有机化学专业词汇

1、关于有机化学专业词汇第一张，PPT共五十六页，创作于2022年6月 Some significant organic chemical termshydrocarbons; saturated hydrocarbon; unsaturated hydrocarbon; conjugate (conjugation); （碳氢化合物，烃，饱和，不饱和，共轭）Types of Reaction: substitution (alkylation, halogenation etc)（取代，如烷基化，卤代）; addition（加成）; elimination（消去）; condensation（缩

2、合）; polymerization（聚合）; oxidation（氧化）; reduction（还原）.第二张，PPT共五十六页，创作于2022年6月degradation（降解）; rearrangement（重排）; replacement（置换） ; pericyclic reaction (cycloaddition reaction; electrocyclic reaction; sigmatropic rearrangement)（周环反应，包括:环加成，电环化，-重排）-philic：亲的Electrophile (electrophilic)（亲电试剂，亲电的）; nucl

3、eophile (nucleophilic)（亲核试剂，亲核的）;Carbocation（碳正离子）; carbanion（碳负离子）; radical（游离基，free ,自由基）; intermediate（中间体）; substituent（取代基）;第三张，PPT共五十六页，创作于2022年6月Reactivity（反应活性）; Attack（进攻）; leaving group（离去基团）; protecting group（保护基）; catalyst（催化剂）; Kinetic（动力学的）; thermodynamic（热力学的）.第四张，PPT共五十六页，创作于2022年6月c

4、is-trans isomer; optical isomer (enantiomer); （顺-反异构体，光学异构体（光学对映体）asymmetric; （不对称）chiraltrl （性的）chiralitykarlti （手性）第五张，PPT共五十六页，创作于2022年6月racemic rsemk mixture; （内消旋体）meso compound; （外消旋体）stereoselective reaction; stereospecific reation; regioselective reaction; steric hindrance; steric effects;（立

5、体阻碍（位阻），立体效应 ）第六张，PPT共五十六页，创作于2022年6月reflux; stir; azeotrope; （回流，搅拌，恒、共沸物）separation; filter; distillation; fraction; chromatography;（分离，过滤，蒸馏，分馏，色谱）extraction; precipitate; recrystallization; （萃取，沉淀，重结晶）Terms related to the synthetic experiment 第七张，PPT共五十六页，创作于2022年6月第八张，PPT共五十六页，创作于2022年6月第九张，PPT

6、共五十六页，创作于2022年6月 Ground joint; Flask (three-necked, round-bottom, conical, filter, suction, volumetric); Condenser (air, reflux, ball, coil); distilling head (claisen); adaptor (vacuum); Beaker; funnel (buchner, separatory, long-stem, stemless, dropping, sintered glass);Bottle (weighing, washing, dr

7、opping, gas-washing); drying tube (tower, desiccator, vacuum desiccator); 第十张，PPT共五十六页，创作于2022年6月Prefix-Parent-SuffixNomenclature of parent part-Nomenclature of alkanes and alkyl substituentsStraight-chain alkanes Straight-chain alkanes are named by counting the number of carbon atoms in the chain a

8、nd adding the family suffix-ane. Thus pentane is the five-carbon alkane, and hexane is the six-carbon alkane. 第十一张，PPT共五十六页，创作于2022年6月An alkyl substituent (or an alkyl group) is an alkane from which a single hydrogen has been removed. Alkyl substituents are named by replacing the “ane” suffix of the

9、 alkane with “yl”. The letter “R” is used to indicate any alkyl group. Thus CH3- has the name of methyl, while the group of CH3CH2- was named ethyl. 第十二张，PPT共五十六页，创作于2022年6月Number Molecular Name Name in Alkylof carbons formula Chinese substituents 1 CH4Methane甲烷 Methyl 2 C2H6Ethane乙烷 Ethyl 3 C3H8Pro

10、pane丙烷 Propyl 4 C4H10Butane 丁烷 Butyl 5 C5H12Pentane戊烷 Pentyl 6 C6H14Hexane己烷 Hexyl 7 C7H16Heptane 庚烷 Heptyl 8 C8H18Octane辛烷 Octyl 9 C9H20Nonane壬烷 Nonyl 10 C10H22Decane癸烷 Decyl 11 C11H24Undecane十一烷 Undecyl 12 C12H26Dodecane十二烷 Dodecyl 13 C13H28Tridecane十三烷 Tridecyl 20 C20H42Icosane二十烷 Icosyl 21 C21H4

11、4Heneicosane二十一烷 Heneicosyl 30 C30H62Triacontane三十烷 Triacontyl第十三张，PPT共五十六页，创作于2022年6月Branched-chain alkanes 3-ethyl-3-methylhexane第十四张，PPT共五十六页，创作于2022年6月 Some useful prefixes for indicating the number of substituent groupsMono-单取代, 一取代Di- 二取代Tri-三取代Tetra-四取代Pent (a)-五取代Hex (a)-六取代Hept (a)-七取代Oct (

12、a)-八取代Nona-九取代Deca-十取代2,6-dimethyloctanenot2-ethyl-6-methylheptane3-ethyl-2-methylhexanenot3-isopropylhexane第十五张，PPT共五十六页，创作于2022年6月Some useful prefixes used to name branched alkanes (Common names)(normal) n- 正(isomer) iso- 异neo- 新primary 伯，一级(secondary ) sec- 仲，二级(tertiary) tert- 叔，三级quaternary 季，四

13、级 n-pentane neopentane isobutane 正戊烷 新戊烷 异丁烷 Pentane 2,2-dimethylpropane 2-methylpropanetert-butanol isobutanamine sec-butanamine 叔丁醇 异丁胺 仲丁胺2-methyl-2-propanol 2-methylpropanamine 1-methylpropanamine第十六张，PPT共五十六页，创作于2022年6月Cyclic alkanes (cycloalkanes)e.g. cylcopropane, cyclopentane, and cyclohexyl

14、 etc第十七张，PPT共五十六页，创作于2022年6月Nomenclature of acyclic hydrocarbons with one double or triple bond Acyclic hydrocarbons having one double or triple bond are named by replacing the ending “-ane” of the name of the corresponding alkane with the ending “-ene” or “-yne” . (alkene) (alkyne)e. g. (butane) bu

15、tene butene butyne trans-2-butene cis-2-butene 3-methyl-1- butyne第十八张，PPT共五十六页，创作于2022年6月 The univalent radical derived from acyclic alkene or alkyne has the endings “-enyl” or “-ynyl”, (alkene alkenyl) (alkyne alkynyl), and the position of the double or triple bond is indicated where necessary. (un

16、like alkane alkyl)e. g. 1-propenyl 2-butenyl ethynyl 2-propynyl第十九张，PPT共五十六页，创作于2022年6月The following non-systematic names are retainedEthylene (乙烯）Allene （丙二烯）Acetylene （乙炔）Isoprene （异戊二烯）Vinyl （乙烯基）Allyl （烯丙基）Isopropenyl （异丙烯基）第二十张，PPT共五十六页，创作于2022年6月Nomenclature of acyclic hydrocarbons with two or

17、 more double or triple bondsTwo or more double bonds: the ending will be “-adiene”, “-atriene” etc. (alkadiene)Two or more triple bonds: the ending will be “-adiyne”, “-atriyne” etc. (alkadiyne)e. g. 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene propadiene 2,5-dimethyl-2,4,6-octatriene 3-ethyl-4-methyl-1,6-heptadiyne第二十一张

18、，PPT共五十六页，创作于2022年6月Nomenclature of monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 苯 甲苯 二甲苯 苯乙烯 异丙苯 均三甲苯 benzene toluene xylene styrene cumene mesitylene苯基 甲苯基 二甲苯基 苯乙烯基 异丙苯基 均三甲苯基 苄基Phenyl tolyl xylyl styryl cumenyl mesityl benzyl第二十二张，PPT共五十六页，创作于2022年6月Common names retained for thedisubstituted benzeneortho-,

19、o-邻meta-, m-间para-, p-对 m-methylbenzyl m-tolyl 3,4-dimethylphenyl3-methylbenzyl 3-tolyl o-styryl p-cumenyl 3,5-dimethyl-4- ethylphenyl 2-styryl 4-cumenyl 第二十三张，PPT共五十六页，创作于2022年6月 Some important Families of organic moleculesSaturated hydrocarbons: such as: Alkanes; cycloalkanes; Un-saturated hydroca

20、rbons: such as: alkenes; alkynes; cycloalkenes; cycloalkynes; cycloalkadienes; cycloalkadiynes; Aromatic compouds: benzene; biphenyl; naphthalene and other fused and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; Compounds with functional groups: alkyl halides （卤代烃）; alcohols（醇）; phenols（酚）; ethers（醚）; amines（胺）

21、; Compounds with functional groups: aldehydes（醛）; ketones（酮）; quinones（醌）; carboxylic acids（羧酸）; esters（酯）; acyl halides（酰卤）; acid anhydrides（酸酐） amides（酰胺）; imides（亚胺）; 第二十四张，PPT共五十六页，创作于2022年6月 Compounds with functional groups: alkyl halides （卤代烃）; alcohols（醇）; phenols（酚）; ethers（醚）; amines（胺）etc.

22、alkyl halidesR-X halogen (-halo) (-Cl, -Br, -F, -I)AlcoholsR-OH hydroxy group (-OH)PhenolsAr-OH hydroxy group (-OH)EthersR-O-R Alkoxy group (O-R)AminesR-NH2 amino group (NH2)第二十五张，PPT共五十六页，创作于2022年6月 Alkyl halides (haloalkane or alkyl halide) Alkyl halides are classified as primary, secondary, or te

23、rtiary depending on the carbon to which the halogen is attached. 第二十六张，PPT共五十六页，创作于2022年6月 The common names of the alkyl halides are obtained by citing the name of the alkyl group followed by the name of the halogen. (alkyl halide) In the IUPAC system, alkyl halides are named as substituted alkanes.

24、 The substituted prefix names for the halogens end in “o”(fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo). (haloalkane)第二十七张，PPT共五十六页，创作于2022年6月Nomenclature of alcohols Alcohols The common names, similar to alkyl halides, are obtained by citing the name of the alkyl group to which the OH group is attached, followed by

25、 the word “alcohol”. (alkyl alcohol) The IUPAC name for an alcohol is obtained by removing the “e” from the name of the alkane and adding the suffix “ol”. (alkanol)第二十八张，PPT共五十六页，创作于2022年6月Nomenclature of amines Amines are compounds in which one or more hydrogen of ammonia have been replaced by alky

26、l groups. There are primary, secondary, and tertiary amines. This classification depends on how many alkyl groups are bonded to the nitrogen. (!not carbon)第二十九张，PPT共五十六页，创作于2022年6月The common name of a amine is obtained by citing the names of the alkyl groups bonded to the nitrogen in alphabetical or

27、der. The entire name is written as one word. (alkylamine) e. g. 第三十张，PPT共五十六页，创作于2022年6月There are two IUPAC approved way to name an amine. It can be named as a substituted alkane using the prefix “amino” to designate the amine substituent. (?aminoalkane)It also can been named with a functional group

28、 suffix- “amine”. The “e” at the end of the alkane name is replaced by “amine”. The names of substituents bonded to the nitrogen are preceded by an N (in italic) to indicate that the substituent is bonded to a nitrogen rather than to a carbon. (N-alkyl)alkanamine第三十一张，PPT共五十六页，创作于2022年6月第三十二张，PPT共五十

29、六页，创作于2022年6月Amines with four alkyl groups bonded to the nitrogen-and therefore a positive charge on the nitrogen-are called quaternary ammonium salts. Their names are obtained by citing the names of the alkyl groups in alphabetical order as a prefix to “ammonium”, followed by the name of the counte

30、rion. alkylammonium halide (or hydroxide etc)第三十三张，PPT共五十六页，创作于2022年6月Nomenclature of etherssymmetrical ether and asymmetrical ether. e. g.第三十四张，PPT共五十六页，创作于2022年6月The common name of an ether is obtained by citing the names of the two alkyl substituents (in alphabetical order) followed by the word “

31、ether”. The smallest ethers are almost always named by their common names. ( alkylalkyl ether) The IUPAC system names an ether as an alkane that bears an alkoxy substituent. Alkoxy substituents are named by removing the “yl” from the name of the alkyl substituent and adding “oxy”. (alkoxyalkane)meth

32、oxy ethoxy 1-methylethoxy 1,1-dimethylpropoxy 第三十五张，PPT共五十六页，创作于2022年6月 A carbonyl group （羰基） is a carbon doubly bonded to an oxygen and an acyl group （酰基） is a carbonyl group attached to an alkyl substituent. A benzoyl group （苯甲酰基） is a carbonyl group attached to a benzene ring. 第三十六张，PPT共五十六页，创作于2

33、022年6月Nomenclature of aldehydes and ketonesThe common name of an aldehyde is the same as carboxylic acid (derived from some Latin words). (Latin+aldehyde)The IUPAC name of an aldehyde is obtained by removing the “e” from the alkane name and adding “-al”. (alkanal)第三十七张，PPT共五十六页，创作于2022年6月If the alde

34、hyde group is attached to a ring, the aldehyde is named by adding “carbaldehyde” to the name of the ring. (cycloalkanecarbaldehyde)phenylmethanal第三十八张，PPT共五十六页，创作于2022年6月Nomenclature of ketonesCommon name: Only a few ketons have common names, such as acetone (like aldehyde). Common names are also us

35、ed for phenyl-substituted ketones. They are called phenones. (+ one)IUPAC name: Ketones are named in the IUPAC system by removing the “e” from the alkane name and adding “-one”. (alkanone)Derived name: Like ethers, R-CO-R can be named by citing the names of the two alkyl substituents (in alphabetica

36、l order) followed by the word “ketone”. (alkylalkyl ketone)第三十九张，PPT共五十六页，创作于2022年6月Common nameIUPAC nameDerived name第四十张，PPT共五十六页，创作于2022年6月Nomenclature of carboxylic acids and its derivativesX= OH, a carboxylic acidX= halogen, an acyl halide X=OR, an esterX= OCOR, an acid anhydrideX= NRR, an amide

37、 第四十一张，PPT共五十六页，创作于2022年6月Nomenclature of carboxylic acids a carboxyl group The functional group of a carboxylic acid is called a carboxyl group. Long-chain carboxylic acids are called “fatty acids”. 第四十二张，PPT共五十六页，创作于2022年6月Common name: Carboxylic acids (6) are frequently called by their common nam

38、es. They are named by adding “Latin prefix” before “acid”. ? what is carbon? IUPAC name: a carboxylic acid is named by replaceing the “e” ending of the alkane name with “oic acid”. (alkanoic acid)Carboxylic acids in which a carboxyl group is attached to a cyclic compound can be named by adding “carb

39、oxylic acid” to the name of the cyclic compound. 第四十三张，PPT共五十六页，创作于2022年6月benzoic acid第四十四张，PPT共五十六页，创作于2022年6月Nomenclature of acyl halides Acyl halides are named by using the acid name and replacing the “ ic acid” with “ yl halide” (alkanoyl halide) , or by replacing “ carboxylic acid ” with “ carb

40、onyl halide ” (cycloalkanecarbonyl halide)第四十五张，PPT共五十六页，创作于2022年6月benzoyl chloride第四十六张，PPT共五十六页，创作于2022年6月Nomenclature of acid anhydrides? Do you know the meaning of “anhydride” R = R, a symmetrical anhydride R R, a mixed anhydride第四十七张，PPT共五十六页，创作于2022年6月Symmetrical anhydrides are named by using the acid name and replacing “acid” with “anhydride”, mixed anhydrides