2010年职称英语等级考试综合类A级真题阅读文章翻译2015年职称英语真题备考

1、 HYPERLINK http:/www.study/kecheng/english/zhicheng/ 2015年职称英语真题备考精品尽在 HYPERLINK http:/www.study/english/zhicheng/ 学派网!2010年职称英语等级考试真题（综合类A级）第2部分：阅读判断The Writings on the Wall?Is it art or is it just vandalism（野蛮行为）? Well, its still a crime, but graffiti（涂鸦）has changed since the days of spraying your

2、 name on a wall to mark your territory. Street art has become much more sophisticated since a 17-year-old called Demetrius started spraying his “tag”, TAKI 183, all over the New York underground in 1971, and hip-hop culture was born. Hip-hop is a mixture of art, music and dancing, poetry, language a

3、nd fashion. It came from young inner-city people, who felt left out by their richer classmates and who were desperate to express themselves in any way they could.An experiment to control the spread of graffiti in Rochdale, Greater Manchester, has been so successful that plans have been made by local

4、 street artists for an international convention in June. “Were planning to get people together from different countries like France and Germany for a week,” says Liam, one of the organizers. The scheme started in 2000, and has attracted people of all age groups and both sexes. “We all share a common

5、 interest and get on really well with each other.” The first site to be very good chosen was a subway. “Before we began, people were afraid to use the subway. We had it cleaned up and now, with all the artists hanging out down there, people are using it again. People can relate to graffiti much more

6、 now. ” By providing places to display their talents legally, there has been a fall in the amount of “tagging” on peoples private property.Street artist Temper developed his drawing skills at a young age. In art classes at school he was really frustrated because the Art teacher didnt spend time with

7、 him. They thought he was already very good at art and so spent more time with other students. So, at 12 years old, Temper started painting with all these guys hed hooked up with who were about 22 years old. He looked up to them and loved what they were doing on the streets of Wolvehampton, England.

8、 “The whole hip-hop scene was built up of different things and I did a bit of everything. But it was always the graffiti I was best at,” he says.墙上的文字是艺术行为还是野蛮行为？好吧，它还是一种犯罪行为。然而，自从人们把名字喷涂在墙壁上以标记自己的领地以来，涂鸦就已经发生了变化。1971年，17岁的年轻人狄米特律斯开始在纽约地铁喷涂他的标签TAKI 183，街头艺术从此变得更加复杂，嘻哈文化由此应运而生。嘻哈音乐是一种音乐、舞蹈、诗歌、语言和时尚混合

9、的艺术。它诞生于年轻的城市人中，他们感受到富裕同学的冷落，想要不顾一切地以任何可以使用的方式表达自己的想法。 大曼彻斯特地区洛奇戴尔的一项旨在控制涂鸦传播的实验相当成功，当地的街头艺术家制定了一项计划，打算在六月份举办一次国际会议。我们打算让不同的国家如法国和德国的艺术家们在此相聚一个星期，主办人之一莱姆建议。这项计划开始于2000年，吸引了各个年龄段的男女。我们有着共同的兴趣，彼此相处的十分融洽。他们选择涂鸦的第一个地点是地铁。在我们开始这一计划之前，人们害怕使用地铁。我们把它清理干净，现在，所有的艺术家经常聚集到那里，人们开始搭乘地铁。如今人们更能欣赏涂鸦了。提供场所让人们合法地展示自己的

10、才华使得在居民的私人财产上喷涂标签（涂鸦）的现象有所下降。 街头艺术家泰普很小就开始培养自己的绘画能力。在学校的艺术课程中他非常沮丧，因为艺术老师没有时间陪他训练，他们认为他已经很擅长绘画了，因此就花更多的时间指导其他同学。所以，在12岁时，泰普开始和那些22岁左右的人们一起绘画。他敬佩他们并喜欢上他们在英国罗弗汉普顿大街上的作品。他说：整个嘻哈文化由不同的内容组成。我在每个方面都做了一点尝试。但是，我还是最擅长涂鸦。第3部分：概括大意和完成句子Waste Not, Want Not1Bob and Clara Darlington, who own and run a farm in the

11、 North of England, have always looked for new ways of making money out of the produce they grow. Their success began when they established a shop on their farm, so that people could come and buy fresh vegetables directly from them.2The business was an immediate success, and soon scored top marks in

12、a competition set up by the Farm Retail Association to find the best farm shop in the country. The Associations inspectors found the Darlingtons shop offered excellent service and value for money as well as quality fruit and vegetables.3Clara Darlington is a trained chef and, in addition to a range

13、of home-grown foods and other local produce, she began offering a variety of prepared meals which she had made herself in the farmhouse kitchen. A small cafe alongside the farm shop was soon added, with everything that visitors could taste on the menu also being for sale in the shop.4Clara admits th

14、at starting the business was expensive, and she has worked very hard, but maintains that if the product is good, the public recognize this and buy it. “I aim to offer the highest quality to our customers, whether they come in for a loaf of bread, or take a whole dinner-party menu. I take it as a com

15、pliment（恭维）if people take home one of my dishes to serve to their family and friends and get away with pretending they made it themselves. ”5So it was that the couple realized that they had a surplus of misshapen or damaged vegetables grown on the farm which were unsuitable for selling in the shop.

16、Clara, not wishing to see them get thrown away, decided to turn them into soup.6The soup met with the immediate approval of customers to the shop and Clara now produces ten different varieties. She spent much of the summer traveling up and down to London by rail, doing presentations of the soups. As

17、 a result, they are now served in first-class railway restaurant cars belonging to three companies as well as being stocked by a number of high-class London stores.俭以防匮Bob和Clara在英格兰北部经营着一个农场，他们一直在寻找从他们种植的植物中赚钱的方法。自从他们在农场开设了一个商店后，人们能够直接从这里购买到新鲜的蔬菜，他们的成功也接踵而来。 经营很快取得成功。不久，在国家农场零售协会评选最佳农场商店的竞赛中，他们赢得了最高

18、分。协会的观察员发现Clara的商店不仅提供质优价廉的水果和蔬菜，而且提供优质的服务。 Clara是一个训练有素的厨师，加之拥有种类众多的自己农场种植的产品和其他当地的产品，她开始在农舍厨房里提供她自己烹调的各种菜肴。不久一个小咖啡馆出现在农场商店旁边。游客在菜单中能够看到的所有菜肴在商店里都有出售。 Clara承认创业是昂贵的，而且她一直艰辛工作着。但是，如果产品好，公众承认并购买那就能维持下去。无论他们是来买一片面包还是办理整个宴会，我的目标是给顾客提供最优质的服务。如果顾客把菜肴带回去与家人和朋友分享，并当作是自己烹制的，我会视此为对我工作的赞赏。 同时，这对夫妇意识到农场的那些畸形的或

19、是碰伤的剩余蔬菜不适合在商店出售。Clara不愿意看到它们被浪费掉，于是决定把它们做成汤。 这种汤很快受到客户的青睐。Clara现在提供十种不同的汤。夏天的大部分时间，她乘坐火车沿着伦敦来回旅行以展示自己做的蔬菜汤。结果，现在这些汤已经端上了三家公司旗下的一流铁路餐厅的餐桌，一些伦敦高级商店也有它的存货。第4部分：阅读理解第一篇The Best Way to Reduce Your WeightYou hear this; “No wonder you are fat. All you ever do is eat.” You feel sad: “I skip my breakfast an

20、d supper. I run every morning and evening. What else can I do?” Basically you can do nothing. Your genes, not your life habits, determine your weight and your body constantly tries to maintain it.Albert Stunkard of the University of Pennsylvania found from experiments that, “80 percent of the childr

21、en of two obese（肥胖的）parents become obese, as compared with no more than 14 percent of the offspring of two parents of normal weight. ”How can obese people become normal or even thin through dieting? Well, dieting can be effective, but the health costs are tremendous. Jules Hirsch, a research physici

22、an at Rockefeller University, did a study of eight fat people. They were given a liquid formula providing 600 calories a day. After more than 10 weeks, the subjects lost 45kg on average. But after leaving the hospital, they all regained. The results were surprising; by metabolic（新陈代谢的）measurement, f

23、at people who lost large amounts of weight seemed like they were starving. They had psychiatric problems. They dreamed of food or breaking their diet. They were anxious and depressed; some were suicidal. They hid food in their rooms. Researchers warn that it is possible that weight reduction doesnt

24、result in normal weight, but in an abnormal state resembling that of starved non-obese people.Thin people, however, suffer from the opposite: They have to make a great effort to gain weight. Ethan Sims, of the University of Vermont, got prisoners to volunteer to gain weight. In four to six months, t

25、hey ate as much as they could. They succeeded in increasing their weight by 20 to 25 percent. But months after the study ended, they were back to normal weight and stayed there.This did not mean that people are completely without hope in controlling their weight. It means that those who tend to be f

26、at will have to constantly battle their genetic inheritance if they want to significantly lower their weight.The findings also provide evidence for something scientists thought was true each person has a comfortable weight range. The range might be as much as 9kg. Someone might weigh 60-69kg without

27、 too much effort. But going above or below the natural weight range is difficult. The body resists by feeling hungry or full and changing the metabolism to push the weight back to the range it seeks.减肥的最佳途径看你，就知道吃，难怪你这么胖。听到这样的话时，你会感到万分沮丧，心想：我不吃早餐也不吃晚饭，而且早晚跑步。我还能怎么办呢？对此，你基本上无能为力。因为决定你体重的是你的基因而不是你的生活习

28、惯，而且你的身体其实一直在努力维持着某个体重。 宾夕法尼亚大学的Albert Stunkard从实验中发现：如果父母肥胖，那他们的孩子有80%也会肥胖，相比之下，如果父母的体重正常，他们的子女体重超标的可能性不超过14%。 那么，肥胖者如何才能通过节食使体重恢复正常甚至变瘦呢？自然，节食是有效的，但是，为此付出的健康代价却是巨大的。洛克菲勒大学的医学研究员Jules Hirsch曾经做过一项针对8名肥胖者的实验。给予他们一种流食配方，每天给他们提供600卡的能量。十多周后，被调查对象平均减重45公斤。但离开医院以后，他们的体重又反弹了。实验结果令人吃惊：通过干预身体的新陈代谢，减重的肥胖者过着

29、挨饿一般的生活。他们的精神状态不佳，梦想着食物或打破这种饮食规定。他们精神紧张、压抑，有些人甚至有自杀倾向。他们把食物藏在自己的房间里。研究人员警告说，体重的减轻有可能带来不正常的体重，其结果可能类似于一个正常体重者挨饿之后的非正常身体状况。 体重过轻的人则遭受着相反的痛苦：他们得努力增加体重。佛蒙特大学的Ethan Sims曾经在犯人中选取志愿者做增加体重的实验。在4到6个月的时间里，他们吃下尽可能多的食物。结果，他们的体重都增加了20%到25%。但是实验结束数月之后，他们的体重又回到了正常水平，并且基本保持稳定。 这并不意味着人们对控制体重毫无办法。如果那些天生肥胖的人想减肥，那么他们将要

30、不懈地与自己的基因做斗争。同时，这些实验结果为科学家认可的某个真理提供了佐证-每个人都有一个适合的体重范围，这个范围大概是9公斤。有些人可能在顺其自然的条件下就保持60到69公斤的体重，但是减轻或者增加体重却是比较困难的。身体会通过饥饿或者饱胀的感觉，并通过调节新陈代谢促使体重回到那个范围。第二篇Food for LearningIn Eritrea, a small country in northeast Africa, approximately 80 percent of the population is illiterate. That percentage is even hig

31、her for women. As in many developing countries, most Eritreans have traditional ideas about the role of women. They believe that women should stay home and take care of the family and should not get an education or look for a job.These beliefs are one of the factors that prevent Eritrea and other de

32、veloping countries from improving their economic situation. Experience in many countries has shown that educated women have fewer children and have more opportunities for improving their lives and the lives of their families. In Eritrea, in fact, there is great need for improvement. It is one of the

33、 poorest countries in the world. For many Eritrean families, getting enough food is a daily problem.To deal with these problems, the Eritrean government, together with the World Food Program, has a new program that offers food as a reward for learning. In primary schools, all the children receive fo

34、od packages to take home to their families. However, with the new program, the girls receive 50 percent more food than the boys. This way, parents are encouraged to send their daughters to school rather than keeping them at home.Another government program that aims to educate women is Food for Train

35、ing. Managed by the National Union of Eritrean Women, this program offers food rewards (also from the World Food Organization) to women and older girls who are willing to join the program. Because of the war with Ethiopia, many women are bringing up their families on their own. They often live in re

36、fugee camps, with no land of their own and no way to earn money. Most of these women are illiterate and have no skills to find a job. They spend most of their day looking for food and preparing it for their families.The Food for Training program helps the teenagers and women change their lives. If t

37、hey agree to join the program, they receive a large package of food each month. In return, the women are required to attend free literacy classes for two hours every day. When Food for Training started with classes in two regions of Eritrea, 5,000 girls and women joined in the first two months. It i

38、s especially popular with teenage girls, aged fourteen to sixteen, who have never had a chance to go to school before.The organizers of Food for Training also plan to offer other kinds of courses for women, using the same system of food rewards. In these courses, they will teach women job skills and

39、 crafts such as basket weaving. These women will not only learn to read and write. They will become aware of what is going on in their country, and they will be able to have a voice in their future.学习换食品在非洲东北部的一个小国厄立特里亚，大约80%的人口是文盲。妇女中文盲的比例更高。像很多发展中国家一样，许多厄立特里亚人对妇女的角色抱有传统的观点。他们认为妇女应该呆在家里照顾家庭，不应该接受教育

40、或者外出找工作。 这些观念是阻止厄立特里亚及其他发展中国家改善经济条件的因素之一。许多发展中国家的经验表明，受过良好教育的妇女会少生孩子，有更多的机会来改善她们和家人的生活。事实上，在厄立特里亚还有很多地方有待改进。厄立特里亚是世界上最贫穷的国家之一。对于许多厄立特里亚人来说，填饱肚子是他们日常面临的问题。 为了解决这些问题，厄立特里亚政府同世界粮食计划署一起实施了一个新的项目，提供食品作为学习的奖励。在小学，所有的孩子都会领到一包食品带回家。随着新项目的实施，女孩比男孩得到更多的食物。用这种方式鼓励父母送他们的女儿去上学，而不是让她们待在家里做家务活。 政府的另一个旨在为妇女提供教育的项目是

41、学习换食品计划，它由厄立特里亚全国妇女联合会管理，该项目为那些愿意加入培训的妇女和年龄稍大的姑娘们提供食物奖励（也从世界粮食组织获得）。由于和埃塞俄比亚的战争，很多女人支撑着她们的家庭。她们经常住在难民营里，没有自己的土地，没有办法赚钱。这些女性大多数都是文盲，没有一技之长去找工作。她们大部分的时间用来寻找食物和为家人做饭。 学习换食品计划可以帮助青少年和女性改变自己的生活。如果她们同意加入这个项目，她们每月会领到一大包食物。作为交换，妇女被要求参加每天两小时的免费识字课。在厄立特里亚的两个地区实施学习换食物计划，前两个月有5000名女性参加了培训。这个项目尤其受到14到16岁女孩子的欢迎，她

42、们之前从来没有机会上学。 学习换食物计划还打算用同样的食物奖励的方式，为女性提供其他类型的课程。在这些课程中，他们会教妇女一些工作技能和手工艺如编篮子等。这些妇女不仅可以学习读和写，还会了解国家正在发生的事情。第三篇The IcemanOn a September day in 1991, two Germans were climbing the mountains between Austria and Italy. High up on a mountain pass, they found the body of a man lying on the ice. At that heig

43、ht (10,499 feet, or 3,200 meters), the ice is usually permanent, but 1991 had been an especially warm year. The mountain ice had melted more than usual and so the body had come to the surface.It was lying face downward. The skeleton（骨架）was in perfect condition, except for a wound in the head. There

44、was still skin on the bones and the remains of some clothes. The hands were still holding the wooden handle of an ax and on the feet there were very simple leather and cloth boots. Nearby was a pair of gloves made of tree bark（树皮）and a holder for arrows.Who was this man? How and when had he died? Ev

45、erybody had a different answer to these questions. Some people thought that it was from this century, perhaps the body of a soldier who died in World War I. since several soldiers had already been found in the area. A Swiss woman believed it might lie her father, who had died in those mountains twen

46、ty years before and whose body had never been found. The scientists who rushed to look at the body thought it was probably much older, maybe even a thousand years old.With modern dating techniques, the scientists soon learned that the Iceman was about 5,300 years old. Born in about 3300 B.C, he live

47、d during the Bronze Age in Europe. At first scientists thought he was probably a hunter who had died from an accident in the high mountains. More recent evidence, however, tells a different story. A new kind of X-ray shows an arrowhead still stuck in his shoulder. It left only a tiny hole in his ski

48、n, but it caused internal damage and bleeding. He almost certainly died from this wound, and not from the wound on the back of his head. This means that he was probably in some kind of a battle. It may have been part of a larger war, or he may have been fighting bandits. He may even have been a band

49、it himself.By studying his clothes and tools, scientists have already learned a great deal from the Iceman a- bout the times he lived in. We may never know the full story of how he died, but he has given us important clues to the history of those distant times.冰人1991年9月的一天，两个德国人正在攀登位于奥地利和意大利之间的山脉，爬到

50、一个山口，他们发现了一具躺在冰上的尸体。在那个高度(10，499英尺或3，200米)，冰通常是常年不化的，但1991年是特别温暖的一年。山上的冰比往年融化得多，因此尸体才显露出来。他面部朝下。除了头上有伤之外，骨架状况良好。骨头上仍然保留着皮肤和残余的衣物。手上握着一把斧头的木柄，双脚穿着简单的由皮革和布料做的靴子。旁边还有一双树皮制成的手套和一个箭托。他是谁?他是怎么死的?他是什么时候死的? 对这些问题，每个人都有不同的回答。有人认为他是本世纪一战时期阵亡的士兵，因为这一区域已发现了好几具士兵的尸体。一位瑞士妇女认为那人是她父亲，他二十多年前死于山中而且尸体从未被找到过。蜂拥而至查看这具尸体

51、的科学家们认为这一尸体的年代可能更久远，甚至有一千多年了。科学家们运用最新的年代确定技术很快获悉这一冰人已有大约5300岁了。他大约出生在公元前3300年，生活在青铜器时代的欧洲。起初科学家们认为他有可能在高山间打猎时出事故而亡。然而最近的一些证据显示了不同的结果。新型的X光表明他的肩膀上仍有一个箭头，皮肤上只有一个小孔，但却导致了内部损伤和失血。基本上可以肯定他是由于这个伤口而死，而不是因为头后部的伤口。这表明他可能死于某场战斗中。也许这是一场大战役的一部分，或者他是死于同强盗的搏斗中。甚至他本人就可能是一个强盗。通过研究他的衣物和工具，科学家们得到了很多关于他生活年代的信息。我们可能永远无

52、法知道他死亡的真相，但是他给我们提供了了解那个远古时代的重要线索。第5部分：补全短文I Know Just How You FeelDo you feel sad? Happy? Angry? You may think that the way you show these emotions is unique. Well, think again. Even the expression of the most personal feelings can be classified, according to Mind Reading, a DVD displaying every pos

53、sible human emotion. It demonstrates 412 distinct ways in which we feel: the first visual dictionary of the human heart.Attempts to classify expressions began in the mid-1800s, when Darwin divided the emotions into six types anger, fear, sadness, disgust, surprise and enjoyment. _ (46) Every other f

54、eeling was thought to derive from Darwins small group. More complex expressions of emotion were probably learned and therefore more specific to each culture. But now it is believed that many more facial expressions are shared worldwide. _ (47) The Mind Reading DVD is a systematic visual record of th

55、ese expressions.The project was conceived by a Cambridge professor as an aid for people with autism（孤独症）, who have difficulty both reading and expressing emotions. But it quickly became apparent that it had broader uses. Actors and teachers, for example, need to understand a wide range of expression

56、s. The professor and his research team first had to define an “emotion”. _ (48) Using this definition, 1,512 emotion terms were identified and discussed. This list was eventually reduced to 412, from “afraid” to “wanting”.Once these emotions were defined and classified, a DVD seemed the clearest and

57、 most efficient way to display them. In Mind Reading, each expression is acted out by six different actors in three seconds. _ (49) The explanation for this is simple: we may find it difficult to describe emotions using words, but we instantly recognize one when we see it on someones face. “It was r

58、eally clear when the actors had got it right,” says Cathy Collis, who directed the DVD“Although they were given some direction,” says Ms Collis, “the actors were not told which facial muscles they should move. _ (50) For example, when someone feels contempt, you cant say for certain that their eyebr

59、ows always go down.Someone who has tried to establish such rules is the American, Professor Paul Ekman, who has built a database of how the face moves for every emotion. The face can make 43 distinct muscle movements called “action units”. These can be combined into more than 10,000 visible facial s

60、hapes. Ekman has written out a pattern of facial muscular movements to represent each emotion.我知道你是如何想的你感到悲伤吗?还是幸福?或者愤怒?也许你认为自己表现这些感情的方式是独一无二的。好，再想想。根据一个“阅读思维”仪器即可以展示各种可能的人类情感的DVD，就算是最私密的感情也可以被归类。它展示了412种感觉的不同方式：是第一部人类内心的可视词典。对情感进行归类的尝试始于19世纪中叶，那时达尔文将情绪分为6种类型-愤怒、恐惧、悲伤、厌恶、惊喜和愉悦。他说这些感觉的表情是普遍的，是能够被任何人、