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1、1. The Definition of LogisticsAfter completi ng a commercial tran sact ion, I ogistics will execute the tran sfer of goods from the supplier( seller) to the customer( buyer) in the most cost-effective manner. This is the definition of logistics. During the transfer process, hardware such as logistic

2、s facilities and equipment( logistics carriers) are needed, as well as information control and sta ndardizati on. In additi on, supports from the gover nment and logistics associati on should be in place.Three major functions of logisticsCreating time value: same goods can be valued different at dif

3、ferent times. Goods ofte n stop duri ng the tran sfer process, which is professi on ally called the storage of logistics. It creates the time value for goods.Creating location value: same goods can be valued differently at different locations.The value added during the transfer process is the locati

4、on value of logistics.Distribution processing value: sometimes logistics create distribution processing value, which cha nges the len gth, thick ness and packages of the goods. Like popularsaying, “ cutting into smaller parts” is the most commonly seen distribution processingwith in logistics create

5、 added value for goods.2. Logistics is a new commercial area, developing from the traditional stage to a modern one. The main differe nces betwee n these two stage in clude:Modern logistics adopts containerization techniques. The goods transfer process starts with packagi ng, followed by tran sporta

6、ti on, storage and distributi on. The whole process is operated un der logistics sta ndards. Based on the logistics base module of600 X400mm, from the logistics module of 1,2001,000mm, and en large to the size of2,591 X2,438mm-the size of high wide of the contain er. It can be adjusted to the sta nd

7、ard sizes of containers for trains, trucks and ships.In formatio n tech no logies are most importa nt for modern logistics. Bar Code, POS, EDI and GPS systems dramatically improve the efficie ncy and accuracy of the logistics activities. Internet further assists the market developme nt, operati on a

8、nd man ageme nt of the logistics in dustry.3.lnternational LogisticsAn in creas ing nu mber of compa nies are in volv ing in intern ati onal markets through export in g, lice nsin g, jo ins ven tures, and own ership. This trend should continue. With such expansion there is a need to develop worldwid

9、e logistics networks. Integrated logistics man ageme nt and cost an alysis will be more complex and difficult to man age.There are some future trends in intern ati on alizati on:More logistics executives with intern ati onal resp on sibilitiesExpa nsion of the nu mber and size of foreig n trade zon

10、es.Reducti on in the amount of intern atio nal paperwork and docume ntati onMore foreig n warehous ing is owned and con trolled by the export ing firmIn creas ing nu mber of smaller firmForeig n own ership of logistics service firms, e. g., public warehous ing and tran sportatio n carriers.Increasin

11、g multiple distribution channelsThe intern ati on al tran sport and the intern ati onal logistics are same things in some way. So, when the international trading involved, the firm must establish international logistics systems to provide the products and service dema nded. The most sig ni fica nt d

12、evelopme nt in intern ati on al logistics will be the in creas ing sophisticati on in formati on system adopted and in depe ndent departme nts to operate.Packagi ng.Packag ing performs two basic functions-market ing and logistics. In marketi ng thepackaging acts promotion and advertising. Its size,

13、weight, color, and printed information attract customers and convey kno wledge of the product. Whe n firms are in volved in intern ati onal marketi ng, packag ing becomes even more importa nt. Products sold to foreig n coun tries travel greater dista nces and un dergo more han dli ng operati ons. Th

14、e logistics package is to protect the products duri ng the process of logistics.Scrap disposal. The logistics process must effectively and quickly han dle, tran sport, and store waste products. If they can be reused or recycled, logistics compa ny should arrange and move them to the re-producti on a

15、nd re -process ing locati ons.Retur n goods han dli ng. The han dli ng of retur n goods is often called reverse distribution. Buyers may return items to the seller for a number of reasons. Most logistics systems are not good eno ugh to han dle such cases. In many in dustries, con sumers retur n prod

16、ucts for warra nty repair, replaceme nt, or recycli ng, reverse distributi on costs may be very high. Reverse distributi on will become more importa nt as customers dema nd more flexible and favorable retur n policies.Third Part Logistics ( TPL)Third Part Logistics provides all the logistics service

17、s. They act as a bridge or facilitator betwee n the first part( supplier or producer) and the sec ond part( buyer or customer). The primary objectives of third part logistics providers are to lower the total cost of logistics for the supplier and improve the service level to the customer.Third Part

18、Logistics have bee n grow ing rapidly. Cost reducti on and dema nds for batter and cheaper services are the main drives behi nd the growth. A third part logistics provider will be in a positi on to con solidate bus in ess from several compa nies and offer frequent pick -ups and deliveries, whereas i

19、n -house transportation cannot. Other reasons are as follows:The compa ny does not specialize in logistics;The compa ny does not have sufficie nt resources;Eager to impleme nt better logistics operati on or does not have time to develop therequired capabilities in-house;The compa ny is ven turi ng i

20、nto a new bus in ess with totally differe nt logistics requireme nts;Merger or acquisiti on may make outsourci ng logistics operati ons more attractive tha nto in tegrate logistics operati ons.Global LogisticsDeveloped countries often deal with globalization in two ways: to be more costcompetitive w

21、ith third world countries, and to look for new partners in other countries tomanu facture comp onen ts, subassemblies and even the final products. The sec ond approach forces most developed countri es to get into a new area called“ global logisticsBen efits of global operati ons in clude cheap raw m

22、aterials and end products, lowerlabor cost, better quality, in creased internal competiti on and better customer service.Some of the disadva ntages are un reliable delivery, poor com muni cati on and Ion ger time from design to finish production. Challenges are often cultural and linguistic differen

23、ces, legal requireme nts, logistics suppliers or manu facturers, excha nge rates.There are three major flows involved in global logistics: material flow, document flowand cash flow.Logistics into the FutureLogistics is cha nging at a rapid and accelerati on rate. There are two reas ons are itsrapid

24、growth:Firstly, pressure to cha nge by the developme nt of the system itselfHigh -speed computing and data transmission can instantly transmit and react to userdema ndMore flexible and accurate logistic pla nning and con trol through computers and data process ingFlexible computer facilities help pr

25、oblem solvi ng and in crease decisi ons accuracyAware ness of total cost measureme nt and man ageme nt acco untingSecon dly, pressures for cha nges from the wider economy.Be flexible in handling markets of different sizes for better competitionThere is in creas ing specializati on in markets and gro

26、wth in retaili ng.Life cycles for products are shorte ning. Logistics systems n eed to be more efficie nt,faster and more flexibleMove from mass product ion towards flexible manu facturi ng system( FMS). Thesesystems en able a compa ny to switch product ion quickly from one product to ano therCompet

27、itive pressures lead to more efforts to improve customer service.The process of logistical in tegrati on can be divided into four stages:Stage 1. Began in the early 1960s in the USA and in volved the in tegratio n of all activities associated with distribution. Separate distribution departments were

28、 to coord in ate the man ageme nt of all processes with in physical distributi on man ageme nt( PDM).Stage 2. PDM was applied to the inbound movement of materials, components, and subassemblies, gen erally known as“ materials man ageme nt” . By the late 1970s, manyfirms had establisheda logistics de

29、partment” with overall responsibility for the movement,storage, and han dli ng of products upstream and dow nstream of the product ion operati on.Stage 3. Logistics plays an importa nt coord in ati ng role, as it in terfaces with most other functions. With the emerge nee of bus in ess process re-eng

30、in eeri ng( BPR) in theearly 1990s, the relati on ship betwee n logistics and related functions was redefi ned.“ System integration ” occurred. Crcfsnctional integration should achieve greater results.物流的定义在完成商业交易之后,物流将以最低成本和最高效益的方式执行将商品从供应商(卖方)流转到顾客(买方)的过程。这就是物流的定义。在物流过程中 ,既需要诸如物流设施和设备 (物流 运输工具等)的硬

31、件,也需要对物流实施信息化管理进行物流标准化。此外,政府和物流组织的支持也不可或缺。物流的三大主要功能创造时间价值:同种商品因所处时间的不同而有着不同的价值。在商品流转过程中,往往会处于某种停滞的状态,物流的专业术语就称之为储存。储存创造了商品的时间价值。创造场所价值:同种商品因所处位置的不同而有着不同的价值。这种因商品流转过程中 而产生的附加增值称之为物流的场所价值。同配送加工价值:有时,物流活动也能创造配送加工价值,这种物流加工主要改变商品的 长度、厚度和包装形态。物流中经常提到的 分割成更小的部分”就是配送加工中最为常见的 形式。大多数物流加工都能创造商品的附加价值。2.物流作为新兴的商

32、务领域,经历了从传统物流向现代物流发展的两个阶段。这两个阶段的不同主要体现在以下两个方面:现代物流采用了集装技术。商品物流往往从包装开始,而后经历运输、储存和配送等过程。 整个过程始终在物流标准化的前提下运行。以物流基础模数尺寸600M00MM为基础,制定出物流模数尺寸1200X1000MM,并将其放大至2591X2438MM,即形成集装箱的高度与宽度标 准尺寸。并能调整成适合铁运、汽运和船运的集装箱标准规格尺寸。信息技术在现代物流中尤其重要。条形码、销售时点系统、电子数据传输系统、全球卫 星定位系统的使用,极大地提高了物流活动的效率和精确程度。而互联网更加有助于物流管 理的市场开发、运营和管

33、理。国际物流很多企业正通过出口、许可、合营或跨国经营涉足国际市场。这种趋势仍将持续。 随着这种趋势的发展,开发国际物流网络成为必须。整合物流管理和成本分析将更加复杂和困难。国际化将呈现出以下未来趋势:物流将更多地承担起国际义务对外贸易区的数量和规模的扩大国际有纸作业和单据制作的数量的减少更多的涉外仓储业务由出口企业经营和控制小企业的数量增长物流服务企业的涉外经营,如公营仓储业务和国际运输商增加多配送渠道从某些方面讲,国际运输等同于国际物流。因此,当涉足国际贸易领域时,企业必须建立国际物流系统以提供需要的产品或服务。国际物流的更重要的发展在于大力采用先进的信息系统和实行独立的部门运作。包装。包装

34、执行两个基本的功能 一营销和物流。就市场营销而言,包装承担促销和广告的 功能。其尺寸、重量、颜色和印制的信息会对顾客产生吸引力并将产品信息传达给顾客。当企业涉足国际市场营销时,包装就显得更为重要。出口到国外的产品需要运输更长的距离, 经历更多的装卸搬运。而物流包装在物流过程中起到了保护产品的作用。废弃物处理。物流过程中的活动也应当包括高效快速地对废弃物进行装卸、运输和仓储。如若废弃物能够重新利用或回收,物流企业应当合理安排并将其运送到再生产或再加工地点。退货处理。退货处理通常叫做反向配送。 买方可能因各种原因将产品退回卖方。 多数物流系 统未能对此类事件作出足够妥善的处理。 在很多行业,消费者因维修保证、更换或回收而退 回产品,因而反向配送的成本可能会很高。 由于顾客对退货政策的要求更加灵活、 更加实惠, 反向配送将更加重要。第三方物流第三方物流提供了所有的物流活动。他

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