专升本英语讲义

1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上专心-专注-专业专心-专注-专业精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上专心-专注-专业2011专升本公共英语讲义董琳2011.3.11英语语法框架词法（十大词类）实词名词动词形容词副词代词数词虚词7.连词8.介词9.冠词10.感叹词第二章 句法按语气分类1.陈述句2.疑问句3.祈使句4.感叹句按结构分类1.简单句2.并列句3.复合句第三章 主谓一致第四章 前置与倒装第五章 It的用法第六章 省略句第七章 词汇法（合成词、派生词、转化词、混合词）第八章 标点符号（逗号、句号、分号、冒号、引号、撇号、省略号、破折号、连字符、问号、感叹号、斜线）第九章 国际音

2、标英语语法项目细则第一部分一、名词1.名词的分类： 可数名词与不可数名词 普通名词与专有名词 物质名词与抽象名词 个体名词与集体名词 单一名词与合成名词2.名词的单数与复数3.名词的单数变为复数的规则：规则名词、不规则名词与复合名词4.名词的所有格（两种）:Toms book; a friend of mine5.名词的句法功能：主语、宾语、同位语、表语、定语二、动词1.动词的分类： 单一动词与短语动词 及物动词与不及物动词 谓语动词与非谓语动词 情态动词与半情态动词 助动词2.动词的时态（十六种）3.动词的语态（主动语态与被动语态）4.动词的语气：陈述语气、祈使语气、虚拟语气、感叹语气5.动

3、词的句法功能6.动词的非谓语形式：不定式、动名词、分词7.非谓语动词的句法功能三、代词1.代词的分类： 人称代词（主格、宾格）物主代词（形容词性、名词性）、 指示代词 相互代词 反身代词 不定代词 疑问代词 关系代词2.代词的句法功能四、数词1.数词的分类：基数词与序数词2.基数词与序数词的构成3.基数词与序数词的句法功能4.百分比5.小数6.分数7.倍数8.年份、月份、日期9.时刻10.岁数、年代与世纪11.数学算式与编号表示法五、形容词与副词1.形容词的句法功能与位置2.副词的句法功能与位置3.副词的种类：程度副词、频率副词、方式副词、时间副词、 地点副词、评注性副词、逻辑性副词、疑问副词

4、、连接副词、关系副词4.形容词与副词的比较等级：原级、比较级、最高级5.形容词的句法顺序6.带-ly和不带-ly的副词六、介词1.介词的分类：单一介词、介词短语2.介词的句法功能3.介词的种类：表示时间、表示方位、表示手段、表示材料、表示原因、表示关于七、连词1.连词的意义和用法八、冠词1.冠词的种类：a 、an、 the2.冠词的用法九、感叹词1.常用感叹词第二部分句法简单句1.简单句的五种基本句型主语+谓语主语+谓语+宾语主语+系动词+表语主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语主语+谓语+主语补足语There be句型ExamplesI must go.I go to school by bus.

5、2. I eat an apple. (回答“什么”) I love you very much. (回答“谁”) They are dealing with the problems. Scientists often observe animals in labs. 3. We are students. In summer, meat goes bad easily.(go, stand, get, become, turn, remain, prove) The cloth feels soft.(sound, taste, feel, look, smell+形容词) 4. I se

6、e him crossing the street.We have elected Mary to be our monitor. They help us study English. 5. The sun rises red. The man was lying on the ground dead. 6. There is a tree. There are three people in my family. There will be a great change. There have been many people who concern me.状语的种类1. 时间 In th

7、e early 1900s, few cancer patients had any hope of long-term survival.2. 地点 Spanish is the official language of more countries in the world.目的Astronauts wear heat shields for protection outside the spaceship.程度Thank you very much.I entirely agree with your opinion.频率He went to English class twice a

8、week.方式He is tall as you. The girl entered the room quietly and slowly.7.逻辑 Hence, we should protect our planet earth.(结论)Moreover, we must try our best to do so.(递进)The earth, however, are getting bigger and bigger.(转折)8.评注 Frankly speaking, I dont like you. It maybe happens.9.结果 He went there to f

9、ind the train had gone.10.原因 The boy came all the way from Canada just for you.11.条件 Weather permitting, we went to the park.12.让步 We were still working though it was dark.13.插入 Believe it or not, I will support you.宾语的三种形式（动词、形容词、介词）1. I believe you. I agree with you. I conclude that we should stud

10、y harder than before.2. I am sorry that I am late again. I am sure that you will win the game.3. We should be aware of the fact. They argue much in whether they should do it or not.Please analyze the following sentencesThe room upstairs is empty.John is old enough to join the army.3. Surely we will

11、help you.4. I have enough money to buy the house. 5. He has made as much progress as his classmates.6. This is a rather tough problem.7. I found him away.8. I can hear you speak loud and clear. 9. I can hear you speak loudly and clearly.10. You must stand firm.11. His remarks left me wondering about

12、 his real purpose.12. I found the city greatly changed.2.简单句的种类按语气分类：陈述句：肯定与否定 疑问句：一般疑问句、特殊疑问句 选择疑问句、反意疑问句 祈使句：肯定与否定 感叹句：How引导与What引导按结构分类：简单句 并列句 复合句：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句） 定语从句 状语从句（时间、地点、原因、结果、条件、目的、让步、方式、比较）2010年度专升本公共英语考点分析Part Vocabulary and Structure ( 1 x 40 )Directions: There are 40 in

13、complete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence, and then you should mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.1. The fire must have _ after the shop was closed.动词辨析A. broken outB. broken downC. b

14、roken in D. broken through2. He is_ join the army.不定式A. too young toB. enough young to C. very young to D. young enough to3. Finally he got time for a glance _ this report.介词A. off B. roundC. onD. at4. Your idea seems to be good but it isnt _. 形容词辨析A. practicalB. possible C. plentiful D. precious 5.

15、 He enjoys _ pop music while I prefer classical music.动名词A. to listen toB. to listen C. listening D. listening to6. When the little girl awoke, she found herself _ by a group of soldiers.分词A. surroundB. be surroundedC. being surroundedD. being surrounding7. The manager lost his _ just because his se

16、cretary was ten minutes late.名词A. moodB. temperC. mind D. passion8. There are several characteristics of the textbook _ attention.形容词A. worthwhileB. worth of C. worthyD. worthy of9. The new building _ all the other buildings in the town. 动词辨析A. dwarfsB. distortsC. desertsD. depresses10. I passed the

17、 test. I _ it without your help.虚拟语气A. would not passB. wouldnt have passedC. didnt passD. had not passed11. The Internet has brought _ big changes in the way we work. 介词A. aboutB. outC. back D. up 12. The father writes in his will that every son and daughter _ a share of his property. 主谓一致A. hasB.

18、to haveC. havingD. have13. He hurried to the hospital, only _his father had just died. 不定式A. to tellB. to be toldC. telling D. told 14. _ tomorrow, he would be able to see the opening ceremony.虚拟语气A. Would he comeB. If he comes C. Was he comingD. Were he to come15. The speaker could hardly find safe

19、 ground _ his arguments. 引导词+不定式（定语）A. on which to baseB. to base on C. on the base D. which to base on16. He is a man who is always _ fault with other people. 动词辨析A. puttingB. seekingC. findingD. looking for 17. The factory had to _ a number of employees because of the economic crisis in the countr

20、y. 动词辨析A. lay outB. lay off C. lay aside D. lay down 18. Would you spare some time to have a chat with me _ a cup of coffee? 介词A. forB. withC. during D. over 19. Ten days ago the young man _ his boss _ his intention to resign. 谓语动词+搭配介词A. informed ofB. informed on C. informed inD. informed to20. It

21、is necessary that he _ the task by the end of next week.虚拟语气（should 省略）A. fulfillB. will fulfill C. will have fulfilledD. fulfills21. It is impossible for so _ workers to do so _ work in a single day.形容词A. few much B. few many C. little muchD. little many22. No further discussions _at the meeting wa

22、s brought to an end. 现在分词（后置定语）A. aroseB. arisingC. to ariseD. be arisen23. The other day, Mum and I went to St. Jamess Hospital, and they did lots and lots of tests on me, _ are horrible and frightening.定语从句（介词+引导词）A. most of themB. most of which C. most of thatD. most of what 24. He is a pleasant

23、fellow to _.带介词的不定式（后置定语）A. work B. work with C. be workingD. be worked25. On his way to the airport, it _ to him that he had forgotten to take his passport. 动词辨析A. happenedB. occurred C. reflectedD. took place26. Orlando, a city in Florida, _ for its main attraction, Magic Kingdom.动词辨析A. which is w

24、ell knownB. being well knownC. well known D. is well known27. _ , he couldnt earn enough to support the family.让步状语从句A. Hard as he workedB. As he worked hardC. As hard he workedD. Hard as did he work28. I used _ on the left in England, but I soon got used _ on the right in China. 固定搭配A. to driving t

25、o driveB. to drive to drivingC. to drive to driveD. to driving to driving29. Can machines perform the same tasks _?方式状语从句A. that man doesB. what man does C. how man doesD. as man does30. _ that the trade between the two countries reached its highest point.强调句型A. During the 1960sB. It was in the 1960

26、sC. That it was in the 1960sD. It was the 1960s31. Its no use _ with him since he has made up his mind.动名词A. to argue B. arguingC. to be arguedD. argued32. The more he tried to please her, _ she seemed to appreciate it.比较级A. less B. lesserC. the less D. the lesser33. The information technology has g

27、reatly _ peoples life.动词辨析A. affectedB. effectC. impactD. infected34. Having a good command of English is _ an easy thing.介词短语A. by all meansB. by any means C. by every means D. by no means35. My mobile phone isnt working. It_ .谓语动词+动名词A. needs being repaired B. needs repairingC. needs to repair D.

28、needs repaired36. That was so serious a matter that I had no choice but _ the police.不定式A. called inB. calling in C. call inD. to call in37. He never _ to his customers in his business except occasionally for some special reasons. This time he cut the price by half, which really shocked me.动词辨析A. le

29、aked B. drewC. quoted D. yielded38. It is useful to be able to predict the extent _ which a price change will influence supply and demand.搭配介词A. from B. withC. toD. for 39. Undergraduate students _ the rare books in the school library.谓语动词A. have access forB. keep access inC. keep access onD. have a

30、ccess to40. _ sat down _ the phone rang.时间状语从句A. No sooner had he thanB. No sooner he had thanC. No sooner had he whenD. No sooner he had when第三部分名词性从句（主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句）主语从句基本概念It surprised me.What you said yesterday surprised me. 2. 举例说明 Who can make the computer program is still a problem. Whe

31、ther they should continue the work or not has not decided yet. If he will come to attend the conference is not certain.Whose fault this is is quite clear now. When the equipment will arrive is still unknown.That the earth is round is known to us all.Where this word came from is not known exactly.Who

32、ever breaks the law will be punished.Whatever measures we adopt must be in conformity with the interest of the people.3. 形式主语+主语从句结构可避免头重脚轻 It is a principle we must always keep in mind that theory must go hand in hand with practice. Its said that he will come soon. It occurred to me that he had for

33、gotten to take his laptop computer with him. 宾语从句(动词引导、形容词引导、介词引导)1. I dont know when the sports meet will be held.2. I am afraid that I cant come to your party.3. Still language experts do not agree on where this word came from.4. 带形式宾语的从句We all thought it a pity that the conference should have bee

34、n cancelled.I took his word for it that he would try his best to help us.5.省去引导词I expect he will succeed in his study.6. He asked me which room he could have and I offered him the number.(双宾语)考点：宾语从句的语序-陈述句语序举例说明：1Can you tell me whose bike this is? 2. Im quite satisfied with what you have done.3. W

35、ould you please advise me which book I should read first?带复合连接词的句子1. I want to know whosever error it is.2. Whoever fails to see this will make a big blunder.3. Can you tell me whichever side you will choose?表语从句1. This was because the milkman knew that.2. She looks as if she had known the news.3. M

36、y parents have made me what I am today.4. The reason why Asian elephant are easily trained is that they have good memories. (that不能省去)5. China is no longer what it used to be.6. This is why this word has spread to almost every country.同位语从句1. They are faced with the problem whether they should conti

37、nue the work or not.2. Columbus died with the belief that he had sailed to India.3. I had no idea what we had to do next.4. We must remember the truth that a rolling stone gathers no moss.5. The question whether he should confess it or not troubled him greatly.（同位语从句起解释的作用）6. The problem which was h

38、ard to deal with troubled him.（定语从句起修饰的作用）九种状语从句1. 时间状语从句的引导词when当；就在此时, whenever每当, while在期间时，而, as随着, before前, after后, since自从, till直到, until直到才,（ once, as soon as, the minute, the moment, the instant, directly, immediately, hardlywhen, scarcelywhen, no soonerthan）一就2. 地点状语从句的引导词 where, wherever,

39、everywhere原因状语从句的引导词（because, as, for，in that）因为, since因为，既然，now that既然 seeing that鉴于, （considering that, given that）考虑到目的状语从句的引导词（in order that, so that, so, that）为了, in case（以免，便于）, lest免得, for fear that唯恐结果状语从句的引导词sothat, so that, suchthat, that如此以至于条件状语从句的引导词If如果, unless除非,（ as long as, so long

40、as, only if）只要 , on condition that(条件是，如果), （supposing that, supposed that, providing that, provided that）假设，如果, in case(万一) 让步状语从句的引导词（though, although, while, as）虽然, （even if, even though）即使, however, whatever, whichever, whoever, no matter(how, what, which, who),无论 whetheror无论还是 比较状语从句的引导词（asas,

41、soas）和一样, than 比方式状语从句的引导词as正如,（ as if, as though）好像, the way像一样Typical examples表时间1. When he entered the classroom, I was reading.当2. I was crossing the street when a policeman stopped me.就在这时3. Whenever he came to see me, he would bring a gift.每当4. While he was a professor of physics, he establish

42、ed the first physical laboratory.在期间5.I am reading while you are sleeping.而6. Light, as it comes from the sun, is a mixture of light of many different colors.随着，当7. It is(has been)ages since we last saw.自从8. She lived till 90 years old.9. She didnt die until she was 90 years old.10. The man escaped

43、from the prison last night. It was a long time before the guards discovered what had happened.11. He came to the scene the moment she heard of the accident. (the minute, the instant, as soon as, directly, immediately, once) 一就12. Shortly after the war ended, he returned to his country.13. One year b

44、efore she went abroad, she began to learn English.14. Just before the train left, he rushed to the platform.15. After she had read the book for three hours or so, she stopped to take a rest.16. The game had hardly begun when it started raining.17. No sooner had he drunk the coffee than he begun to f

45、eel drowsy. 一就表地点You should put the book where it was.Wherever you go, I will go with you.I will find him out wherever he hides.Everywhere they went, they were warmly received.Where there is a will, there is a way.Where there is oppression, there is opposition.表原因1. Since my old one had expired I ha

46、d to get a new passport.因为2. They quarreled violently in that they had much difference.因为3. Now that everybody is here, lets begin our meeting.既然（since）4. Many people cannot keep their position long for it is in times of the economic crisis.因为 5. As no one is against it, we will adopt the proposal.因

47、为6. Seeing that all of you have understood, we went on to the next item. ( considering that, given that)鉴于7. Given that he had a poor finance, he should get some help. 考虑到表目的They hurried in order that they would arrive in time.We must hurry off lest we would miss the bus.(免得) 3. He doesnt dare to le

48、ave the house for fear that someone should recognize him.(唯恐) 4. She took Johns address with her in case she should use it. (以便于)表结果Smith had such a fierce dog that no one dared to go near his home.Smiths dog was so fierce that no one dared to go near his home.They missed the bus, so that they were

49、late for class.He made so inspiring a speech that everybody got excited.请和感叹句加以比较What a beautiful dress you are wearing!How beautiful a dress you are wearing!表条件Im sure he is up to the job only if he would give his mind to it.(只要as long as, so long as)If only I had finished the work yesterday!（要是就好了

50、）In case he arrives before I get back, please ask him to wait.（万一）Supposed that it rains tomorrow, what will you do?（假定）I will lend you this book on condition that you return it to me next week. (只要)Well visit Europe next year provided we have enough money. (句中that可以省去)7. The government cannot opera

51、te effectively unless it is free from the outside interference.除非表让步1. Late as it was, they still went on to work.2. Fail as he did, he would never give up.3. While I like the color of the hat, I dont like its shape.4. Whatever (no matter what) happens, we will not change our plan.5. Ive already tol

52、d you that Im going to buy it however it costs.6. Whether they come here or we go there, the topic of the discussion will remain unchanged.7. Even if (even though) he has a lot of money, he feels unhappy.8. Though (although) the calculation is right, the scientists are not sure about it. 9. He is ve

53、ry rich, he is not happy, though. (不过，但是though 在此表示转折)表比较He is as tall as his brother (is).He runs as fast as his brother (does).He is taller than his brother. 表方式Air is to man as water is to fish.They watched him closely as a cat watched a rat. 3. He speaks English as if (as though) he were an Engl

54、ishman. 4. You dont speak the way I do. 5. As we all know, the earth is round. (有争议)定语从句引导词：（who, whose, whom, that, which）关系代词, （when, where, why）关系副词举例说明-基本句式1. The woman who is standing there is our teacher. (that)2. The lady whom I met on the campus yesterday is from US.可省略3. The girl whose cat

55、is white is my best friend.4. The house that was damaged in the fire will be rebuilt. (which)5.The book that you are reading is written by a contemporary American novelist.(which, 可省略)6. Anyone who breaks laws should be punished.(Whoever breaks laws should be punished.)带介词+引导词的定语从句1. The young girl

56、with whom I traveled could speak Fluent English.2. We need a chairman in whom everyone has confidence.3. The course normally attracts 200 students per year, of whom up to half are from overseas.4. The course normally attracts 200 students per year, some of whom are from overseas.5. An investigation

57、was made into the accident in which 50 people were killed.关系副词(均译为“的”)1. He came at a time when we were badly in need of aid.2. I cannot forget the time when I spent in the countryside.3. This is the very day when I went to France last year.4. He may move to departments where more knowledge is requi

58、red.5.The reason why he missed the bus was that he got up late.修饰前面整个事实的引导词1. A container weighs more after air is put in, which proves that air has weight.2. The earth turns around the sun, as we all know.限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句1. He is the man who lives next door. (逆译)2. This is Mr. Smith, who teaches English