the Probabillistic ViewHow do we decide what to make similarity judgments on?What counts as a feature? - any two objects share an

16、 infinite number of features and we are more likely to categorize on some features than on others. Think of professors and rocks.How do we weight the different features that do count? - weighting features differently in different situations can lead to very different similarity judgments. Think of p

17、andas newspapers and koalas.Classification by similarity alone ignores relations among attributes - think of dogs; while it is true that they bark and it is true that they can protect people, we also know that sometimes they bark to protect people.Concepts as Theory-BasedSupport for this point of vi

18、ewCategory membership overrides similarity even in children Gelman & Markman (1986) Swallows are more similar to Flamingos than BatsGoal derived categories that have no apparent similarityGoing swimming, painting, jumping rope, eating cookiesExperts categorize things differentlyClassification of woo

19、dCombined ConceptsMuscle CarCritique of Theory Based ConceptsEvidence isnt clear enough to be more than suggestive - Lets look at some examplesCategory membership overrides similarity - what kind of similarity are we taking about, physical similarity yes, but perhaps there are other similarities pic

20、ked up in these studiesGoal derived categories that have no apparent similarity - Perhaps the dimensions of similarity are just not readily apparentExperts categorize things differently - Perhaps experts just have different organizations to the prototypes or exemplarsCombined Concepts - Perhaps thes

21、e are just subtypes of the more general prototypeWhere Does This Leave Us?Classical Approach has been discredited and probably only applies in rare situationsThe Probabilistic View and the Theory-Based Concept View both have merit but 2 questions remainCan the two be differentiated? i.e. can either

22、account explain any finding? (This suggests more precision is needed in the theories)When does each account prove most useful?Within Probabilistic View- the same two questions exist when comparing prototypes and exemplarsOrganizations of Categories within a ConceptLevels of concepts and meaning - Ro

23、sch proposed three levels Superordinate CategoriesMiddle Level or Basic Level CategoriesSubordinate CategoriesShe proposes that at superordinate categories it is difficult to talk about common attributes (hard to describe)She proposes that at subordinate categories requires too much cognitive energy

24、 to make differentiations (hard to differentiate)Basic categories are easy to describe and easy to differentiate from other objectsObject Hierarchy from RoschFurnitureTableLampChairKitchen TableDining Room TableFloor LampDesk LampKitchen ChairLiving Room ChairTrait Hierarchy fromCantor and MischelEmotionally UnstablePhobicSociopathClaustro-phobicAcro-phobicHydro-phobicRap