犹太人的历史观

1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上专心-专注-专业专心-专注-专业精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上专心-专注-专业犹太人的历史观旧约的历史又是如何体现“超自然”世界中的神与“自然”世界、人类社会中的人之间的从属、互动的动态关系。以divine history与希伯来民族与以色列国家的humane历史的缠结中如何来认识“神性”与“人性”的原型呢？旧约可以看作希伯来文明以想像与信仰构建的一部神与人关系的史诗，并与历史上自己民族、国家的历史结合起来，以神性观照人性、叙述历史，实现真理的伦理意义。美国Brandeis University校长Abram Leon Sachar博士在其犹太人

2、史(A History of the Jews)中对“希伯来主义”（Hebraism）做出了准确概括：The Hebrew stressed reliance upon an omnipotent God and conformity to a divinely sanctioned moral law; he was essentially serious, restrained, willing to recognize his finite limitations. To seek God was the ultimate wisdom, to follow His precepts t

3、he ultimate virtue. The Hebrew was inclined to mysticism; he accepted the moral law and would not go beyond it. The ultimate idea with the Hebrew was conduct and obedience and the Hebrew believed in the beauty of holiness (Mathew Arnold) History of the relationship between man and GodCollection of d

4、ocuments in Israel laws旧约的历史叙述旧约分“申命派”与“祭司派”两种不同史观The DeuteronomistJoshua Judges1 Samuel2 Samuel1 Kings2 KingsThe Priestercodex1 Chronicles2 ChroniclesEzraNehemiah The history narrated by the School of Deuteronomy The conquer of Canaan by Joshua by the will of MosesThe combat against slavery by the

5、JudgesThe great deeds by King Saul, David and Solomon for the establishment of ancient Israel The North and South Kingdoms: Israel and JudahThe fall of Israel and Judah by Assyria and Babylon Empires The history narrated by the School of the PriestercodexParallel priestly narratives with the Book of

6、 Law and the history told by the School of DeuteronomyCombining Genesis with history of IsraelExtended to the period of religious revival led by Nehemiah and Ezra: the end of the historical narratives of the Old Testament The features of the Israel historical narrativesHistorical accounts serving th

7、e purpose of religionGod over kings as protagonist of the narrativesProphets between God and peopleDemocracy Theological paradigm: Disobedience Punishment Appeal SalvationThe plot of the Deuteronomists:From Moses before death at the east bank of Jordan River to the conquer of Canaan and division of

8、the promised land (“Joshua”); fighting against attacks from other tribes at Canaan (“Judges”); the establishment of Israel by the kings of Saul, David and Solomon (“Samuel”), and split into North and South: Israel and Judah and fall at the invasion of Assyria and Babylon Empires (“Kings”).The charac

9、terization and styles in the DeuteronomistsDeuteronomist: Jewish theologians, literary writers and historians composed around 621 BC during the reign of King Josiah (on religious reform) Focus on the covenant with God (the right understanding of 约): a theologically-based historyStylistic features: s

10、trong religious and monitory colors and combined narrative and expository styles of writingCharacterization: God as a perfect protagonist and flawed human beings (even between God and Man, such as judges and kings) Samson and women; David and the wife and Nabal; Solomon and the temples for other god

11、s Epics of heroes: judges and kings; narratives and descriptions of wars and the grand history of Israelites Stories in the Old Testament and epics and mythologistsSimilar oral traditions in Greek mythologies: Homer epics of Odyssey and Iliad Epics in much later established European nations: England

12、, France and other national epicsOral traditions and collective unconsciousness as prototypes for the Western literature and cultureHebrew history as theological demonstrations for Judaism and Christianity: a national, symbolic and biblical reading of the history of the JewsA capsule of the history

13、of the Jews at time of the biblical accountsThe origins of the HebrewsThe Hebrews enter PalestineGrowth of national consciousnessA house divided by itselfThe prophets: the living Hebrew conscienceThe rise of Judaism Meeting of Hellenism and Hebraism The end of Jewish stateThe rise of Christianity （F

14、or details, please refer to Part One of A History of the Jews by Dr. Sachar, and well cover them when reading books specific.） 历史对于犹太教的意义Huston Smith在其世界的宗教（The Worlds Religions）一书中认为历史的意义讨论对于犹太教意义重大。Huston Smith认为在追寻“现实的秩序”（order of reality）中，最重要的是解读“流动的事件”，也就是历史。亚里斯多德在比较历史与诗歌的不同是，也强调历史是对已发生事件的描述。按

15、此历史观念理解，印度教追求超越感官经历的幻象，从年轮中释放自己，泯灭自己，融入World of Soul，亦即Brahma之中。希腊哲学将历史事件看作如自然转换的四季呈周期循环，哲学家们试图从中找出绝对、永恒的规律来。Huston指出：“For the Bible, history is neither maya nor a circular process of nature; it is the arena of Gods purposive activity.” (283) 由此看来，犹太人的历史观是神性的，神的目的性贯穿于其历史事件中，无处不昭显神的旨意。Pls refer to th

16、e quotation:Let us begin with a contrast. According to most classical philosophies and religions, a historian writes, ultimate reality is disclosed when man, either by rational contemplation or mystic ascent（升天）, goes beyond the flow of events which we call history. The goal is the apprehension of a

17、n order of reality unaffected by the unpredictable fortunes of mankind. In Hinduism, for instance, the world of sense experience is regarded as maya, illusion（幻象）; the religious man, therefore, seeks release from the wheel of life in order that his individuality may fade out into the World-Order, Br

18、ahma（梵、创造神）. Or, Greek philosophers look upon the world as a natural process which, like the rotation of the seasons, always follows the same rational scheme. The philosopher, however, could soar above the recurring cycles of history by fixing his mind upon the unchanging absolute which belongs to t

19、he eternal order. Both of these views are vastly different from the Biblical claim that God is found within the limitations of the change and struggle, and especially that he reveals himself in events which are unique, particular, and unrepeatable. For the Bible, history is neither maya nor a circul

20、ar process of nature; it is the arena of Gods purposive activity. (Smith: 282)Huston将犹太教历史重大意义概括如下：生活境遇（context）决定了生活的每一方面。这一境遇决定了问题的出现、机遇的呈现、亦即结果的限定。（ existential moment）如果境遇对于人生至关重要，那么集体行动同样举足轻重。（solidarity）历史意味着无数机会。历史事件从来不是偶然发生的，每一事件作为上帝的旨意启示和教导人们。（revelational；purposive；Gods eye神目观）历史意义并非重复性的，人

21、们需要掌握住转瞬即逝的关键机会。历史的这一关键意义体现在上帝对历史的直接干预，以及对上帝选民的确定。It was important, first, because they were convinced that the context in which life is lived affects that life in every way, setting up its problems, delineating its opportunities, conditioning its outcomes. （本土境遇）Second, if contexts are crucial for

22、life, so is collective action; social action as we usually call it. There are times when the only way to get things changed is by working together planning, organizing, and then acting in concert. （solidarity；communal；collective consciousness or unconsciousness；archetypal experience） Third, history

23、was important for the Jews because they saw it as a field of opportunity. As it was ruled by God nothing in history happens accidentally. Yahwehs hand was at work in every event shaping each sequence into a teaching experience for his people. (目的性)Finally, history was important because lifes opportunities are not monotonously alike. Events, all of them important, are not equally important. It is not the case that anyone, anywhere and at any time, can turn to history and find await