大学英语四级考试真题第一套

1、2016年12月大学英语四级考试真题（第1套）PartIWriting(30minutes)Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteanessay.Supposeyouhavetwooptionsupongraduation:oneistofindajobsomewhereandtheothertostartabusinessofyourown.Youaretomakeadecision.Writeanessaytoexplainthereasonsforyourdecision.Youshouldwriteatleast120w

2、ordsbutnomorethan180words.PartIIListeningComprehension(25minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,youwillhearthreenewsreports.Attheendofeachnewsreport,youwillheartwoorthreequestions.Boththenewsreportandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoice

3、smarkedA,B,CandD.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions1and2arebasedonthenewsreportyouhavejustheard.A.Itwasdangeroustolivein.Itwasgoingtoberenovated.Hecouldnolongerpaytherent.Hehadsoldittotheroyalfamily.A.Astrike.Astorm.Aforestfire.Aterroristattack.Ques

4、tions3and4arebasedonthenewsreportyouhavejustheard.A.Theylostcontactwiththeemergencydepartment.Theyweretrappedinanundergroundelevator.Theywereinjuredbysuddenlyfallingrocks.Theysentcallsforhelpviaaportableradio.A.Theytriedhardtorepairtheelevator.Theyreleasedthedetailsoftheaccident.Theysentsuppliestoke

5、eptheminerswarm.Theyprovidedtheminerswithfoodandwater.Questions5to7arebasedonthenewsreportyouhavejustheard.A.Raisepostagerates.Improveitsservices.Redesigndeliveryroutes.Closesomeofitspostoffices.A.Shorteningbusinesshours.Closingofficesonholidays.StoppingmaildeliveryonSaturdays.Computerizingmallsorti

6、ngprocesses.A.Manypostofficestaffwilllosetheirjobs.Manypeoplewillbegintocomplain.Taxpayerswillbeverypleased.Alotofcontroversywillarise.SectionBDirections:Inthissection,youwillheartwolongconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,youwillhearfourquestions.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenon

7、lyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions8to11arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.A.Hewillbekeptfrompromotion.Hewillgothroughretraining.Hewillbegivenawarning.Hew

8、illlosepartofhispay.A.Heisalwaysontime.Heisatrustworthyguy.Heisanexperiencedpressoperator.Heisongoodtermswithhisworkmates.A.Sheisatradeunionrepresentative.Sheisinchargeofpublicrelations.Sheisaseniormanageroftheshop.Sheisbetterathandlingsuchmatters.A.Heisskilledandexperienced.Heisveryclosetothemanage

9、r.Heisalwaystryingtostiruptrouble.Heisalwayscomplainingaboutlowwages.Questions12to15arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.A.Open.Friendly.Selfish.Reserved.A.Theystayquiet.Theyreadabook.Theytalkabouttheweather.Theychatwithfellowpassengers.A.Shewasalwaystreatedasaforeigner.ShewaseagertovisitanEngl

10、ishcastle.Shewasneverinvitedtoacolleagueshome.Shewasunwillingtomakefriendswithworkmates.A.Housesaremuchmorequiet.Housesprovidemoreprivacy.Theywanttohavemorespace.Theywantagardenoftheirown.SectionCDirections:Inthissection,youwillhearthreepassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearthreeorfourquestions.

11、Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions16to18arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.A.Theydonthavemuchchoiceofjobs.Theyareli

12、kelytogetmuchhigherpay.Theydonthavetogothroughjobinterviews.Theywillautomaticallybegivenhiringpriority.A.Asktheirprofessorsforhelp.Lookatschoolbulletinboards.Visittheschoolcareersservice.Gothroughcampusnewspapers.A.Helpingstudentsfindthebooksandjournalstheyneed.Supervisingstudyspacestoensureaquietat

13、mosphere.Helpingstudentsarrangeappointmentswithlibrarians.Providingstudentswithinformationaboutthelibrary.Questions19to21arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.A.Ittastesbetter.Itiseasiertogrow.Itmaybesoldatahigherprice.Itcanbettersurviveextremeweathers.A.Itishealthierthangreentea.Itcangrowindriersoil

14、.Itwillreplacegreenteaoneday.Itisimmunetovariousdiseases.A.Ithasbeenwellreceivedbymanyteadrinkers.Itdoesnotbringthepromisedhealthbenefits.Ithasmadeteafarmerslifeeasier.Itdoesnothaveastablemarket.Questions22to25arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheardA.Theyneeddecorationstoshowtheirstatus.Theypreferuniqu

15、eobjectsofhighquality.Theydecoratetheirhomesthemselves.Theycaremoreaboutenvironment.A.Theywereproudoftheircreations.Theycouldonlytrytocreateatnight.Theymadegreatcontributionstosociety.Theyfocusedonthequalityoftheirproducts.A.Makewisechoices.Identifyfakecrafts.Designhandicraftsthemselves.Learntheimpo

16、rtanceofcreation.A.Toboostthelocaleconomy.Toattractforeigninvestments.Toarousepublicinterestincrafts.Topreservethetraditionalculture.PartIUReadingComprehension（40minutes）SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninaw

17、ordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Questions26to35arebasedonthefollowingpassa

18、ge.Whensomeonecommitsacriminalact,wealwayshopethepunishmentwillmatchtheoffense.Butwhenitcomestooneofthecruelestcrimes-animalfighting一things26workoutthatway.Dogfightingvictimsare27andkilledforprofitandsport,yettheircriminalabusersoftenreceivea28sentenceforcausingalifetimeofpain.Roughlyhalfofallfedera

19、lly-convictedanimalfightersonlygetprobation（缓刑）.Someprogresshasbeenmadeintheprosecution（起诉）ofanimalfighters.ButfederaljudgesoftenrelyheavilyontheU.S.SentencingGuideLineswhenthey29penalties,andinthecaseofanimalfighting,thoseguidelinesareoutdatedandextremely30TheU.S.SentencingCommission,which31thesese

20、ntencingguidelines,isrevisitingthem,proposingtoraisetheminimumsentencefrom6-12to21-27months.Thisisastepintheright32,butwedliketoseetheU.S.SentencingCommissionmakefurtherchangestotheguidelines.Alongwiththiseffort,wereworkingwithanimaladvocatesandstateandfederallawmakersto33anti-crueltylawsacrosstheco

21、untry,aswellassupportinglawsandpoliciesthatassistoverburdenedanimal34thatcareforanimalfightingvictims.Thishelpis35importantbecausethehighcostofcaringforanimalvictimsisamajorfactorthatpreventspeoplefromgettinginvolvedincrueltycasesinthefirstplace.convenientcreatescriticallydeterminedirectionhesitatei

22、nadequateinspiredmethodminimalrarelysheltersstrengthensufferingstorturedSectionBDirections:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmoretha

23、nonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.WhenWorkBecomesaGameWhatmotivatesemployeestodotheirjobswell?Competitionwithcoworkers,forsome.Thepromiseofrewards,forothers.Pureenjoymentofproblem-solving,foraluckyfew.Increasingly,companiesaretappi

24、ngintothesedesiresdirectlythroughwhathascometobeknownasgamification:essentially,turningworkintoagame.Gamificationisaboutunderstandingwhatitisthatmakesgamesengagingandwhatgamedesignersdotocreateagreatexperienceingames,andtakingthoselearningsandapplyingthemtoothercontextssuchastheworkplaceandeducation

25、,explainsKevinWerbach,agamificationexpertwhoteachesattheWhartonSchoolofBusinessattheUniversityofPennsylvaniaintheUnitedStates.Itmightmeanmonitoringemployeeproductivityonadigitalleaderboardandofferingprizestothewinner,orgivingemployeesdigitalbadgesorstarsforcompletingcertainactivities.Itcouldalsomean

26、trainingemployeeshowtodotheirjobsthroughvideogameplatforms.CompaniesfromGoogletoLOraltoIBMtoWellsFargoareknowntousesomedegreeofgamificationintheirworkplaces.Andmoreandmorecompaniesarejoiningthem.Arecentreportsuggeststhattheglobalgamificationmarketwillgrowfrom$1.65billionin2015to$11.1billionby2020.Th

27、econceptofgamificationisnotentirelynew,Werbachsays.Companies,marketersandteachershavelonglookedforfunwaystoengagepeoplesreward-seekingorcompetitivespirits.CrackerJackshasbeengamifyingitssnackfoodbyputtingasmallprizeinsideformorethan100years,headds,andtheturn-of-the-centurysteelmagnate(巨头)CharlesSchw

28、abissaidtohaveoftencomeintohisfactoryandwrittenthenumberoftonsofsteelproducedonthepastshiftonthefactoryfloor,thusmotivatingthenextshiftofworkerstobeatthepreviousone.Butthewordgamificationandthewidespread,consciousapplicationoftheconceptonlybeganinearnestaboutfiveyearsago,Werbachsays.Thanksinparttovi

29、deogames,thegenerationnowenteringtheworkforceisespeciallyopentotheideaofhavingtheirworkgamified.Weareatapointwhereinmuchofthedevelopedworldthevastmajorityofyoungpeoplegrewupplayingvideogames,andanincreasinglyhighpercentageofadultsplaythesevideogamestoo,Werbachsays.Anumberofcompanieshavesprungup-GamE

30、ffective,BunchbailandBadgeville,tonameafew-inrecentyearsofferinggamificationplatformsforbusinesses.Theplatformsthataremosteffectiveturnemployeesordinaryjobtasksintopartofarichadventurenarrative.Whatmakesagamegame-likeisthattheplayeractuallycaresabouttheoutcome,Werbachsays.Theprincipleisaboutundersta

31、ndingwhatismotivatingtothisgroupofplayers,whichrequiressomeunderstandingofpsychology.Somepeople,Werbachsays,aremotivatedbycompetition.Salespeopleoftenfallintothiscategory.Forthem,therightkindofgamificationmightbeturningtheirsaiespitchesintoacompetitionwithotherteammembers,completewithadigitalleaderb

32、oardshowingwhoiswinningatalltimes.Othersaremoremotivatedbycollaborationandsocialexperiences.OnecompanyWerbachhasstudiedusesgamificationtocreateasenseofcommunityandboostemployeesmorale(士气).Whenemployeeslogintotheircomputers,theyreshownapictureofoneoftheircoworkersandaskedtoguessthatpersonsname.Gamifi

33、cationdoesnothavetobedigital.MonicaCornettirunsacompanythatgamifiesemployeetrainings.Sometimesthisinvolvestechnology,butoftenitdoesnot.Sherecentlydesignedagamificationstrategyforasaiestrainingcompanywithastorm-chasingtheme.Employeesformedstormchaserteamsandcompetedinstorm-themededucationalexercisest

34、oearnvariousrewards.Rewardsdonothavetobestuff,Cornettisays.Rewardscanbeflexibleworkinghours.Anothertraining,thisoneforpayrolllaw,usedaSnowWhiteandtheSevenDwarfstheme.SnowWhiteisavailableforeveryonetouse,butthedwarfsarestillundercopyright,soCornettiinventedsound-alikecharacters(GrumpyGus,DopeyDan)toi

35、llustratespecificpayrolllawprinciples.Somepeopledonottakenaturailytogamifiedworkenvironments,Cornettisays.Inherexperience,peopleinpositionsofpowerorpeopleinfinanceorengineeringdonottendtolikethesoundoftheword.Ifwearedesigningforengineers,Imnottalkingaboutagameatall,Cornettisays.Imtalkingaboutasimula

36、tion(模拟),Imtalkingaboutbeingabletosolvethisproblem.Gamificationisnotamagicbullet,Werbachwarns.Agamificationstrategythatisnotsufficientlythoughtthroughorwelltailoredtoitsplayersmayengagepeopleforalittlewhile,butitwillnotmotivatepeopleinthelongterm.Itcanalsobeexploitative,especiallywhenusedwithvulnera

37、blepopulations.Forworkers,especiallylow-paidworkers,whodesperatelyneedtheirjobsyetknowtheycanbeeasilyreplaced,gamificationmayfeelmoreliketheHungerGames.WerbachgivestheexampleofseveralDisneylandhotelsinAnaheim,Caiifornia,whichusedlargedigitalleaderboardstodisplayhowefficientlylaundryworkerswereworkin

38、gcomparedtooneanother.Someemployeesfoundtheboardmotivating.Toothers,itwastheoppositeoffun.Somebegantostoptakingbathroombreaks,worriedthatiftheirproductivityfelltheywouldbefired.Pregnantemployeesstruggledtokeepup.InaLosAngelesTimesarticle,oneemployeereferredtotheboardasadigitalwhip.Itactuallyhadavery

39、negativeeffectonmoraleandperformance,Werbachsays.Still,gamificationonlystandstobecomemorepopular,hesays,asmoreandmorepeoplecomeintotheworkforcewhoarefamiliarwiththestructuresandexpressionsofdigitaigames.Wearefarfromreachingthepeak,Cornettiagrees.Thereisnoreasonthiswillgoaway.Somefamouscompaniesareal

40、readyusinggamificationandmorearetryingtodothesame.Gamificationisnotamiraclecureforallworkplacesasitmayhavenegativeresults.Toenhancemorale,onecompanyasksitsemployeestoidentifytheirfellowworkerswhenstartingtheircomputers.Theideaofgamificationwaspracticedbysomebusinessesmorethanacenturyago.Thereisreaso

41、ntobelievethatgamificationwillbeheretostay.Videogamescontributedinsomewaystothewideapplicationofgamification.Whenturningworkintoagame,itisnecessarytounderstandwhatmakesgamesinteresting.Gamificationinemployeetrainingdoesnotalwaysneedtechnology.Themostsuccessfulgamificationplatformstransformdailyworka

42、ssignmentsintofunexperiences.Itisnecessarytousetermsotherthangamificationforsomeprofessions.SectionCDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondi

43、ngletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.RecentlyIattendedseveralmeetingswherewetalkedaboutwaystoretainstudentsandkeepyoungerfacultymembersfromgoingelsewhere.Itseemshighereducationhasbecomeanindustryofmeeting-holderswhosetaskitistos

44、olveproblems-realorimagined.Andinmypositionasaprofessoratthreedifferentcolleges,theactualproblemsineducatingouryoungpeopleandolderstudentshavedeepened,whilethenumberofpeoplehired-nottoteachbuttoholdmeetings-hasincreasedsignificantly.Everynewproblemcreatesanewjobforanadministrativefixer.TakeourCenter

45、forTeachingExcellence.Contrarytoitstitle,thecenterisaclearinghouse（信息交流中心）forusingtechnologyinclassroomsandinonlinecourses.Itsanadministrativesham（欺诈）ofthekindthathasmultipliedoverthelast30years.Iofferasimplepropositioninresponse:Manyofourproblems-classattendance,educationalsuccess,studenthappinessa

46、ndwell-being-mightbeimprovedbycuttingdownthebureaucratic（官僚的）mechanismsandmeetingsandinsteadhiringanarmyofgoodteachers.Ifwereplacedhalfofouradministrativestaffwithclassroomteachers,wemightactuallygetamajorityofourclassesbackto20orfewerstudentsperteacher.Thiswouldbeanenvironmentinwhichteachersandstud

47、entsactuallykneweachother.Theteachersmustbefreetoteachintheirownway-thecurriculumshouldbeflexibleenoughsothattheycanusetheirindividualtalentstoachievethegoalsofthecourse.Additionally,theyshouldbeallowedtoteach,andberewardedfordoingitwell.Teachersarenotpeoplewhoaregreatatandconsumedbyresearchandhappe

48、ntoappearinaclassroom.Goodteachingandresearcharenotexclusive,buttheyarealsonotautomaticcompanions.Teachingisanartandacraft,talentandpractice;itisnotsomethingthatjustanyonecanbegoodat.Itisutterlyconfusingtomethatpeopledonotrecognizethis,despitethefactthatprettymuchanyonewhohasbeenastudentcantellthedi

49、fferencebetweentheirbestandworstteachers.Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutpresent-dayuniversities?Theyareeffectivelytacklingrealorimaginedproblems.Theyoftenfailtocombineteachingwithresearch.Theyareover-burdenedwithadmirestrativestaff.Theylacktalenttofixtheirdeepeningproblems.Accordingtotheauthor,whatkindofp

50、eopledouniversitieslackmost?Goodclassroomteachers.Efficientadministrators.Talentedresearchers.Motivatedstudents.Whatdoestheauthorimplyabouttheclassesatpresent?Theyfacilitatestudentsindependentlearning.Theyhelpstudentsformcloserrelationships.Theyhavemoreolderstudentsthanbefore.Theyaremuchbiggerthanis

51、desirable.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofteachingability?Itrequirestalentandpractice.Itiscloselyrelatedtoresearch.Itisachieffactoraffectingstudentslearning.Itcanbeacquiredthroughpersistentpractice.Whatistheauthorssuggestionforimprovinguniversityteaching?Creatinganenvironmentforteacherstosharetheirteachinge

52、xperiences.Hiringmoreclassroomteachersandallowingthemtoteachintheirownway.Usinghightechnologyinclassroomsandpromotingexchangeofinformation.Cuttingdownmeetingsandencouragingadministrativestafftogotoclassrooms.PassageTwoQuestions51to55arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Thesecrettoeatinglessandbeinghappyabo

53、utitmayhavebeencrackedyearsago-byMcDonalds.AccordingtoanewstudyfromCornellUniversitysFoodandBrandLab,smallnon-foodrewards-likethetoysinMcDonaldsHappyMeals-stimulatethesamerewardcentersinthebrainasfooddoes.Theresearchers,ledbyMartinReimann,carriedoutaseriesofexperimentstoseeifpeoplewouldchooseasmalle

54、rmealffitwaspairedwithanon-fooditem.Theyfoundthatthemajorityofbothkidsandadultsoptedforahaft-sizedportionwhencombinedwithaprize.Bothoptionswerepricedthesame.Evenmoreinterestingisthatthepromiseofafuturerewardwasenoughtomakeadultschoosethesmallerportion.Oneoftheprizesusedwasalotteryticket（彩票）,witha$10

55、,$50or$100payout,andthiswasaseffectiveasatangiblegiftinpersuadingpeopletoeatless.Thefactthatparticipantswerewillingtosubstitutepartofafooditemforthemereprospectofarelativelysmallmonetaryawardisinteresting,saysReimann.Hetheorizesthatitistheemotionalcomponentoftheseintangibleprizesthatmakethemeffectiv

56、e.Infact,vaguely-statedpossibilitiesofwinningaprizeweremoreeffectivethanoptionswithhardoddsincluded.OneexplanationforthisfindingisthatpossibleawardsmaybemoreemotionallyprovokingthancertraintyReimann.Theofaddedattractionandawards,saysuncertaintywinningprovidesdesirabilitythroughemotionalthrills.Thepo

57、ssibilityofreceivinganawardalsoproducesastateofhope-astatethatisinitselfpsychologicallyrewarding.Inotherwords,theresareasonwhypeopleliketogamble.Howmightthisknowledgebeusedtohelppeopleeatmorehealthily?OnepossibilityisahealthyoptionthatoffersthechancetowinaspO泉疗养）weekend.Ormaybetherewardofahalf-sized

58、portioncouldbeahalf-sizeddesserttobeclaimedonlyonafuturedate.Thatwouldgetyoubackintherestaurant-andmakeyoueatalittleless.WhatdowelearnaboutMcDonaldsinclusionoftoysinitsHappyMeals?Itmayshedlightonpeoplesdesiretocrackasecret.IthasprovedtobekeytoMcDonaldsbusinesssuccess.Itappealstokidscuriositytofredou

59、twhatishiddeninside.Itmaybeapleasantwayforkidstoreducetheirfoodintake.WhatisthefindingoftheresearchersledbyMartinReimann?ReducingfoodintakeisnotthatdifficultifpeoplegotoMcDonaldsmore.Mostkidsandadultsdontactuallyfeelhungrywhentheyeathalfoftheirmeal.Eatingasmallerportionoffooddoesgoodtothehealthofkid

60、sandadultsalike.Mostkidsandadultswouldchooseasmallermealthatcamewithanon-fooditem.WhatismostinterestinginMartinReimannsfmding?KidspreferredanawardintheformofmoneytooneintheformofatoyAdultschosethesmallerportiononthemerepromiseofafutureaward.Bothkidsandadultsfeltsatisfiedwithonlyhalfoftheirmealportio