托福阅读句子简化题技巧

1、第 PAGE24 页 共 NUMPAGES24 页托福阅读句子简化题技巧托福阅读句子简化题技巧句子简化题的考察形式非常容易识别，我们会在原文一段话中看到被“高亮”出的一个句子：Paragraph 9: The relative amount of these two kinds of water varies greatly from one kind of rock or sediment to another, even though their porosities may be the same. What happens depends on pore size.If the por

2、es are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tension to hold, and it will drain away; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films, too light to overe the force of surface tension holding them in place; then the water will be firmly held.

3、然后结合这个句子问这样一个问题：Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.如何攻克句子简化题呢?首先，既然题目让我们选择与原句句意一样的选项，那就必需要保证可以读懂题目和各个选项句子的意思。切记，看懂才能做题，看不懂句子不要谈进步正确

4、率。看懂题目句子，在做这种题的时候可能还会在如下两点出现错误：句子太长、信息太多，在判断选项的时候容易被选项拐跑，忘记了原句准确的意思，勿中干扰选项的陷阱。对于原句和选项的改写判断错误，错选意思与原句不相符的答案问题1：句子太长、信息太多，在判断选项的时候容易被选项拐跑，忘记了原句准确的意思，勿中干扰选项的陷阱。这个问题可以通过以下这个方式来解决。读完句子后、判断选项前，我们尝试着把刚看完的这个长长的句子“分层”。所谓的分层，是根据连接词将长句子中的几个分句分别挑出来，单独来看。就好似把一个蛋糕分成小块，吃起来才比拟方便。之后，判断每个选项时，也将选项进展分层。我们要将原句的每一块“蛋糕”，和

5、选项的每一块“蛋糕”分别进展比对，来判断该选项是否与原文一致。同时，除了判断每一个分句句意是否对应，也要判断连接分句的连接词是否也能构成对应的改写。例题：Only the last of these(指代前文running water) was suited at all to the continuous operating of machines, and although waterpower abounded in Lancashire and Scotland and ran grain mills as well as textile mills, it had one great

6、 disadvantage: streams flowed where nature intended them to, and water-driven factories had to be located on their banks whether or not the location was desirable for other reasons.Running water was the best power source for factories since it could keep machines operating continuously, but since it

7、 was abundant only in Lancashire and Scotland, most mills and factories that were located elsewhere could not be water driven.The disadvantage of using waterpower is that streams do not necessarily flow in places that are the most suitable for factories, which explains why so many water-powered grai

8、n and textile mills were located in undesirable places.Since machines could be operated continuously only where running water was abundant, grain and textile mills, as well as other factories, tended to be located only in Lancashire and Scotland.Running water was the only source of power that was su

9、itable for the continuous operation of machines, but to make use of it, factories had to be located where the water was, regardless of whether such locations made sense otherwise.读清楚题目句子的意思之后，根据连接词将它分成三个局部，如下所示。Only the last of these(指代前文running water) was suited at all to the continuous operating o

10、f machines, and although waterpower abounded in Lancashire and Scotland and ran grain mills as well as textile mills,it had one great disadvantage: streams flowed where nature intended them to, and water-driven factories had to be located on their banks whether or not the location was desirable for

11、other reasons.“准备工作”完成之后，我们来依次判断选项。A选项错误：第一局部“Running water was the best power source for factories”的意思，原文三局部都未曾提及。原句橙色局部只说“只有水完全合适机械的持续运转”，但是否只有水合适、或者水最合适factories?factories和machine的持续运作并不等价。其次，原文的蓝色局部也并没有提到A选项后半局部所述的“流水仅仅在Lancashire和Scotland是很丰富的”。B选项错误：第二局部“so many water-powered grain and textile

12、 mills were located in undesirable places”在原句中并未提到，原句蓝色局部只说“L和S地区的水力可以给grain mills和textile mills提供动力”。C选项错误：第一局部上来就错了，原句橙色局部根本没讲“机械只能在水很丰富的地方运行”。D选项正确：第一局部对应原句橙色局部，第二局部对应原句紫色局部，妥妥的正确。问题2：对于原句和选项的改写判断错误，错选意思与原句不相符的答案假如是因为对句意和选项意思把握不够准确而产生的这个问题，请多读读文章，认真背单词，好好翻译翻译句子。假如是逻辑不够严谨、不够仔细而导致判断改写出错，“错把冯京当马凉”，请

13、多刷刷题，各种题，都能治。一些防不胜防的变态正确选项#1 正确答案的逻辑关系与原句的逻辑关系貌似不符(出现几率10.7%)有些同学喜欢根据“逻辑”来判断选项的正误，选项有原文的“逻辑关系”(大局部时候其实就是连词)，那么选项有可能是正确的。下面的例题对于这种解法提了个醒。例题：For exle, some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essential to their well-being and abandoned them; nevertheless, they retained as parts of their o

14、ral tradition the myths that had grown up around the rites and admired them for their artistic qualities rather than for their religious usefulness.正确答案为：Myths sometimes survived in a societys tradition because of their artistic qualities even after they were no longer deemed religiously beneficial.

15、正确选项的因果关系在原文并未直接给出，但是记住，逻辑关系并不一定是通过连接词来表达的，比方result from就可以表示因果关系，经过改写完全可以变成“because , ”的句子构造。再者，往往很多逻辑关系在初步理解句意的时候是无法非常直观的判断出来。此题的句意，不仅描绘了myths被保存下来，更是说明保存神话的原因是其艺术价值，所以正确答案的这个因果关系是符合原句意思的。再比方这个题目：The growth of the electric-power industry was the result of a remarkable series of scientific discover

16、ies and development in electrotechnology during the nieenth century, but significant changes in what we might now call hydro (water) technology also played their part.正确答案：Advances in electrotechnology in the nieenth century and changes in hydro technology were responsible for the growth of the elec

17、tric-power industry.这答案根本没有原文的“but”，但是并不影响这个句子100%复述了题目句子的含义。出现几率10%，这个比例并非小数目。这恰巧说明，同意改写确实是阅读中考察的一个重点。而同意改写并非一些古板的规那么可以归纳总结，详细情况还是要根据人家给出的句子和选项的意思来判断。#2 正确答案并不包含句子主干(出现几率5.4%)or省略局部原句信息(出现几率35.7%)纳尼!居然以前教师讲的“对应主干”是不对的?其实把这个现象解释成“没有100%通用的方法”，是可以说得通的，毕竟万事没有绝对。但是对于这种题目，“对应主干”的解题步骤可能需要打个折扣。原因在于一个句子的es

18、sential information有时候未必通过句子构造可以判断出来，就好似“状语”和“定语”有时候都长一个样子。遇到这类题目，使用排除的思路更适宜。最后剩下的那个选项与原句局部相符，而其他选项句意都错误，即使它不包含主干，那么也唯有选它了。例题：In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose, architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical la

19、ws, have changed little since people first discovered themeven while building materials have changed dramatically.“据说”句子的主语和谓语在答案中是需要有的，不过答案偏偏是：Unlike building materials, the methods of support used in architecture have not changed over time because they are based on physical laws.找谁说理去。除了句子“主干”被抛弃，

20、“次要信息”被抛弃的情况会更多，出现几率更大，相信大家在做官方真题Official的时候一定会遇到个把这样的选项，扔掉了局部原句的内容。由于这类选项很多，在这儿就不举例子了。#3 句子中会出现指代前文的代词，需要根据前文确认指代内容(出现几率5.4%)比方刚刚那道running water的题，原句上来就是only the last of these。要想看懂句意，必然结合前文确定指代内容，这样才能选择答案。#4 结合前文信息，才能准确理解并判断选项(出现几率3.6%)例题：In addition to finding an increase of suitable browse, like

21、huckleberry and vine maple, Arthur Einarsen, longtime game biologist in the Pacific Northwest, found quality of browse in the open areas to be substantially more nutritive.正确答案为：Arthur Einarsen found that deforested feeding grounds provided deer with more and better food.很多同学对这个题目中open areas开阔地区和def

22、orested grounds的改写非常费解。其实这个句子的前文讲到了第三个使得鹿群数量增长的原因，这个原因就是森林都被砍伐了。然后这句话说道，open areas的食物不仅多、而且有营养，就是黑尾鹿增加的原因。所以前文提到的森林都被砍伐了的地区deforested grounds就是句子里说到的open areas。极个别的题目，还真没法只看这一句就100%理解并得到答案。#5 正确选项和原句句意差异较大(出现几率5.4%)例题：Over long periods of time, substances whose physical and chemical properties chang

23、e with the ambient climate at the time can be deposited in a systematic way to provide a continuous record of changes in those properties overtime, sometimes for hundreds or thousands of years.正确答案为：Changes in systematically deposited substances that are affected by climate can indicate climate vari

24、ations over time.原句所述为“物质的化学和物理性质会随着环境变化，这些物质可以以一定的顺序沉积，从而记录这些性质变化的情况”，而正确答案内容为“沉积的物质中特性的变化可以说明环境的变化”。这个正确选项虽未能与原句每局部直接构成明显的改写，但根据原句的意思是可以得出这个答案的。这种情况下，同样也要有排除选项的意识的。我们可以搂一眼下面的错误选项，意思都与原文是不相符的。错误选项： Because physical and chemical properties of substances are unchanging, they are useful records of cli

25、mate fluctuations over time. For hundreds or thousands of years, people have been observing changes in the chemical and physical properties of substances in order to infer climate change. Because it takes long periods of time for the climate to change, systematic changes in the properties of substan

26、ces are difficult to observe.虽然这些变态的情况出现几率不算高，但是大家也需要注意，以免到时候丢分。假如不注意，不要再来问：为什么我会错个别的句子简化题。这TM也配当错误选项大局部错误选项与原句信息不符、或讲述了一些原句根本没有提到的内容。但是还有一些选项，句意没错，但并不能作为正确答案，原因是这样的。例题：Continued sedimentationthe process of deposits settling on the sea bottomburies the organic matter and subjects it to higher temper

27、atures and pressures, which convert the organic matter to oil and gas.正确选项：Increase pressure and heat from the weight of the sediment turn the organic remains into petroleum.干扰选项：Deposits of sediments on top of organic matter increase the temperature of and pressure on the matter.正确选项不仅对应原句逗号前面整句话的信

28、息，还包含了逗号后面的内容。干扰选项虽然对应逗号前面的局部，但是逗号后面的内容并未包含。相比之下，包含原句的信息更多且句意正确的选项，更应该是正确答案。换个角度来讲，正确答案的意思更可以完好表达原句的意思。原句逗号后面的内容虽然是从句，但却是整个过程发生后的结果。干扰选项未将其纳入句中，表达的意思便稍稍欠缺火候。貌似应该有总结!bibi了这么多，简短的小结一下：理解句意非常必要。分层分块，再判断选项。重要的是判断选项的意思正确与否，什么主干不主干的，逻辑不逻辑的，先放放哈。对应原句信息更多，且句意正确的选项，更应该选。根据情况，适当结合上下文。托福考试阅读技巧 列举题解析托福考试阅读中的列举题

29、主要考察考生能否抓住文章主要信息，排除一些与文章内容无关信息的才能。所以，ETS也这类题型称之为“否认事实信息题”(negative factual information question)。其常用的出题形式为：Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passages?The author mentions all of the followings X.X.X, except X.X?一、列举题两大分类：集中列举和分散列举1. 集中列举集中列举的形式有：三个名词或词汇连续出现，各个名词或词汇之间以逗号隔开;三个短语连续出现;三个句子连续

30、出现。对于集中列举题，只需根据题干或选项定位原文，排除在原文的集中列举之处出现的三个选项，剩下的一个选项为正确答案。例如，They used the pots they made for cooking, storing food, and carrying things from place to place.Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as a way that ancient people used pottery?(A) To hold food.(B) To wash clothes.(C) To co

31、ok.(D) To transport objects.这里，我们先看题干，问的是古代人是怎么使用罐子的。看完这个题目之后我们回到原文：They used the pots they made for cooking, storing food, and carrying things from place to place. 答案B自然就出来了。A，C答案可以直接在原文中找到，D答案是对原文内容的改写。2. 分散列举分散列举，顾名思义，就是说各项出现的位置比拟的分散，可能出现于同一段落之中，或分布于全文各段。对于分散列举，我们同样需要根据题干或选项定位原文，将各个选项与所对应的原文逐个进展比

32、拟，采用排除法，在原文未提到或与原文相矛盾的选项为正确答案。解答这类题目需要注意文章每个段落的首尾句。二、解答列举题的三大步骤：1. 看题干找【关键词】：p ：假如问题中线索，即，有和原文一样词语，我们称之为【关键词】：p ，可以根据它定位，然后将四个选项与定位的地方进展比拟。假如没有【关键词】：p ，可以先定位于上一个问题对应的段落之后的段落。一般来说，IBT阅读考试题目的顺寻和原文章的顺序一样。2. 阅读四个选项：假如题干中没有线索的，可以阅读四个选项，总结其中的共同点进展定位，或者根据各个选项中的【关键词】：p 一一进展定位。3. 排除与原文相符的选项：将各个选项与原文比拟以后，排除其中

33、符合原文意思的选项，剩下的一个选项，或者与原文相矛盾，或者在原文未提到，就是正确答案。总之，列举题的根本思路是排除，排除与原文相符的选项，与原文相矛盾的选项或原文未提到的选项是正确答案。托福考试阅读技巧 词汇题解析词汇题就是从详细的语境中理解词汇。鉴于英语单词的一词多义，所以准确理解某一个单词的意思需要根据语境。这里的语境就是我们所要阅读的文章的上下文。一般来说通过上下文推断或者猜想词意，上下文中可以利用的信息为，例句，比照词，同义词，反义词或者其他段落的解释等。此外，文章中一些特定搭配关系也可以帮助我们找到正确的答案。IBT的词汇题考的都是近义词，题目常见的问法如下：The word (or

34、 phrase) X is closest in meaning to , the word (or phrase) x could be best replaced by X。做这类题目，判断所考察词汇在原句中与其周围词汇的关系是关键，此外还要注意所考察词汇的词性。下面我们来看看常见的五种可以帮助我们迅速找到词汇题答案的特殊关系。一、五类常见的词汇关系：1. 直接反义关系该词前或后出现的内容提示我们是反义关系。 表示相反概念的词语如下rather than，instead，unlike，contrast，on the contrary.例如:The main conflict in the

35、novel is between a mother who places a high value on hardwork and honor and a son who repudiates his mothers values instead preferring the easier path to fortune and celebrityThe word repudiates in the passage in closest in meaning to _A) refuses to accept B) lives up to C) tries to understand D) ma

36、kes the best of假设repudiates我们不认识，从后面的小词 instead 这个词断定儿子和值观念是相反的，由此信息看四个选项，你会发现只有A选项带有否认的意味2.并列关系：并列关系词如下： and，not only .but also，asas，and，both and，either or neither nor例如:She embarked on her career by working as a newspaper reporter in Wisconsin and soon began writing novels.The phrase embarked on i

37、n this sentence is closest in meaning toA) took a trip to B) started out on C) improved upon D) had a opinion about回到原文看embarked on周围的词语和它在这个句子中的作用。在这句中关健词 and 其后出现soon began告诉我们前前方向是一致的，前面也必然和began有关，所以此题目的正解是B。3.解释关系:后面的句子或短词,单词来解释前面的词。常见的标志词:Contribute to，be responsible for，account for，since ，therefore ，for，because，in which等例如:His big break came with the novel So big(1924) ,which was awarded the Pulitzer in literature.The word break in this sentence could best be replaced by _A) Rupture B) revel