动词的时态和语态xinj

1、动词的时态和语态xinj 英语中动词的时态和语态既是重点，又是难点，也是高考的命题热点。我们不难发现失分率最高的常常是两类试题：一是题干给定时间状语，但所给时间状语有着较强的干扰性和迷惑性，考生不能直接根据时间状语进展选择；(06重庆31)I in London for many years，but Ive never regretted my final decision to move back to China. A. lived B. was living C. have lived D. had lived答案 A解析 考察动词的时态。根据后一句判断，我已回中国了，因此在伦敦住了多年

2、是过去的事了，故用过去时态。二是题干中不提供任何时间状语，而给出一个上下文情境或一个构造较为复杂的句子，考生必须仔细分析语境，才能作出判断并选择最正确答案。-Im not finished with my dinner yet.-But our friends for us. 10北京24will wait B. waited C. have waited D. are waiting答案：D考点:此题是在语境中考察学生对时态的灵活运用。解析：第一个说话人说“我还没吃完饭呢，而下的人那么说“但是我们的朋友们都在等我们了根据第一个人还没进展完吃饭的动作，而第二个人又开场催促，我们得知朋友们此时正

3、在等他们。所以用进行时are waiting更符合句意。动词时态的用法一般现在时表示经常发生、习惯性动作、客观真理、科学事实、格言，目前的特征、状态、能力等;主句是一般将来时,时间、条件状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来;Ill go there after I finish my work.If it rains tomorrow, I wont go there.在以here, there开头的句子里，go, come等少数动词的一般现在时表示正在发生的动作;There goes the bell.铃响了。There comes the bus.汽车来了。Here she comes.她来了。

4、注意：近几年，对一般现在时的考察常用过去时态或现在完成时态对考生进展干扰。Months ago we sailed ten thousand miles across the open sea, which_ the Pacific, and we met no storm.A. was called B. is called C. had been called D. has been called虽然航海发生在过去，但是，海洋的名称不会因此而变化，所以要用一般现在时。 表示正在进展的动作; 表示按方案安排即将发生的动作。 She is leaving for Beijing.她要去北京。

5、He is working as a teacher tomorrow. 从明天起他要做教师。 My father is coming to see me this Saturday. 这个星期六我爸爸要来看我。 与always, forever, constantly, continually连用，表 示赞赏或厌恶等感情色彩，但并非强调动作正在进展;He is always helping others.他总是肯帮助他人。She is always forgetting something. 她老是忘记某些事情。 大多数动词可用于进展时，但也有些动词不用于进展时。常见的有：感觉类：look,

6、 smell, feel, sound, taste, see, hear情感类：like, love, prefer, admire, hate, fear心态类：wish, hope, expect, want, need, believe, think, understand, agree, know所有类：have, contain, won, hold, belong to等。 表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响或结果，或说话时已完成的动作;I have finished the report./ She has cleaned the room. 表示从过去开场，持续到现在的动作或

7、状态，往往和“for., “since.表述的一段时间状语连用; He has learned English for six years.They have worked here since they left college. 表示“曾经到过某地(人已回来)用“have/has been to;表示“到某地去了(还未回来)用“have/has gone to。 Where is Li Hua? -He has gone to the reading-room. She knows a lot about Shanghai. -She has been there. 在时间状语从句,条件状

8、语从句或让步状语从句中表达将来某时已经完成的动作。When you have learned English, you will find it a bridge to so much knowledge.Well start at six if it has stopped raining by then.注意：这里的现在完成时强调从句动作在主句动作之前完成, 如果两个动作同时或几乎同时发生, 那么不必用完成时;试比较：Ill let you know as soon as I hear from her.She will call you when she gets home.短暂动词(即

9、瞬间动词)，join,lose,buy,borrow,leave,go,come,arrive,die,marry, finish,complete,begin,start,break out等，在完成时态中，其肯定式不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。要译“他参军已经三年了不能说：He has joined the army for three years.可采用： “ago法：He joined the army three years ago.“延续法：He has been in the army for three years.“since法：It is/has been three ye

10、ars since he joined the army.注意：没有包括“现在在内或不是截至“现在为止的时间状语不能与现在完成时连用, 但“in (over) the past/last+时间段要与现在完成时连用。用来表示从过去某一时刻开场一直持续到现在(或今后还要继续下去)的动作;He has been doing the maths problems since 8:00.但凡不能用于现在进展时的动词均不能用于现成完成进展时。表达特定的过去时间内发生的动作或存在的状况，或过去某一时间内经常发生或反复发生的动作或行为; He often sang when he was a boy. He

11、went to the cinema last night with her boy friend.用于I didnt know或I forgot，表示事先不知道或不记得，但现在道或记得的事情。I didnt know you were here.(现在已经知道)Sorry, I forgot to bring my book.(“忘记带书已成为过去的事了)这一用法要特别注意。表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进展的动作(这一过去时间须用时间状语表示); He was preparing his lecture all day yesterday. 表示动作在另一过去动作发生时进展;They

12、were still working when I left.用在两个过去进展时动作同时发生; I was writing while he was watching TV.过去方案、安排好的将来动作(只限于come, go, leave, arrive, start, move, sail, fly, travel, stay等); He said she was arriving the next day.与always, forever, constantly, continually连用，表 示赞赏或厌恶等感情色彩。 (参看现在进展时的用法)Comrade Lei Feng was a

13、lways thinking of others and never thinking of himself.表示在过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作。 He had shut the door before the dog came up. Everything had been all right up till this morning.表示动作或状态从过去某个时刻开场一直延续到另一个过去时刻才完成，甚至还要继续下去。 At the age of ten, he had learned 500 English words. He had been ill for a week when we

14、 learned about it.过去未曾实现的意图、打算或希望(只限于think, want, plan, mean, intend, hope, expect, suppose，wish, want等动词)。 I had wanted to pay a visit to you yesterday, but the rain prevented me. 我本来想昨天拜访你的，但是下雨(让我不能来)。注意：过去完成时必须以过去某一时刻为基点，即“过去的过去。因此只有在和过去某时或某动作相比较时才用到它;before, after本身表示时间的“前“后明显，因此可用一般过去时代替过去完成时。

15、He (had) left before I arrived.一般将来时有以下一些构成形式需要记住：will/shall do (侧重将来行为，不突出方案安排去做某事)be going to do (主观上打算或客观上可能发生)be doing (按方案将要发生，常和表示最近的将来时间连用)be about to do (按方案即将发生) 一般将来时的用法：现在看来以后要发生的动作或存在的状态Tom will come next week.He will be here tomorrow.对将来某个动作的安排、方案He is going to speak on TV this evening.

16、用来表示在将来某个时刻(前)将完成的动作。常和by短语，when, before引起的时间状语连用。 We will have finished senior Book 2 by the end of this term.过去某一时刻后将要发生的过去动作或过去的意图打算(主要用于宾语从句中);She was sure she would succeed. 把一般将来时中的助动词变成过去式，便成了过去将来时的表达形式。表示过去经常发生的动作。 When he was young, he would go swimming.注意：would与used to的区别：would只表示过去，不涉及现在，

17、而used to表示“过去常常要与现在比较，即现在不是这样了。was/were doing sth. whendid sth.(正在做某事，这时突然)I was reading a book when the bell rang.was/were about to do sth. whendid sth. (正要做某事，这时突然)We were about to leave when the telephone rang.It(This) is(will be ) the first/second/thirdtime+ thathas/have doneIts the first time I

18、 have seen her.We have been there three times.注意: 如果句中有比较确定的时间状语，那么服从时间状语的要求。Last year I saw him many times.It is/has been since + did It is (has been) two weeks since I came here.Hardly when No sooner thanHardly had we got in the crops when it began to rain.I had no sooner come into the room than t

19、he door was closed.被动语态的用法 被动语态表示句子的主语是动作的承受者，也就是动作的对象，一般说来只有及物动词才有被动语态。一般现在时is/am/are done一般过去时was/were done一般将来时 will be done现在进展时is/am/are being done过去进展时was/were being done被动语态的用法现在完成时have/has been done过去完成时had been done过去将来时would be done 当我们不知道谁是动作的执行者，或者没有必要指 出谁是动作的执行者时。这时不用by短语。This jacket is

20、 made of cotton. 这件上衣是棉料的。为了强调动作的承受者时Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits. 要求 参观者不可触摸展品。常用于如下句型：Its not known that 不得而知 Its said that 据说Its reported that 据报道 Its not decided that 尚未决定 Its believed that 据认为 Its announced that 据宣布常见句式是：主语(受动者)+be+过去分词+(by+施动者)He was scolded by the English

21、teacher.主语+get+过去分词+其它成分The boy got drowned last summer get+及物动词的过去分词get常同marry, beat, break, damage, tear, strike, hurt, paint, invite, repair, dress, pay, wound等动词的-ed形式连用，构成被动语态。这种构造一般指动作的结果而非动作本身，常指最后终于，突然发生等意义。He got wounded in the battle. 他在战斗中受伤了。The boy got hurt on his way home from work. 男孩

22、在回家的路上受伤了。get-型被动语态有时表示开场进入某种状态，而 be+动词的-ed形式只表示存在的状态。She got tired. 她感到累了。(开场感到疲劳)She was tired. (只表示她累了)带有双宾语(直接宾语和间接宾语)的主动句变为被动句，其主语可以是直接宾语，也可以是间接宾语。She lent me a bike.被动： I was lent a bike(by her).A bike was lent to me(by her).情态动词+be+过去分词This problem must be worked out in half an hour.双重被动式：主语+

23、被动式谓语+不定式的被动式+其它成分These magazines are not allowed to be taken out of the reading-room.不及物动词与状语连用，用以表示主语的品质和状态常见动词是：cut,sell,read,write,fill,cook,lock,wash,drive,keep等This knife cuts well. 这把刀好切。These books sell well. 这些书好卖。The pen writes smoothly.这支笔写起来流畅。The cloth washes well. 这种布好洗。一些连系动词的主动式+形容词。

24、常见系动词look,smell,taste,sound,feel,prove,turn out等The apples taste good.The flower smells wonderful.The news proved/turned out true.Cotton feels soft.当句子的宾语是反身代词时(因为反身代词不可作主语)He can dress himself. 他能自己穿衣服。不可变为Himself can be dressed by him.当句子的宾语是相互代词时(因为相互代词不可作主语)We help each other/one another.不可变为Eac

25、h other/One another is helped by us.动宾构造的固定短语只能用于主动式，不能用被动式He lost heart.不可变为Heart was lost by him.类似lose heart词组的还有make a face, keep silence, keep words, lose in thought等等take part in, belong to ,own, have,hate,fail,contain等表状态动词没有被动语态 She took part in the sports meet.不能变为The sports meet was taken

26、part in by her. 当have, cost, fit, last, hold等表示状态的及物动词作谓语时Our village has twenty tractors. 我们村有20台拖拉机。The hall can hold 2000 people. 这个大厅能盛2000人。 当某些及物动词(如leave, enter, join,等)的宾语是表示处所、地点或组织时The students entered the classroom one by one. 学生门陆续地进了教室。My brother joined the Party two years ago. 我哥哥2年前入了

27、党。My father left his hometown five years ago. 我父亲5年前离开了家乡。当句子的宾语是同源宾语时The Browns live a happy life. 布朗一家过着幸福的生活。当句子的宾语为行为者(主语)身体上某一局部时 I couldnt believe my eyes when I saw him still alive. 看到他还活着，我简直不相信自己的眼睛。 He hurt his foot by jumping over a fence. 他跨越栅栏时伤了脚。当用非谓语动词作宾语时He likes studying English. 他

28、喜欢学习英语。I wish to go there by myself. 我想亲自去那里一趟。 注意：少数以不定式(短语)做宾语的动词(如agree, feel, decide, think等)可以变为被动句，但不能以不定式(短语)直接做被动句的主语，而要借助it为先行主语，将不定式(短语)置于谓语动词之后。 He has decided to go and study abroad.It has been decided (by him) to go and study abroad. 他已决定出国留学。Much attention must be paid to your handwrit

29、ing.出错的主要原因： 一是考生缺乏对语境的正确理解； 二是对容易混淆的动词时态之间缺乏透彻的比较。 请看下面一道题： Susan is on vacation in Florida, and she doesnt take much money with her. So, by the end of her vacation, she_ all her money. A. has spent B. will be spending C. had spent D. will have spent 分析此题考察完成时的用法。看到时间状语by the end of her vacation，考生

30、很容易选C，但“度假发生在现在，假日还没完毕，所以C项错误；A项has spent表示“到现在为止钱已经花完，与所给情境不符合，根据所给情境，应该是“假日完毕时钱将已经花完，所以答案为D。 出错率最高的四组时态的易混点 一、 一般过去时与现在完成时 一般过去时主要表示在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态，或表示在过去一段时间内经常性或习惯性的动作；现在完成时用来表示过去发生或完成的动作或状态对现在还存在影响，也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。 请看下面一道题： 例1-Has your manager returned from his business trip to Japan? -Ye

31、s, but he_ in the company for only two days before he was asked to go to a conference in Beijing. A. was B. has been C. will be D. would be 分析此题主要考察一般过去时与现在完成时的区别，“经理已经出差回来，Yes后面省略了he has，但“在公司这一状态对现在已没有影响，这一状态持续到“去北京开会之前，was可以用had been来代替。 考生有一个误解：“for+一段时间常用完成时，其实不然，如：I am going to Japan and I wil

32、l study there for two years. 又如：The boys went to New York and stayed there for three days.故此题选择A项。 例2Has your manager returned from his business trip to Japan? Yes, he_ in the company for two days, but he is going to a conference in Beijing. A. was B. has been C. will be D. would be 分析根据第二句中的but he

33、is going to a conference in Beijing他即将去北京开会，说明经理在公司这一状态持续到现在，所以答案为B。 二、 一般现在时、现在进展时与一般将来时 在时间状语从句、条件句中，要用一般现在时代替一般将来时；以下动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来，主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情，这些动词的现在进展时也可以表示将来。 请看下面一道题： 例3 I_ my son to Laos for sightseeing. I would rather you didnt do that,

34、 for the bird flu_ several lives there. (2021届南京市高三第一学期期末调研) A. took; claimed B. am taking; has claimed C. took; had claimed D. will take; claimed 分析所给情景 . didnt do表示与现在相反，故现在不要去老挝，因为禽流感已夺取了好几个人的生命，这一结果对现在有影响，故答案为B。 上题可以变化如下： 例4I_ my son to Laos for sightseeing last week. I would rather you hadnt do

35、ne that, for the bird flu_ several lives there. A. took； claimed B. am taking； has claimed C. took； had claimed D. will take； claimed 分析根据I would rather you hadnt done that, 表示但愿过去没去老挝，但事实上已去过，所以第一个空格填took，第二个空格claim的动作发生在took之前，表示“过去的过去，故答案为C。 该题可以再作变化，同学们再来选择看看： 例5 I_ my son to Laos for sightseein

36、g. I would rather you wouldnt do that, for the bird flu_ several lives there last week. A. am taking； claimed B. am taking； has claimed C. took； had claimed D. was to take； claimed 分析所给情景 . wouldnt do that表示与将来相反，第一个空格填am taking，形式上是进展时，但表示即将发生， 第二句后有具体过去时间状语last week，所以只能用claimed，故答案为A。 三、 一般过去时和过去

37、进展时 一般过去时表示过去已经做了的事; 过去进展时表示过去某一时刻正在做的事，进展时态给人一个亲临现场的感觉。如：Do you know your girl friend was having dinner with a guy in the restaurant near our school yesterday evening? 你知不知道你的女朋友昨天晚上和一个小伙子在学校附近的餐馆一起吃饭？ 请同学们看下面一道题： 例6 Please tell the court what really happened. Oh, I , and I hit a parked car. 2021届南

38、通市第一次调研考试 A. wouldnt pay attention B. didnt pay attention C. havent paid attention D. wasnt paying attention 分析此题主要考察过去进展时，从形式上来看，上下文都是一般过去时，考生容易误选B，但根据上下文的意思，应是事发当时“我没注意，所以应用过去进展时，答案为D。此题并无任何明确的时间状语，主要根据情景判断时态。 请同学们再做一道题： 例7Has your father finished his report? I am afraid not, but he_ it yesterday

39、evening. A. wrote B. was writing C. had written D. was going to write 分析此题主要考察一般过去时和过去进展时的比较，如果选A，那说明报告已写完，这与前一句 I am afraid not相矛盾；B项表示昨天晚上一直在写报告；C项为过去完成时，一般不与具体的过去时间状语连用；D项表示“昨晚准备写报告，这与上一句Has you father finished his report不符合，所以答案为B。 四、 一般过去时和过去完成时 一般过去时表示过去某一时间内发生的动作或存在的状态; 而过去完成时那么表示过去某一动作或时间之前发

40、生的动作或存在的状态。一般过去时与现在相比，强调“过去; 而过去完成时那么与过去相比，强调“过去的过去。 请看下面一道题： 例8 They discussed how to do better in the game yesterday. Great！You know, they_ to each other for nearly two weeks. A. didnt speak B. hadnt spoken C. havent spoken D. havent been speaking 分析此题考察过去完成时的用法。根据所给情景，他们互相不讲话已两周，这一状况持续到昨天为止，因为他们在

41、昨天的游戏中已经讨论过了，所以选B。 主动表示被动的三种情况 1. 不及物动词与状语连用，用以表示主语的品质和状态。 常见动词是：cut, sell, read, write, fill, cook, lock, wash, drive, keep等。 2. 一些连系动词的主动式形容词。 常见动词是：look, smell, taste, sound, feel, prove, turn out等。 请同学们看下面一道题： 例9 The roast duck _ delicious and a lot_ in two hours. A. was tasted； was sold B. tast

42、ed； was sold C. was tasted； sold D. tasted； would sell 分析根据所给情景，taste应为连系动词，英语中连系动词不用被动语态，所以第一空填tasted，后半句意为“烤鸭两小时内被卖掉很多，所以答案为B。 上题可以变化如下： 例10The roast dark which Mr. and Mrs. White prepared_ well. A. sold B. had been sold C. was sold D. would sell 分析此题中sell表示“卖得，要用主动语态，根据prepared，答案为A。在英语里，wash, we

43、ar, write等词也用主动形式表示被动意思，如：This kind of shoes wear well.这种鞋子很耐穿。 3. 五个“发生： happen, take place, occur to, break out，come about等。 例11 _ is well known to everyone, the Olympic Games_ every four years. A. It; are held B. As; take place C. That; happen D. As; break out 分析此题考察定语从句和表示“发生等词的用法。A项it 不对，are he

44、ld正确，改成以下句子正确：It is well known to everyone that the Olympic Games are held every four years. C、D项中That与break out不妥，B项中as引导的定语从句修饰the Olympic . 整个句子，take place相当于are held，所以答案为B。 稳固训练 1. The first ten months of 2021_a lot of events in China including the Paralymics. A. sees B. saw C. had seen D. has seen 2. The